Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil using Heterogeneous Base Catalyst
In this study, the transesterification of palm oil with methanol for biodiesel production was studied by using CaO–ZnO as a heterogeneous base catalyst prepared by incipient-wetness impregnation (IWI) and co-precipitation (CP) methods. The reaction parameters considered were molar ratio of methanol to oil, amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The optimum conditions–15:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, a catalyst amount of 6 wt%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, and reaction time of 8 h–were observed. The effects of Ca loading, calcination temperature, and catalyst preparation on the catalytic performance were studied. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by several techniques, including XRD, TPR, and XRF.
[1] Serio, M., Tesser, R., Pengmei, L., and Santacesaria, E. "Heterogeneous
Catalysts for Biodiesel Production". Energy & Fuels 2008:22:207-217.
[2] Harrington KJ. "Chemical and physical properties of vegetable oil esters
and their effect on diesel fuel performance". Biomass and energy
1986;9:1-17.
[3] USEPA. "A comprehensive analysis of biodiesel impacts on exhaust
emissions". Draft Technical Report. USEPA; 2002.
[4] Fangrui, M. and Hanna,M.A. "Biodiesel production: a review".
Bioresource Technology 1999:70(1):1-15.
[5] Knothe, G., Sharp, C.A., and Ryan, T.W. "Exhaust Emissions of
Biodiesel, Petrodiesel, Neat Methyl Esters, and Alkanes in a New
Technology Engine". Energy & Fuels 2006:20:403-408.
[6] Demirbas, A. "Biodiesel from vegetable oils via transesterification in
supercritical methanol". Energy Conversion & Management
2002:43:2349-2356
[7] Fukuda, H., Kondo, A., and Noda, H. "Biodiesel fuel production by
transesterification of oils". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2001:92:405-416.
[8] J. Otera, "Trans-esterification". Chem. Rev. 1993:93:1449-1470.
[9] E. Lotero, Y. Liu, D.E. Lopez, K. Suwannakarn, D.A. Bruce, J.G.
Goodwin, "Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis". Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res. 2005:44:5353-5363.
[10] Zhang, Y., Dube, M.A., Mclean, D.D., and Kates, M. "Biodiesel
production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and
sensitivity analysis". Bioresource Technology 2003:90:229-240.
[11] Dizge N, Aydiner C, Imer DY, Bayramoglu M, Tanriseven A, Keskinler
B. "Biodiesel production from sunflower, soybean, and waste cooking
oils by transesterification using lipase immobilized onto a novel
microporous polymer". Bioresource Technology 2009;100:1983-91.
[12] Liu X, He H, Wang Y, Zhu S, Piao X. "Transesterification of soybean
oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst". Fuel 2008;87:216-
21.
[13] Shimada Y, Watanabe Y, Sugihara A, Tominaga Y. "Enzymatic
alcoholysis for biodiesel fuel production and application of the reaction
to oil processing". J Mol Catal B: Enzym 2002;17:133-42.
[14] Kulkarni MG, Gopinath R, Meher LC, Dalai AK. "Solid acid catalyzed
biodiesel production by simultaneous esterification and
transesterification." Green Chem 2006;8:1056-62.
[15] Qian WW, Yang L, Lu XP. "Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by
KF/CaO with ultrasonic". In: Zhuang X, editor. International conference
on biomass energy technologies. Guangzhou, China; 2008.
[16] Di Serio M, Cozzolino M, Tesser R, Patrono P, Pinzari F, Bonelli B, et
al. "Vanadyl phosphate catalysts in biodiesel production". Appl Catal A
2007;320:1-7.
[17] Kawashima A, Matsubara K, Honda K. "Acceleration of catalytic
activity of calcium oxide for biodiesel production". Bioresour Technol
2009;100:696-700.
[18] Taufiq-Yap Y, Lee H, Hussein M, Yunus R. "Calcium-based mixed
oxide catalysts for methanolysis of Jatropha curcas oil to biodiesel".
Biomass and Bioenergy 2011:35:827-834
[19] Ngamcharussrivichai C, Totarat P, Bunyakiat K. "Ca and Zn mixed
oxide as a heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification of palm
kernel oil". Appl Catal A 2008;341:77-85.
[20] El-Shoba G.A. ky, A.A. Mostafa, "Thermochim". Acta 2003:408:75-
84.
[21] Xie W, Huang X, Li H. "Soybean oil methyl esters preparation using
NaX zeolites loaded with KOH as a heterogeneous catalyst".
Bioresource Technology 2007:98(4):936-939.
[1] Serio, M., Tesser, R., Pengmei, L., and Santacesaria, E. "Heterogeneous
Catalysts for Biodiesel Production". Energy & Fuels 2008:22:207-217.
[2] Harrington KJ. "Chemical and physical properties of vegetable oil esters
and their effect on diesel fuel performance". Biomass and energy
1986;9:1-17.
[3] USEPA. "A comprehensive analysis of biodiesel impacts on exhaust
emissions". Draft Technical Report. USEPA; 2002.
[4] Fangrui, M. and Hanna,M.A. "Biodiesel production: a review".
Bioresource Technology 1999:70(1):1-15.
[5] Knothe, G., Sharp, C.A., and Ryan, T.W. "Exhaust Emissions of
Biodiesel, Petrodiesel, Neat Methyl Esters, and Alkanes in a New
Technology Engine". Energy & Fuels 2006:20:403-408.
[6] Demirbas, A. "Biodiesel from vegetable oils via transesterification in
supercritical methanol". Energy Conversion & Management
2002:43:2349-2356
[7] Fukuda, H., Kondo, A., and Noda, H. "Biodiesel fuel production by
transesterification of oils". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2001:92:405-416.
[8] J. Otera, "Trans-esterification". Chem. Rev. 1993:93:1449-1470.
[9] E. Lotero, Y. Liu, D.E. Lopez, K. Suwannakarn, D.A. Bruce, J.G.
Goodwin, "Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis". Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res. 2005:44:5353-5363.
[10] Zhang, Y., Dube, M.A., Mclean, D.D., and Kates, M. "Biodiesel
production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and
sensitivity analysis". Bioresource Technology 2003:90:229-240.
[11] Dizge N, Aydiner C, Imer DY, Bayramoglu M, Tanriseven A, Keskinler
B. "Biodiesel production from sunflower, soybean, and waste cooking
oils by transesterification using lipase immobilized onto a novel
microporous polymer". Bioresource Technology 2009;100:1983-91.
[12] Liu X, He H, Wang Y, Zhu S, Piao X. "Transesterification of soybean
oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst". Fuel 2008;87:216-
21.
[13] Shimada Y, Watanabe Y, Sugihara A, Tominaga Y. "Enzymatic
alcoholysis for biodiesel fuel production and application of the reaction
to oil processing". J Mol Catal B: Enzym 2002;17:133-42.
[14] Kulkarni MG, Gopinath R, Meher LC, Dalai AK. "Solid acid catalyzed
biodiesel production by simultaneous esterification and
transesterification." Green Chem 2006;8:1056-62.
[15] Qian WW, Yang L, Lu XP. "Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by
KF/CaO with ultrasonic". In: Zhuang X, editor. International conference
on biomass energy technologies. Guangzhou, China; 2008.
[16] Di Serio M, Cozzolino M, Tesser R, Patrono P, Pinzari F, Bonelli B, et
al. "Vanadyl phosphate catalysts in biodiesel production". Appl Catal A
2007;320:1-7.
[17] Kawashima A, Matsubara K, Honda K. "Acceleration of catalytic
activity of calcium oxide for biodiesel production". Bioresour Technol
2009;100:696-700.
[18] Taufiq-Yap Y, Lee H, Hussein M, Yunus R. "Calcium-based mixed
oxide catalysts for methanolysis of Jatropha curcas oil to biodiesel".
Biomass and Bioenergy 2011:35:827-834
[19] Ngamcharussrivichai C, Totarat P, Bunyakiat K. "Ca and Zn mixed
oxide as a heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification of palm
kernel oil". Appl Catal A 2008;341:77-85.
[20] El-Shoba G.A. ky, A.A. Mostafa, "Thermochim". Acta 2003:408:75-
84.
[21] Xie W, Huang X, Li H. "Soybean oil methyl esters preparation using
NaX zeolites loaded with KOH as a heterogeneous catalyst".
Bioresource Technology 2007:98(4):936-939.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:57860", author = "Sirichai Chantara-arpornchai and Apanee Luengnaruemitchai and Samai Jai-In", title = "Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil using Heterogeneous Base Catalyst", abstract = "In this study, the transesterification of palm oil with methanol for biodiesel production was studied by using CaO–ZnO as a heterogeneous base catalyst prepared by incipient-wetness impregnation (IWI) and co-precipitation (CP) methods. The reaction parameters considered were molar ratio of methanol to oil, amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The optimum conditions–15:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, a catalyst amount of 6 wt%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, and reaction time of 8 h–were observed. The effects of Ca loading, calcination temperature, and catalyst preparation on the catalytic performance were studied. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by several techniques, including XRD, TPR, and XRF.
", keywords = "CaO, ZnO, biodiesel, heterogeneous catalyst, trans-esterification.", volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "328-6", }
