Biomass and Pigment Production by Monascus during Miniaturized Submerged Culture on Adlay
Three reactor types were explored and successfully
used for pigment production by Monascus: shake flasks, and shaken
and stirred miniaturized reactors. Also, the use of dielectric
spectroscopy for the on-line measurement of biomass levels was
explored. Shake flasks gave good pigment yields, but scale up is
difficult, and they cannot be automated. Shaken bioreactors were less
successful with pigment production than stirred reactors.
Experiments with different impeller speeds in different volumes of
liquid in the reactor confirmed that this is most likely due oxygen
availability. The availability of oxygen appeared to affect biomass
levels less than pigment production; red pigment production in
particular needed very high oxygen levels. Dielectric spectroscopy
was effectively used to continuously measure biomass levels during
the submerged fungal fermentation in the shaken and stirred
miniaturized bioreactors, despite the presence of the solid substrate
particles. Also, the capacitance signal gave useful information about
the viability of the cells in the culture.
[1] S.-W. Chiu, "Submerge production of Monascus pigments," Mycologia,
vol. 85, 214-218, 1993.
[2] L. Dufossé, P. Galaup, A. Yaron, S. M. Arad, P. B. Kotamalli, K. N. C.
Murthy and G. A. Ravishankar, "Microorganisms and microalgae as
sources of pigments for food use: a scientific oddity or an industrial
reality," Trends in Food Science & Technology vol. 16, pp. 389-406,
2005.
[3] J. H. Yang, Y. Tseng, H. Chang, Y. Lee and J. Mau, "Storage stability of
monascal adlay," Food Chemistry, vol. 90, pp. 303-309, 2004.
[4] P. J┼»zlov├í, L. Mart├¡nkov├í and V. Křen, "Secondary metabolites of the
fungus Monascus: review," Journal of Industrial Microbiology, vol. 16,
pp. 163-170, 1996.
[5] T. H. Wang, and T. F. Lin, "Monascus rice products," Advances in Food
and Nutrition Research, vol. 53, pp.123-159, 2007.
[6] U. Hölker, M. Höfer and J. Lenz, "Biotechnological advantages of
laboratory-scale solid-state fermentation with fungi," Applied
Microbiology Biotechnology, vol. 64, pp. 175-186, 2004.
[7] R. R. Singhania, A. K. Patel, C. R. Soccol and A. Pandey, "Recent
advance in solid state fermentation," Biochemical Engineering Journal,
vol. 44, pp.13-18, 2009.
[8] J. I. Betts and F. Baganz, "Miniature bioreactors: current practices and
future opportunities," Microbiol Cell Factories, vol. 5, pp. 1-14, 2006.
[9] W.A. Duetz, "Microtiter plates as mini-bioreactors: miniaturization of
fermentation methods," Trends in Microbiology, vol. 15, pp. 469 - 475,
2007.
[10] V. Hessel, C. Knobloch and H. Löwe, "Review on patents in
microreactor and micro process engineering," Recent Patents on
Chemical Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 1-16. , 2008.
[11] S. R. Lamping, H. Zhang, B. Allen and P. A. Shamlou, "Design of a
prototype miniature bioreactor for high throughput automated
bioprocessing," Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 58, pp. 747-758,
2003.
[12] M. Micheletti, and G. J. Lye, "Microscale bioprocess optimisation,
"Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 17, pp. 611-618, 2006.
[13] D. Weuster-Botz, S. Stevensb and A. Hawrylenkoc, "Parallel-operated
stirred-columns for microbial process development," Biochemical
Engineering Journal, vol. 11, pp. 69-72, 2002.
[14] U. v. Stockar, S. Valentinotti, I. Marison, C. Cannizzaro and C. Herwig,
"Know-how and know-why in biochemical engineering," Biotechnology
Advance, vol. 21, 417-430, 2003.
[15] R. Fehrenbach, M. Comberbach and J. O. Pêtre, "On-line biomass
monitor by capacitance measurement," Journal of Biotechnology vol. 23,
pp. 303-314, 1992.
[16] R. M. Matanguihan and K. B. Konstantinov and T. Yoshida, "Dielectric
measurement to monitor the growth and physiological states of
biological cells," Bioprocess Engineering, vol. 11, pp. 213-222, 1994.
[17] W. Penaloza, C. L. Davey, J. N. Hedger and D. B. Kell, "Stimulation by
potassium of the growth of Rhizopus oligosporus during liquid- and
solid-substrate fermentations," World Journal of Microbiology and
Biotechnolpgy, vol 7, pp. 260-268, 1991.
[18] K. Mishima, A. Mimura, Y. Takahara, K. Asami and T. Hanai, "On-line
monitor of cell concentrations by dielectric measurements," Journal of
Fermentation and Bioengineering, vol. 72, pp. 291-295, 1991.
[19] X. Lian, C. Wang and K. Guo, "Identification of new red pigments
produced by Monascus ruber," Dyes and Pigments, vol. 73, pp. 121-125,
2007.
[20] S. T. Silveira, D. J. Daroit, and A. Brandelli , "Pigment production by
Monascus purpureus in grape waste using factorial design," LWT-Food
Science and Technology, vol. 41, pp.170-174, 2007.
[21] H. J. Kim, J. H. Kim, H. J. Oh and C. S. Shin, "Morphology control of
Monascus cells and scale-up of pigment fermentation," Process
Biochemistry, vol.38 pp. 649-655, 2002.
[22] P. Pattangul, R. Pinthong, A. Phianmongkhol and S. Tharatha,
"Mevinolin, citrinin and pigments of adlay angkak fermented by
Monascus sp.," International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. 126,
pp. 20-23, 2008.
[23] B. Yongsmith, V. Kitprechavanich, L. Chitradon, C. Chaisrisook, and N.
Budda, "Color mutants of Monascus sp. KB9 and their comparative
glucosamylases on rice solid culture," Journal of Molecular Catalysis B:
Enzymatic, vol. 10, pp.263-272, 2000.
[24] S. Babitha, C. R. Soccol, and A. Pandey, "Solid-state fermentation for
the production of Monascus pigments from jackfruit seed," Bioresource
and Technology, vol. 98, pp. 1554-1560, 2007.
[25] W. Kloeckner, and J. Buchs, "Advances in shaking technologies,"
Trends in Microbiology, vol. 30, pp.-307-313, 2012.
[26] M. Micheletti, and G. J. Lye, "Microscale bioprocess optimization."
Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 17, pp.611-618, 2006.
[27] G.H. Markx, H. J. G. ten Hoopen, J. J. Meijer, and K. L. Vinke,
"Dielectric spectroscopy as a novel and convenient tool for the study of
the shear sensitivity of plant cells in suspension culture," Journal of
Biotechnology, vol. 19, pp. 145-158, 1991.
[28] H. J. Kim, J.H. Kim, H. J. Oh, and C. S. Shin, "Morphology control of
Monascus cells and scale-up of pigment fermentation," Process
Biochemistry vol. 38, pp 649-655, 2002.
[1] S.-W. Chiu, "Submerge production of Monascus pigments," Mycologia,
vol. 85, 214-218, 1993.
[2] L. Dufossé, P. Galaup, A. Yaron, S. M. Arad, P. B. Kotamalli, K. N. C.
Murthy and G. A. Ravishankar, "Microorganisms and microalgae as
sources of pigments for food use: a scientific oddity or an industrial
reality," Trends in Food Science & Technology vol. 16, pp. 389-406,
2005.
[3] J. H. Yang, Y. Tseng, H. Chang, Y. Lee and J. Mau, "Storage stability of
monascal adlay," Food Chemistry, vol. 90, pp. 303-309, 2004.
[4] P. J┼»zlov├í, L. Mart├¡nkov├í and V. Křen, "Secondary metabolites of the
fungus Monascus: review," Journal of Industrial Microbiology, vol. 16,
pp. 163-170, 1996.
[5] T. H. Wang, and T. F. Lin, "Monascus rice products," Advances in Food
and Nutrition Research, vol. 53, pp.123-159, 2007.
[6] U. Hölker, M. Höfer and J. Lenz, "Biotechnological advantages of
laboratory-scale solid-state fermentation with fungi," Applied
Microbiology Biotechnology, vol. 64, pp. 175-186, 2004.
[7] R. R. Singhania, A. K. Patel, C. R. Soccol and A. Pandey, "Recent
advance in solid state fermentation," Biochemical Engineering Journal,
vol. 44, pp.13-18, 2009.
[8] J. I. Betts and F. Baganz, "Miniature bioreactors: current practices and
future opportunities," Microbiol Cell Factories, vol. 5, pp. 1-14, 2006.
[9] W.A. Duetz, "Microtiter plates as mini-bioreactors: miniaturization of
fermentation methods," Trends in Microbiology, vol. 15, pp. 469 - 475,
2007.
[10] V. Hessel, C. Knobloch and H. Löwe, "Review on patents in
microreactor and micro process engineering," Recent Patents on
Chemical Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 1-16. , 2008.
[11] S. R. Lamping, H. Zhang, B. Allen and P. A. Shamlou, "Design of a
prototype miniature bioreactor for high throughput automated
bioprocessing," Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 58, pp. 747-758,
2003.
[12] M. Micheletti, and G. J. Lye, "Microscale bioprocess optimisation,
"Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 17, pp. 611-618, 2006.
[13] D. Weuster-Botz, S. Stevensb and A. Hawrylenkoc, "Parallel-operated
stirred-columns for microbial process development," Biochemical
Engineering Journal, vol. 11, pp. 69-72, 2002.
[14] U. v. Stockar, S. Valentinotti, I. Marison, C. Cannizzaro and C. Herwig,
"Know-how and know-why in biochemical engineering," Biotechnology
Advance, vol. 21, 417-430, 2003.
[15] R. Fehrenbach, M. Comberbach and J. O. Pêtre, "On-line biomass
monitor by capacitance measurement," Journal of Biotechnology vol. 23,
pp. 303-314, 1992.
[16] R. M. Matanguihan and K. B. Konstantinov and T. Yoshida, "Dielectric
measurement to monitor the growth and physiological states of
biological cells," Bioprocess Engineering, vol. 11, pp. 213-222, 1994.
[17] W. Penaloza, C. L. Davey, J. N. Hedger and D. B. Kell, "Stimulation by
potassium of the growth of Rhizopus oligosporus during liquid- and
solid-substrate fermentations," World Journal of Microbiology and
Biotechnolpgy, vol 7, pp. 260-268, 1991.
[18] K. Mishima, A. Mimura, Y. Takahara, K. Asami and T. Hanai, "On-line
monitor of cell concentrations by dielectric measurements," Journal of
Fermentation and Bioengineering, vol. 72, pp. 291-295, 1991.
[19] X. Lian, C. Wang and K. Guo, "Identification of new red pigments
produced by Monascus ruber," Dyes and Pigments, vol. 73, pp. 121-125,
2007.
[20] S. T. Silveira, D. J. Daroit, and A. Brandelli , "Pigment production by
Monascus purpureus in grape waste using factorial design," LWT-Food
Science and Technology, vol. 41, pp.170-174, 2007.
[21] H. J. Kim, J. H. Kim, H. J. Oh and C. S. Shin, "Morphology control of
Monascus cells and scale-up of pigment fermentation," Process
Biochemistry, vol.38 pp. 649-655, 2002.
[22] P. Pattangul, R. Pinthong, A. Phianmongkhol and S. Tharatha,
"Mevinolin, citrinin and pigments of adlay angkak fermented by
Monascus sp.," International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. 126,
pp. 20-23, 2008.
[23] B. Yongsmith, V. Kitprechavanich, L. Chitradon, C. Chaisrisook, and N.
Budda, "Color mutants of Monascus sp. KB9 and their comparative
glucosamylases on rice solid culture," Journal of Molecular Catalysis B:
Enzymatic, vol. 10, pp.263-272, 2000.
[24] S. Babitha, C. R. Soccol, and A. Pandey, "Solid-state fermentation for
the production of Monascus pigments from jackfruit seed," Bioresource
and Technology, vol. 98, pp. 1554-1560, 2007.
[25] W. Kloeckner, and J. Buchs, "Advances in shaking technologies,"
Trends in Microbiology, vol. 30, pp.-307-313, 2012.
[26] M. Micheletti, and G. J. Lye, "Microscale bioprocess optimization."
Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 17, pp.611-618, 2006.
[27] G.H. Markx, H. J. G. ten Hoopen, J. J. Meijer, and K. L. Vinke,
"Dielectric spectroscopy as a novel and convenient tool for the study of
the shear sensitivity of plant cells in suspension culture," Journal of
Biotechnology, vol. 19, pp. 145-158, 1991.
[28] H. J. Kim, J.H. Kim, H. J. Oh, and C. S. Shin, "Morphology control of
Monascus cells and scale-up of pigment fermentation," Process
Biochemistry vol. 38, pp 649-655, 2002.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:50164", author = "Supavej Maniyom and Gerard H. Markx", title = "Biomass and Pigment Production by Monascus during Miniaturized Submerged Culture on Adlay", abstract = "Three reactor types were explored and successfully
used for pigment production by Monascus: shake flasks, and shaken
and stirred miniaturized reactors. Also, the use of dielectric
spectroscopy for the on-line measurement of biomass levels was
explored. Shake flasks gave good pigment yields, but scale up is
difficult, and they cannot be automated. Shaken bioreactors were less
successful with pigment production than stirred reactors.
Experiments with different impeller speeds in different volumes of
liquid in the reactor confirmed that this is most likely due oxygen
availability. The availability of oxygen appeared to affect biomass
levels less than pigment production; red pigment production in
particular needed very high oxygen levels. Dielectric spectroscopy
was effectively used to continuously measure biomass levels during
the submerged fungal fermentation in the shaken and stirred
miniaturized bioreactors, despite the presence of the solid substrate
particles. Also, the capacitance signal gave useful information about
the viability of the cells in the culture.", keywords = "Chinese pearl barley, miniature submerged culture,
Monascus pigment, biomass, capacitance.", volume = "6", number = "8", pages = "652-6", }