Borderline Personality Organization and the Interpersonal Components of Perfectionism: A Review of Two Overlapping Personality Pathologies
This work represents the first review paper to explore the relationship between perfectionistic personality and borderline personality organization. The developmental origins, identity diffusion, interpersonal difficulties, and defense mechanisms that are common to both borderline personality and the interpersonal components of perfectionism are explored, and existing research on perfectionism and borderline personality is reviewed. The importance of the link between perfectionism and borderline features is discussed in terms of its contribution to the conceptual understanding of personality pathology as well as to applied clinical practices.
[1] American Psychological Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual
of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR, 4th ed., Text Revision. Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association, 2000, pp. 706-710.
[2] PDM Task Force. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM). Silver
Spring, MD Alliance of Psychoanalytic Organizations, 2006, pp. 17-31.
[3] M. M. Linehan, Cognitive-behavioural treatment of borderline
personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press, 1993.
[4] G. L. Flett, and P. L. Hewitt, Perfectionism: Theory, research, and
treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2002.
[5] P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, and W. Turnbull, "Borderline personality
disorder: An investigation of the Multidimensional Perfectionism
Scale," European Journal of Psychological Assessment, vol. 10, pp. 28-
33, 1994.
[6] H. M. Roxborough, P. L. Hewitt, S. B. Sherry, D. L. Sherry, C. Caelian,
and G. L. Flett, "The interpersonal aspects of perfectionism and suicide
in youth: A test of the social disconnection model," poster presented at
the Canadian Psychological Association 69th Annual Convention,
Halifax, NS, June 2008.
[7] S. B. Sherry, P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, D. L. Lee-Baggley, and P. A.
Hall, "Trait perfectionism and perfectionistic self-presentation in
personality pathology," Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 42,
pp. 477-490, 2006.
[8] J. F. Clarkin, M. F. Lenzenweger, F. Yeomans, K. N. Levy, and O. F.
Kernberg, "An object relations model of borderline pathology," Journal
of Personality Disorders, vol. 21, pp. 474-499, 2007.
[9] O. F. Kernberg, Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism.
Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1975.
[10] J. G. Gunderson, Borderline personality disorder. Washington, DC:
American Psychiatric Press, Inc, 1984.
[11] J. Oldham, J. Clarkin, A. Applebaum, A. Carr, P. Kernberg, A.
Lotterman, and G. Hass, "A self-report instrument for borderline
personality organization," in The borderline: Current empirical research
(Monograph)The progress in psychiatry series, T. H. McGlashan, Ed.
Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1985, pp. 1-18.
[12] R. O. Frost, P. Marten, C. Lahart, and R. Rosenblate, "The dimensions
of perfectionism," Cognitive Therapy and Research, vol. 14, pp. 449-
468, 1990.
[13] P. L. Hewitt and G. L. Flett, "Perfectionism in the self and social
contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with
psychopathology," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.
60, pp. 456-470, 1991.
[14] P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, S. B. Sherry, M. Habke, M. Parkin, R. W. Lam,
et al., "The interpersonal expression of perfection: Perfectionistic selfpresentation
and psychological distress," Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, vol. 84, pp. 1303-1325, 2003.
[15] P. L. Hewitt, A. M. Habke, D. L. Lee-Baggley, S. B. Sherry, and G. L.
Flett, "The impact of perfectionistic self-presentation on the cognitive,
affective, and physiological experience of a clinical interview,"
Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, vol. 71, pp. 93-122,
2008.
[16] T. M. Castro, P. L. Hewitt, J. S. Blasberg, H. M. Roxborough, and G. L.
Flett "Insecure attachment and the need to belong: Testing a
developmental model of interpersonal perfectionism" poster presented at
the University of British Columbia Psychology Student Association
Undergraduate Conference, Vancouver, BC, March 28, 2009.
[17] P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, S. B. Sherry, and C. Caelian (2006). Trait
perfectionism dimensions and suicidal behavior. In Cognition and
suicide: Theory, research and therapy, T. E. Ellis , Ed.. Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association, 2006, pp. 215-235.
[18] G. L. Flett, P. L. Hewitt, M. Garshowitz, and T. R. Martin, "Personality,
negative social interactions, and depressive symptoms," Canadian
Journal of Behavioural Science, vol. 29, pp. 28-37, 1997.
[19] M. Habke, and C. Flynn, "Interpersonal aspects of trait perfectionism,"
in Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment, G. L. Flett and P. L.
Hewitt Eds., Washington, DC: American Psychological Association,
2002, pp. 151-180.
[20] M. Habke, P. L. Hewitt, and G. L. Flett, "Perfectionism and sexual
satisfaction in intimate relationships," Journal of Psychopathology and
Behavioral Assessment, vol. 21, pp. 307-322, 1999.
[21] P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, and T. DeRosa, "Dimensions of perfectionism,
psychosocial adjustment, and social skills," Personality and Individual
Differences, vol. 20, pp. 143-150, 1996.
[22] R. W. Hill, M. C. Zrull, and S. Turlington, "Perfectionism and
interpersonal problems," Journal of Personality Assessment, vol. 69, pp.
81-103, 1997.
[23] J. L. Miller, and T. Vaillancourt, "Relation between childhood peer
victimization and adult perfectionism: Are victims of indirect aggression
more perfectionistic?" Aggressive Behaviour, vol. 33, pp.230-241, 2007.
[24] Y. Ommundsen, G. C. Roberts, P.-N. Lemyre, and B. K. Miller., "Peer
relationships in adolescent competitive soccer: Associations to perceived
motivational climate, achievement goals, and perfectionism," Journal of
Sports Sciences, vol. 23, pp. 977-989, 2005.
[25] S. B. Sherry, A. Law, P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, and A. Besser, "Social
support as a mediator of the relationship between perfectionism and
depression: A preliminary test of the social disconnection model,"
Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 45, pp. 339-344, 2008.
[26] H. J. Ye, K. G. Rice, and E. A. Storch, "Perfectionism and peer
relationships among children with obsessive-compulsive disorder,"
Child Psychiatry and Human Development, online publication, 2008.
[27] T. Fredtoft, S. Poulsen, M. Bauer, and M. Balm, "Dependency and
perfectionism: Short-term dynamic group psychotherapy for university
students," Psychodynamic Practice, vol. 2, pp. 476-497, 1996.
[28] J. Masterson, Psychotherapy of the borderline adult: A developmental
approach. New York: Bruner/Mazel, 1976.
[29] J. Masterson, The narcissistic and borderline disorders. New York:
Bruner/Mazel, 1981.
[30] G. L. Flett, P. L. Hewitt, J. M. Oliver, and S. Macdonald, "Perfectionism
in children and their parents: A developmental analysis," in
Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment, G. L. Flett and P. L.
Hewitt, Eds. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological
Association, 2002, pp. 89-132.
[31] K. Y. Kawamura, R. O. Frost, and M. G. Harmatz, "The relationship of
perceived parenting styles to perfectionism," Personality and Individual
Differences, vol. 32, pp. 317-327, 2002.
[32] K. Bartholomew and L. M. Horowitz, "Attachment styles among young
adults: A test of a four-category model," Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, vol. 61, pp. 226-244, 1991.
[33] D. Griffin, and K. Bartholomew, "Models of the self and other:
Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment,"
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 67, pp. 430-445,
1994.
[34] K. Luyckx, B. Soenens, L. Goossens, K. Beckx, and S. Wouters,
"Identity exploration and commitment in late adolescence: Correlates of
perfectionism and mediating mechanisms on the pathway to well-being,"
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, vol. 27, pp. 336-361, 2008.
[35] J. R. Ferrari and T. Thompson, "Imposter fears: Links with selfpresentational
concerns and self-handicapping behaviours," Personality
and Individual Differences, vol. 14, pp. 341-352, 2005.
[36] W. L. Dickinson and J. S. Ashby, "Multidimensional perfectionism and
ego defenses," Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, vol. 19, pp.
41-54, 2005.
[37] G. L. Flett, A. Besser, and P. L. Hewitt, "Perfectionism, ego defense
styles, and depression: A comparison of self-reports versus informant
ratings," Journal of Personality, vol. 73, pp. 1355-1396, 2005.
[38] M. A. Aldea and K. G. Rice "The role of emotional dysregulation in
perfectionism and psychological distress," Journal of Counseling
Psychology, vol. 53, pp. 498-510, 2006.
[39] S. G. Rudolf, G. L. Flett, and P. L. Hewitt, "Perfectionism and deficits in
cognitive emotion regulation," Journal of Rational-Emotive and
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, vol. 25, pp. 343-356, 2007.
[40] P. L. Hewitt and G. L. Flett "Perfectionism and goal orientation in
impulsive and suicidal behaviour," in The Impulsive Client: Theory,
Research, and Treatment, W. G. McCown, J. Johnson, and M. B. Shure,
Eds. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1993, pp.
247-263.
[41] R. C. O-Connor, "The relations between perfectionism and suicidality:
A systematic review," Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 37,
pp. 698-714, 2007.
[42] T. Millon, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. Minneapolis: National
Computer Systems, 1985.
[43] P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, and W. Turnbull, "Perfectionism and
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Indices of Personality
Disorder," Journal of Psychopathology and Behaviural Assessment, vol.
14, pp. 323-335, 1992.
[44] L. C. Morey, M. H. Waugh, and R. K. Blashfield, "MMPI scales for
DSM-III personality disorders: Their derivation and correlates," Journal
of Personality Assessment, vol. 49, pp. 245-251, 1985.
[45] H. M. Roxborough, P. L. Hewitt, J. Abizadeh, and G. L. Flett,
"Borderline personality organization and the interpersonal components
of perfectionism: Similarities in identity diffusion and maladaptive
defenses," unpublished manuscript.
[46] S. Hyler, The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+. New York:
New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1994.
[47] J. Livesley, D. Jackson, and M. Schroeder, "Factorial structure of traits
delineating personality disorders," Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
vol. 101, pp. 432-440, 1992.
[48] J. R. Gould, N. M. Prentice, and R. C. Ainslie, "The Splitting Index:
Construction of a scale measuring the defense mechanism of splitting,"
Journal of Personality Assessment, vol. 66, pp. 414-430, 1996.
[49] J. D. Campbell, P. D. Trapnell, S. J. Heine, I. M. Katz, L. E. Lavalle,
and D. R. Lehman, "Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality
correlates, and cultural boundaries," Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, vol. 20, pp. 141-156, 1996.
[50] P. R. Clance, The imposter phenomenon: Overcoming the fear that
haunts your success. Atlanta, GA: Peachtree, 1985.
[51] A. M. Bastiani, R. Rao, T. Weltzin, and W. H. Kaye, "Perfectionism and
anorexia nervosa," International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol. 17,
pp. 147-152, 1995.
[52] S. J. Blatt, "The destructiveness of perfectionism," American
Psychologist, vol. 50, pp. 1003-1020, 1995.
[53] S. J. Blatt, D. M. Quinlan, P. A. Pilkonis, and M. T. Shea, "Impact of
perfectionism and need for approval on the brief treatment of
depression: The National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of
Depression Collaborative Research Program revisited," Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 63, 125-132, 1995.
[54] S. J. Blatt, and D. C. Zuroff, "Perfectionism in the therapeutic process,"
in Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment, G. L. Flett and P. L.
Hewitt, Eds. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association,
2002, pp. 393-406.
[55] S. J. Blatt, D. C. Zuroff, C. M. Bondi, C. A. Sanislow, and P. A.
Pilkonis, "When and how perfectionism impedes the brief treatment of
depression: Further analyses of the National Institute of Mental Health
Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program," Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 66, pp. 423-428, 1998.
[56] B. J. Cox, and M. W. Enns, "Relative stability of dimensions of
perfectionism in depression," Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science,
vol. 35, pp. 124-135, 2003.
[57] G. Shahar, S. J. Blatt, D. C. Zuroff, J. L. Krupnick, and S. M. Sotsky,
"Perfectionism impedes social relations and response to brief treatment
for depression," Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, vol. 23, pp.
140-154, 2004.
[58] G. Shahar, S. J. Blatt, D. C. Zuroff, and P. A. Pilkonis, "Role of
perfectionism and personality disorder features in response to brief
treatment for depression," Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, vol. 71, pp. 629-633, 2003.
[59] D. C. Zuroff, S. J. Blatt, S. M. Sotsky, J. L. Krupnick, D. J. Martin, C.
A. Sanislow, et al., "Relation of therapeutic alliance and perfectionism
to outcome in brief outpatient treatment of depression," Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 68, pp. 114-124, 2000.
[60] D. D. Burns, Feeling good: The new mood therapy. New York: New
American Library, 1980.
[1] American Psychological Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual
of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR, 4th ed., Text Revision. Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association, 2000, pp. 706-710.
[2] PDM Task Force. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM). Silver
Spring, MD Alliance of Psychoanalytic Organizations, 2006, pp. 17-31.
[3] M. M. Linehan, Cognitive-behavioural treatment of borderline
personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press, 1993.
[4] G. L. Flett, and P. L. Hewitt, Perfectionism: Theory, research, and
treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2002.
[5] P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, and W. Turnbull, "Borderline personality
disorder: An investigation of the Multidimensional Perfectionism
Scale," European Journal of Psychological Assessment, vol. 10, pp. 28-
33, 1994.
[6] H. M. Roxborough, P. L. Hewitt, S. B. Sherry, D. L. Sherry, C. Caelian,
and G. L. Flett, "The interpersonal aspects of perfectionism and suicide
in youth: A test of the social disconnection model," poster presented at
the Canadian Psychological Association 69th Annual Convention,
Halifax, NS, June 2008.
[7] S. B. Sherry, P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, D. L. Lee-Baggley, and P. A.
Hall, "Trait perfectionism and perfectionistic self-presentation in
personality pathology," Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 42,
pp. 477-490, 2006.
[8] J. F. Clarkin, M. F. Lenzenweger, F. Yeomans, K. N. Levy, and O. F.
Kernberg, "An object relations model of borderline pathology," Journal
of Personality Disorders, vol. 21, pp. 474-499, 2007.
[9] O. F. Kernberg, Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism.
Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1975.
[10] J. G. Gunderson, Borderline personality disorder. Washington, DC:
American Psychiatric Press, Inc, 1984.
[11] J. Oldham, J. Clarkin, A. Applebaum, A. Carr, P. Kernberg, A.
Lotterman, and G. Hass, "A self-report instrument for borderline
personality organization," in The borderline: Current empirical research
(Monograph)The progress in psychiatry series, T. H. McGlashan, Ed.
Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1985, pp. 1-18.
[12] R. O. Frost, P. Marten, C. Lahart, and R. Rosenblate, "The dimensions
of perfectionism," Cognitive Therapy and Research, vol. 14, pp. 449-
468, 1990.
[13] P. L. Hewitt and G. L. Flett, "Perfectionism in the self and social
contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with
psychopathology," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.
60, pp. 456-470, 1991.
[14] P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, S. B. Sherry, M. Habke, M. Parkin, R. W. Lam,
et al., "The interpersonal expression of perfection: Perfectionistic selfpresentation
and psychological distress," Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, vol. 84, pp. 1303-1325, 2003.
[15] P. L. Hewitt, A. M. Habke, D. L. Lee-Baggley, S. B. Sherry, and G. L.
Flett, "The impact of perfectionistic self-presentation on the cognitive,
affective, and physiological experience of a clinical interview,"
Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, vol. 71, pp. 93-122,
2008.
[16] T. M. Castro, P. L. Hewitt, J. S. Blasberg, H. M. Roxborough, and G. L.
Flett "Insecure attachment and the need to belong: Testing a
developmental model of interpersonal perfectionism" poster presented at
the University of British Columbia Psychology Student Association
Undergraduate Conference, Vancouver, BC, March 28, 2009.
[17] P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, S. B. Sherry, and C. Caelian (2006). Trait
perfectionism dimensions and suicidal behavior. In Cognition and
suicide: Theory, research and therapy, T. E. Ellis , Ed.. Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association, 2006, pp. 215-235.
[18] G. L. Flett, P. L. Hewitt, M. Garshowitz, and T. R. Martin, "Personality,
negative social interactions, and depressive symptoms," Canadian
Journal of Behavioural Science, vol. 29, pp. 28-37, 1997.
[19] M. Habke, and C. Flynn, "Interpersonal aspects of trait perfectionism,"
in Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment, G. L. Flett and P. L.
Hewitt Eds., Washington, DC: American Psychological Association,
2002, pp. 151-180.
[20] M. Habke, P. L. Hewitt, and G. L. Flett, "Perfectionism and sexual
satisfaction in intimate relationships," Journal of Psychopathology and
Behavioral Assessment, vol. 21, pp. 307-322, 1999.
[21] P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, and T. DeRosa, "Dimensions of perfectionism,
psychosocial adjustment, and social skills," Personality and Individual
Differences, vol. 20, pp. 143-150, 1996.
[22] R. W. Hill, M. C. Zrull, and S. Turlington, "Perfectionism and
interpersonal problems," Journal of Personality Assessment, vol. 69, pp.
81-103, 1997.
[23] J. L. Miller, and T. Vaillancourt, "Relation between childhood peer
victimization and adult perfectionism: Are victims of indirect aggression
more perfectionistic?" Aggressive Behaviour, vol. 33, pp.230-241, 2007.
[24] Y. Ommundsen, G. C. Roberts, P.-N. Lemyre, and B. K. Miller., "Peer
relationships in adolescent competitive soccer: Associations to perceived
motivational climate, achievement goals, and perfectionism," Journal of
Sports Sciences, vol. 23, pp. 977-989, 2005.
[25] S. B. Sherry, A. Law, P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, and A. Besser, "Social
support as a mediator of the relationship between perfectionism and
depression: A preliminary test of the social disconnection model,"
Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 45, pp. 339-344, 2008.
[26] H. J. Ye, K. G. Rice, and E. A. Storch, "Perfectionism and peer
relationships among children with obsessive-compulsive disorder,"
Child Psychiatry and Human Development, online publication, 2008.
[27] T. Fredtoft, S. Poulsen, M. Bauer, and M. Balm, "Dependency and
perfectionism: Short-term dynamic group psychotherapy for university
students," Psychodynamic Practice, vol. 2, pp. 476-497, 1996.
[28] J. Masterson, Psychotherapy of the borderline adult: A developmental
approach. New York: Bruner/Mazel, 1976.
[29] J. Masterson, The narcissistic and borderline disorders. New York:
Bruner/Mazel, 1981.
[30] G. L. Flett, P. L. Hewitt, J. M. Oliver, and S. Macdonald, "Perfectionism
in children and their parents: A developmental analysis," in
Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment, G. L. Flett and P. L.
Hewitt, Eds. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological
Association, 2002, pp. 89-132.
[31] K. Y. Kawamura, R. O. Frost, and M. G. Harmatz, "The relationship of
perceived parenting styles to perfectionism," Personality and Individual
Differences, vol. 32, pp. 317-327, 2002.
[32] K. Bartholomew and L. M. Horowitz, "Attachment styles among young
adults: A test of a four-category model," Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, vol. 61, pp. 226-244, 1991.
[33] D. Griffin, and K. Bartholomew, "Models of the self and other:
Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment,"
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 67, pp. 430-445,
1994.
[34] K. Luyckx, B. Soenens, L. Goossens, K. Beckx, and S. Wouters,
"Identity exploration and commitment in late adolescence: Correlates of
perfectionism and mediating mechanisms on the pathway to well-being,"
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, vol. 27, pp. 336-361, 2008.
[35] J. R. Ferrari and T. Thompson, "Imposter fears: Links with selfpresentational
concerns and self-handicapping behaviours," Personality
and Individual Differences, vol. 14, pp. 341-352, 2005.
[36] W. L. Dickinson and J. S. Ashby, "Multidimensional perfectionism and
ego defenses," Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, vol. 19, pp.
41-54, 2005.
[37] G. L. Flett, A. Besser, and P. L. Hewitt, "Perfectionism, ego defense
styles, and depression: A comparison of self-reports versus informant
ratings," Journal of Personality, vol. 73, pp. 1355-1396, 2005.
[38] M. A. Aldea and K. G. Rice "The role of emotional dysregulation in
perfectionism and psychological distress," Journal of Counseling
Psychology, vol. 53, pp. 498-510, 2006.
[39] S. G. Rudolf, G. L. Flett, and P. L. Hewitt, "Perfectionism and deficits in
cognitive emotion regulation," Journal of Rational-Emotive and
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, vol. 25, pp. 343-356, 2007.
[40] P. L. Hewitt and G. L. Flett "Perfectionism and goal orientation in
impulsive and suicidal behaviour," in The Impulsive Client: Theory,
Research, and Treatment, W. G. McCown, J. Johnson, and M. B. Shure,
Eds. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1993, pp.
247-263.
[41] R. C. O-Connor, "The relations between perfectionism and suicidality:
A systematic review," Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 37,
pp. 698-714, 2007.
[42] T. Millon, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. Minneapolis: National
Computer Systems, 1985.
[43] P. L. Hewitt, G. L. Flett, and W. Turnbull, "Perfectionism and
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Indices of Personality
Disorder," Journal of Psychopathology and Behaviural Assessment, vol.
14, pp. 323-335, 1992.
[44] L. C. Morey, M. H. Waugh, and R. K. Blashfield, "MMPI scales for
DSM-III personality disorders: Their derivation and correlates," Journal
of Personality Assessment, vol. 49, pp. 245-251, 1985.
[45] H. M. Roxborough, P. L. Hewitt, J. Abizadeh, and G. L. Flett,
"Borderline personality organization and the interpersonal components
of perfectionism: Similarities in identity diffusion and maladaptive
defenses," unpublished manuscript.
[46] S. Hyler, The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+. New York:
New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1994.
[47] J. Livesley, D. Jackson, and M. Schroeder, "Factorial structure of traits
delineating personality disorders," Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
vol. 101, pp. 432-440, 1992.
[48] J. R. Gould, N. M. Prentice, and R. C. Ainslie, "The Splitting Index:
Construction of a scale measuring the defense mechanism of splitting,"
Journal of Personality Assessment, vol. 66, pp. 414-430, 1996.
[49] J. D. Campbell, P. D. Trapnell, S. J. Heine, I. M. Katz, L. E. Lavalle,
and D. R. Lehman, "Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality
correlates, and cultural boundaries," Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, vol. 20, pp. 141-156, 1996.
[50] P. R. Clance, The imposter phenomenon: Overcoming the fear that
haunts your success. Atlanta, GA: Peachtree, 1985.
[51] A. M. Bastiani, R. Rao, T. Weltzin, and W. H. Kaye, "Perfectionism and
anorexia nervosa," International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol. 17,
pp. 147-152, 1995.
[52] S. J. Blatt, "The destructiveness of perfectionism," American
Psychologist, vol. 50, pp. 1003-1020, 1995.
[53] S. J. Blatt, D. M. Quinlan, P. A. Pilkonis, and M. T. Shea, "Impact of
perfectionism and need for approval on the brief treatment of
depression: The National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of
Depression Collaborative Research Program revisited," Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 63, 125-132, 1995.
[54] S. J. Blatt, and D. C. Zuroff, "Perfectionism in the therapeutic process,"
in Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment, G. L. Flett and P. L.
Hewitt, Eds. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association,
2002, pp. 393-406.
[55] S. J. Blatt, D. C. Zuroff, C. M. Bondi, C. A. Sanislow, and P. A.
Pilkonis, "When and how perfectionism impedes the brief treatment of
depression: Further analyses of the National Institute of Mental Health
Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program," Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 66, pp. 423-428, 1998.
[56] B. J. Cox, and M. W. Enns, "Relative stability of dimensions of
perfectionism in depression," Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science,
vol. 35, pp. 124-135, 2003.
[57] G. Shahar, S. J. Blatt, D. C. Zuroff, J. L. Krupnick, and S. M. Sotsky,
"Perfectionism impedes social relations and response to brief treatment
for depression," Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, vol. 23, pp.
140-154, 2004.
[58] G. Shahar, S. J. Blatt, D. C. Zuroff, and P. A. Pilkonis, "Role of
perfectionism and personality disorder features in response to brief
treatment for depression," Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, vol. 71, pp. 629-633, 2003.
[59] D. C. Zuroff, S. J. Blatt, S. M. Sotsky, J. L. Krupnick, D. J. Martin, C.
A. Sanislow, et al., "Relation of therapeutic alliance and perfectionism
to outcome in brief outpatient treatment of depression," Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 68, pp. 114-124, 2000.
[60] D. D. Burns, Feeling good: The new mood therapy. New York: New
American Library, 1980.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:54688", author = "Heather M. Roxborough and Paul L. Hewitt and Gordon L. Flett and Jasmin Abizadeh", title = "Borderline Personality Organization and the Interpersonal Components of Perfectionism: A Review of Two Overlapping Personality Pathologies", abstract = "This work represents the first review paper to explore the relationship between perfectionistic personality and borderline personality organization. The developmental origins, identity diffusion, interpersonal difficulties, and defense mechanisms that are common to both borderline personality and the interpersonal components of perfectionism are explored, and existing research on perfectionism and borderline personality is reviewed. The importance of the link between perfectionism and borderline features is discussed in terms of its contribution to the conceptual understanding of personality pathology as well as to applied clinical practices.
", keywords = "Borderline personality organization, defenses, identity, interpersonal problems, perfectionism.", volume = "3", number = "6", pages = "842-8", }
