Blinking Characteristics and Corneal Staining in Different Soft Lens Materials
Background Contact lens (CL) wear can cause
changes in blinking and corneal staining. Aims and Objectives To
determine the effects of CL materials (HEMA and SiHy) on
spontaneous blink rate, blinking patterns and corneal staining after 2
months of wear. Methods Ninety subjects in 3 groups (control,
HEMA and SiHy) were assessed at baseline and 2-months. Blink rate
was recorded using a video camera. Blinking patterns were assessed
with digital camera and slit lamp biomicroscope. Corneal staining
was graded using IER grading scale Results There were no significant
differences in all parameters at baseline. At 2 months, CL wearers
showed significant increment in average blink rate (F1.626, 47.141 =
7.250, p = 0.003; F2,58 = 6.240, p = 0.004) and corneal staining (χ2
2,
n=30 = 31.921, p < 0.001; χ2
2, n=30 = 26.909, p < 0.001). Conclusion
Blinking characteristics and corneal staining were not influence by
soft CL materials.
[1] C. N. Karson, "Physiology of normal and abnormal blinking," Adv.
Neurol vol. 49, pp. 25-37, 1988.
[2] M.J. Doughty, "Consideration of three types of spontaneous eyeblink
activity in normal humans: during reading and video display terminal
use, in primary gaze, and while in conversation," Optom Vis Sci., vol.
78, pp. 712-725, 2001.
[3] N. Efron, "Contact Lens Complication," 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2004, pp. 14-16.
[4] P.A. Asbell, M.A. Lemp, "Dry eye disease. The clinical guide to
diagnosis and treatment," Thieme Medical Publishers. Inc. New York,
2006, pp.32-34.
[5] M. Al-Abdulmunem, S.T. Briggs, "Spontaneous blink rate of a normal
population sample," ICLC, vol. 26, pp. 29-32, 1999.
[6] M.J. Doughty, "Further assessment of gender- and blink pattern-related
differences in the spontaneous eyeblink activity in primary gaze in
young adult humans," Optom Vis Sci., vol. 79, pp. 439-447, 2002.
[7] K. Tsubota, S. Hata, Y. Okusawa, "Quantitative videographic analysis of
blinking in normal subjects and patients with dry eye," Arch
Ophthalmol., vol. 114, pp. 715-720, 1996.
[8] M.E. Jansen, C.G. Begley, N.H. Himebaugh, N.L.Port, "Effect of
contact lens wear and a near task on tear film break-up," Optom Vis
Sci.,vol. 87, pp. 350-357, 2010.
[9] S. Patel, R. Henderson, L. Bradley, B. Galloway, L. Hunter, "Effect of
visual display unit use on blink rate and tear stability," Optom Vis Sci.,
vol. 68, pp. 888-892, 1991.
[10] R.M. Hill, L.G. Carney, "The effects of hard lens wear on blinking
behaviour," Int Contact Lens Clin., vol. 11, pp. 242-246, 1984.
[11] L.G. Carney, R.M. Hill, "Variation in blinking behaviour during soft
lens wear," Int Contact Lens Clin., vol. 11, pp. 250-254, 1984.
[12] M.B. Abelson, F.J. Holly, "A tentative mechanism for inferior punctuate
keratopathy," Am J Ophthalmol., vol. 83, pp. 866- 870, 1977.
[13] D.A. Benedetto, T.E. Clinch, P.R..Laibson, "In vivo observation of tear
dynamics using fluorophotometry," Arch Ophthal., vol. 102, pp. 410-
412, 1984.
[14] K. Daniels, "Contact Lenses," New Jersey: SLACK Incorporated, 1999,
pp. 21-23.
[15] C.W. McMonnies, "Incomplete blinking: exposure keratopathy, lid
wiper epitheliopathy, dry eye, refractive surgery and dry contact lenses,"
Contact Lens & Anterior Eye., vol. 30, pp. 37-51, 2007.
[16] C.G. Begley, J.T. Barr, T.B. Edrington, W.D. Long, C.D. McKenney,
R.L. Chalmers, "Characteristics of corneal staining in hydrogel contact
lens wearers," Optom Vis Sci., vol. 73, pp. 193-200, 1996.
[17] K.K. Nichols, G.L. Mitchell, K.M. Simon, D.A. Chivers, T.B.
Edrington, "Corneal staining in hydrogel lens wearers," Optom Vis Sci.,
vol. 79, pp. 20-30, 2002.
[18] A.S. Bruce, N.A. Brennan, "A Guide to Clinical Contact Lens
Management," Georgia: CIBA Vision Corporation, 2000, pp. 17-18.
[19] N. Efron, "Contact Lens Practice," 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2010, pp. 25-27.
[20] A. Gasson, J. Morris, "The Contact Lens Manual. A Practical Guide to
Fitting," 3rd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003, pp. 30-32.
[21] M. Covey, D.F. Sweeney, R. Terry, P.R. Sankaridurg, B.A. Holden,
"Hypoxic effects on the anterior eye of high-Dk soft contact lens
wearers are negligible," Optom Vis Sci., vol. 78, pp. 95-99, 2001.
[22] K.A. Dumbleton, R.L. Chalmers, D.B. Richter, D. Fonn, "Vascular
response to extended wear of hydrogel lenses with high and low oxygen
permeability," Optom Vis Sci., vol. 78, pp. 147-151, 2001.
[23] P. Bergenske, B. Long, S. Dillehay, et al., "Long-term clinical results: 3
years of up to 30-night continuous wear of lotrafilcon A silicone
hydrogel and daily wear of low-Dk/t hydrogel lenses," Eye & Contact
Lens, vol. 33, pp. 74-80, 2007.
[24] M.J. Collins, D.R. Iskander, A. Saunders, S. Hook, E. Anthony, R.
Gillon, "Blinking pattern and corneal staining," Eye & Contact Lens,
vol. 32, pp. 287-293, 2006.
[25] J.S. Pointer, "Eyeblink activity with hydrophilic contact lenses," Acta
Ophthalmol., vol. 66, pp. 498-504.
[26] A. Sharma, E. Ruckenstein, "Mechanism of tear film rupture and its
implications of contact lens tolerance," Am J Optom Physio Opt., vol.
62, pp. 246-253, 1985.
[27] P.B. Morgan, N. Efron, "In vivo dehydration of silicone hydrogel
contact lenses," Eye & Contact Lens., vol. 29, pp. 173-176, 2003.
[28] R. Chalmers, B. Long, S. Dillehay, C. Begley, "Improving contact-lens
related dryness symptoms with silicone hydrogel lenses," Optom Vis
Sci., vol. 85, pp. 778-784, 2008.
[29] D. Fonn, K. Dumbleton, "Dryness and discomfort with silicone hydrogel
contact lenses," Eye & Contact Lens, vol. 29, pp. 101-104, 2003.
[30] F. Stapleton, S. Stretton, E. Papas, C. Skotnitsky, D.F. Sweeney,
"Silicone hydrogel contact lenses and the ocular surface," The Ocular
Surface, vol. 4, pp. 24-43, 2006.
[31] N.L. Himebaugh, C.G. Begley, A. Bradley, J.A. Wilkinson, "Blinking
and tear break-up during four visual tasks," Optom Vis Sci., vol. 86, pp.
E106-114, 2009.
[32] M. Collin, H. Heron, R. Larsen, R. Lindner, "Blinking patterns in soft
contact lens wearers can be altered with training," Am J Optom Physiol.,
vol. 64, pp. 100-103, 1987.
[33] M. Dundas, A. Walker, R.L. Woods, "Clinical grading of corneal
staining of non-contact lens wearers," Ophthalmic Physiol Opt., vol. 21,
pp. 30-35, 2001.
[34] J.D. Schwallie, C.D. McKenney, W.D. Long, A. McNeil, "Corneal
staining patterns in normal non-contact lens wearers," Optom Vis Sci.,
vol. 74, pp. 92-98, 1997.
[35] C.G. Begley, T.B. Edrington, R.L. Chalmers, "Effect of lens care
systems on corneal fluorescein staining and subjective comfort in
hydrogel lens wearers," Int Contact Lens Clin., vol. 21, pp. 7-11, 1996.
[36] C. Riley, G. Young, R. Chalmers, "Prevalence of ocular surface
symptoms, signs, and uncomfortable hours of wear in contact lens
wearers: the effect of refitting with daily-wear silicone hydrogel lenses
(senofilcon A)," Eye & Contact Lens., vol. 32, pp. 281-286, 2006.
[37] M.A. Lemp, B. Caffery, K. Lebow et al., "Omafilcon A (Proclear) soft
contact lenses in a dry eye population," CLAO J., vol. 25, pp. 40-47,
1999.
[1] C. N. Karson, "Physiology of normal and abnormal blinking," Adv.
Neurol vol. 49, pp. 25-37, 1988.
[2] M.J. Doughty, "Consideration of three types of spontaneous eyeblink
activity in normal humans: during reading and video display terminal
use, in primary gaze, and while in conversation," Optom Vis Sci., vol.
78, pp. 712-725, 2001.
[3] N. Efron, "Contact Lens Complication," 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2004, pp. 14-16.
[4] P.A. Asbell, M.A. Lemp, "Dry eye disease. The clinical guide to
diagnosis and treatment," Thieme Medical Publishers. Inc. New York,
2006, pp.32-34.
[5] M. Al-Abdulmunem, S.T. Briggs, "Spontaneous blink rate of a normal
population sample," ICLC, vol. 26, pp. 29-32, 1999.
[6] M.J. Doughty, "Further assessment of gender- and blink pattern-related
differences in the spontaneous eyeblink activity in primary gaze in
young adult humans," Optom Vis Sci., vol. 79, pp. 439-447, 2002.
[7] K. Tsubota, S. Hata, Y. Okusawa, "Quantitative videographic analysis of
blinking in normal subjects and patients with dry eye," Arch
Ophthalmol., vol. 114, pp. 715-720, 1996.
[8] M.E. Jansen, C.G. Begley, N.H. Himebaugh, N.L.Port, "Effect of
contact lens wear and a near task on tear film break-up," Optom Vis
Sci.,vol. 87, pp. 350-357, 2010.
[9] S. Patel, R. Henderson, L. Bradley, B. Galloway, L. Hunter, "Effect of
visual display unit use on blink rate and tear stability," Optom Vis Sci.,
vol. 68, pp. 888-892, 1991.
[10] R.M. Hill, L.G. Carney, "The effects of hard lens wear on blinking
behaviour," Int Contact Lens Clin., vol. 11, pp. 242-246, 1984.
[11] L.G. Carney, R.M. Hill, "Variation in blinking behaviour during soft
lens wear," Int Contact Lens Clin., vol. 11, pp. 250-254, 1984.
[12] M.B. Abelson, F.J. Holly, "A tentative mechanism for inferior punctuate
keratopathy," Am J Ophthalmol., vol. 83, pp. 866- 870, 1977.
[13] D.A. Benedetto, T.E. Clinch, P.R..Laibson, "In vivo observation of tear
dynamics using fluorophotometry," Arch Ophthal., vol. 102, pp. 410-
412, 1984.
[14] K. Daniels, "Contact Lenses," New Jersey: SLACK Incorporated, 1999,
pp. 21-23.
[15] C.W. McMonnies, "Incomplete blinking: exposure keratopathy, lid
wiper epitheliopathy, dry eye, refractive surgery and dry contact lenses,"
Contact Lens & Anterior Eye., vol. 30, pp. 37-51, 2007.
[16] C.G. Begley, J.T. Barr, T.B. Edrington, W.D. Long, C.D. McKenney,
R.L. Chalmers, "Characteristics of corneal staining in hydrogel contact
lens wearers," Optom Vis Sci., vol. 73, pp. 193-200, 1996.
[17] K.K. Nichols, G.L. Mitchell, K.M. Simon, D.A. Chivers, T.B.
Edrington, "Corneal staining in hydrogel lens wearers," Optom Vis Sci.,
vol. 79, pp. 20-30, 2002.
[18] A.S. Bruce, N.A. Brennan, "A Guide to Clinical Contact Lens
Management," Georgia: CIBA Vision Corporation, 2000, pp. 17-18.
[19] N. Efron, "Contact Lens Practice," 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2010, pp. 25-27.
[20] A. Gasson, J. Morris, "The Contact Lens Manual. A Practical Guide to
Fitting," 3rd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003, pp. 30-32.
[21] M. Covey, D.F. Sweeney, R. Terry, P.R. Sankaridurg, B.A. Holden,
"Hypoxic effects on the anterior eye of high-Dk soft contact lens
wearers are negligible," Optom Vis Sci., vol. 78, pp. 95-99, 2001.
[22] K.A. Dumbleton, R.L. Chalmers, D.B. Richter, D. Fonn, "Vascular
response to extended wear of hydrogel lenses with high and low oxygen
permeability," Optom Vis Sci., vol. 78, pp. 147-151, 2001.
[23] P. Bergenske, B. Long, S. Dillehay, et al., "Long-term clinical results: 3
years of up to 30-night continuous wear of lotrafilcon A silicone
hydrogel and daily wear of low-Dk/t hydrogel lenses," Eye & Contact
Lens, vol. 33, pp. 74-80, 2007.
[24] M.J. Collins, D.R. Iskander, A. Saunders, S. Hook, E. Anthony, R.
Gillon, "Blinking pattern and corneal staining," Eye & Contact Lens,
vol. 32, pp. 287-293, 2006.
[25] J.S. Pointer, "Eyeblink activity with hydrophilic contact lenses," Acta
Ophthalmol., vol. 66, pp. 498-504.
[26] A. Sharma, E. Ruckenstein, "Mechanism of tear film rupture and its
implications of contact lens tolerance," Am J Optom Physio Opt., vol.
62, pp. 246-253, 1985.
[27] P.B. Morgan, N. Efron, "In vivo dehydration of silicone hydrogel
contact lenses," Eye & Contact Lens., vol. 29, pp. 173-176, 2003.
[28] R. Chalmers, B. Long, S. Dillehay, C. Begley, "Improving contact-lens
related dryness symptoms with silicone hydrogel lenses," Optom Vis
Sci., vol. 85, pp. 778-784, 2008.
[29] D. Fonn, K. Dumbleton, "Dryness and discomfort with silicone hydrogel
contact lenses," Eye & Contact Lens, vol. 29, pp. 101-104, 2003.
[30] F. Stapleton, S. Stretton, E. Papas, C. Skotnitsky, D.F. Sweeney,
"Silicone hydrogel contact lenses and the ocular surface," The Ocular
Surface, vol. 4, pp. 24-43, 2006.
[31] N.L. Himebaugh, C.G. Begley, A. Bradley, J.A. Wilkinson, "Blinking
and tear break-up during four visual tasks," Optom Vis Sci., vol. 86, pp.
E106-114, 2009.
[32] M. Collin, H. Heron, R. Larsen, R. Lindner, "Blinking patterns in soft
contact lens wearers can be altered with training," Am J Optom Physiol.,
vol. 64, pp. 100-103, 1987.
[33] M. Dundas, A. Walker, R.L. Woods, "Clinical grading of corneal
staining of non-contact lens wearers," Ophthalmic Physiol Opt., vol. 21,
pp. 30-35, 2001.
[34] J.D. Schwallie, C.D. McKenney, W.D. Long, A. McNeil, "Corneal
staining patterns in normal non-contact lens wearers," Optom Vis Sci.,
vol. 74, pp. 92-98, 1997.
[35] C.G. Begley, T.B. Edrington, R.L. Chalmers, "Effect of lens care
systems on corneal fluorescein staining and subjective comfort in
hydrogel lens wearers," Int Contact Lens Clin., vol. 21, pp. 7-11, 1996.
[36] C. Riley, G. Young, R. Chalmers, "Prevalence of ocular surface
symptoms, signs, and uncomfortable hours of wear in contact lens
wearers: the effect of refitting with daily-wear silicone hydrogel lenses
(senofilcon A)," Eye & Contact Lens., vol. 32, pp. 281-286, 2006.
[37] M.A. Lemp, B. Caffery, K. Lebow et al., "Omafilcon A (Proclear) soft
contact lenses in a dry eye population," CLAO J., vol. 25, pp. 40-47,
1999.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:58711", author = "Bashirah Ishak and Jacyln JiaYing Thye and Bariah Mohd Ali and Norhani Mohidin", title = "Blinking Characteristics and Corneal Staining in Different Soft Lens Materials", abstract = "Background Contact lens (CL) wear can cause
changes in blinking and corneal staining. Aims and Objectives To
determine the effects of CL materials (HEMA and SiHy) on
spontaneous blink rate, blinking patterns and corneal staining after 2
months of wear. Methods Ninety subjects in 3 groups (control,
HEMA and SiHy) were assessed at baseline and 2-months. Blink rate
was recorded using a video camera. Blinking patterns were assessed
with digital camera and slit lamp biomicroscope. Corneal staining
was graded using IER grading scale Results There were no significant
differences in all parameters at baseline. At 2 months, CL wearers
showed significant increment in average blink rate (F1.626, 47.141 =
7.250, p = 0.003; F2,58 = 6.240, p = 0.004) and corneal staining (χ2
2,
n=30 = 31.921, p < 0.001; χ2
2, n=30 = 26.909, p < 0.001). Conclusion
Blinking characteristics and corneal staining were not influence by
soft CL materials.", keywords = "Spontaneous blinking, cornea staining, grading, soft
contact lenses.", volume = "6", number = "12", pages = "692-5", }
