Availability of Sports Facilities does not explain the Association between Economic Environment and Physical Inactivity in a Southern European city
This paper evaluates the association between
economic environment in the districts of Madrid (Spain) and physical
inactivity, using income per capita as indicator of economic
environment. The analysis included 6,601 individuals aged 16 to 74
years. The measure of association estimated was the prevalence odds
ratio for physical inactivity by income per capita. After adjusting for
sex, age, and individual socioeconomic characteristics, people living
in the districts with the lowest per capita income had an odds ratio for
physical inactivity 1.58 times higher (95% confidence interval 1.35 to
1.85) than those living in districts with the highest per capita income.
Additional adjustment for the availability of sports facilities in each
district did not decrease the magnitude of the association. These
findings show that the widely believed assumption that the
availability of sports and recreational facilities, as a possible
explanation for the relation between economic environment and
physical inactivity, cannot be considered a universal observation.
[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Neighbourhood safety and
the prevalence of physical inactivity-selected states. MMWR 1999, 38:
143-146.
[2] Browson RC, Baker EA, Houseman RA, Brennan LK, Bacak SJ.
Environmental and policy determinants of physical activity in the United
States. Am J Public Health 2001; 91: 1995-2003.
[3] Ball K, Bauman A, Leslie E, Owen N. Perceived environmental
aesthetics and convenience and company are associated with walking for
exercise among Australian adults. Prev Med 2001; 33: 434-440.
[4] Takano T, Nakamura K, Watanabe M. Urban residential environments
and senior citizens- longevity in megacity areas: the importance of
walkable green spaces. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002; 56: 913-
918.
[5] Parks SE, Houseman RA, Browson RC. Differential correlates of
physical activity in urban and rural adults of various socioeconomic
backgrounds in the United States. J Epidemiol Communty Health 2003;
57: 29-35.
[6] Macintyre S, Ellaway A. Social and local variations in the use of urban
neighbourhoods: a case study in Glasgow. Health Place 1998; 4: 91-94.
[7] Diez-Roux AV, Link BG, Northridge ME. A multilevel analysis of
income inequality and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Soc Sci Med
2000; 50: 673-87.
[8] Ecob R, Macintyre S. Small area variations in health related behaviours;
do these depend on the behaviour itself, its measurement, or on personal
characteristics ? Health Place 2000; 6: 261-274.
[9] Giles-Corti B, Donovan RJ. Socioeconomic status differences in
recreational physical activity levels and real and perceived access to a
supportive physical environment. Prev Med 2002; 35: 601-611.
[10] Van Lenthe FJ, Brug J, Mackenbach JP. Neighbourhood inequalities in
physical inactivity: the role of neighbourhood attractiveness, proximity
to local facilities and safety in the Netherlands. Soc Sci Med 2005; 60:
763-775.
[11] Pascual C, Regidor E, Astasio P, Ortega P, Navarro P, Domínguez V.
The association of current and sustained area-based adverse
socioeconomic environment with physical inactivity. Soc Sci Med 2007:
65: 454-66.
[12] Ministerio de Educaci├│n y Ciencia (MSC). Consejo superior de
Deportes. Censo de instalaciones deportivas.
http://www.csd.mec.es/infraestr/CensoCSD/DistrGeo (accessed, June
2011).
[13] King WC, Belle SH, Brach JS, Simkin-Silverman LR, Soska T, Kriska
AM. Objective measures of neighborhood environment and physical
activity in older women. Am J Prev Med 2005: 28(5): 461-469.
[14] Diez Roux AV, Evenson KR, McGinn AP, Brown DG, Moore L, Brines
S, Jacobs DR. Availability of recreational resources and physical
activitiy in adults. Am J Public Health 2007; 97:493-499
[15] Panter J, Jones A, Hillsdon M. Equity of access to physical activity
facilities in an English city. Prev Med 2008; 46: 303-307
[16] Jilcott SB, Evenson KR, Laraia BA, Ammerman AS. Association
between physical activity and proximity to physical activity resources
among low-income, midlife women. Prev Chronic Dis 2007; 4: 1-16.
[17] Hoehener CM, Brennan Ramirez LK, Elliott MB Handy Sl, Brownson
RC. Perceived and objective environmental measures and physical
activity among urban adults. Am J Prev Med 2005; 28:105-116.
[18] Foster C, Hillsons M, Jones A, Grundy C, Wilkinson P, White M,
Sheehan B, Wareham and Thorogood M. Objetive measures of the
environment and physical activity -results of the environment and
physical activity study in English adults. J Phys Act Health 2009; 6: 70-
80.
[19] Pascual C, Regidor E, Martínez D, Calle ME, Domínguez V.
Socioeconomic environment, availability of sports facilities, and
jogging, swimming and gym use. Health Place 2009; 15: 553-561.
[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Neighbourhood safety and
the prevalence of physical inactivity-selected states. MMWR 1999, 38:
143-146.
[2] Browson RC, Baker EA, Houseman RA, Brennan LK, Bacak SJ.
Environmental and policy determinants of physical activity in the United
States. Am J Public Health 2001; 91: 1995-2003.
[3] Ball K, Bauman A, Leslie E, Owen N. Perceived environmental
aesthetics and convenience and company are associated with walking for
exercise among Australian adults. Prev Med 2001; 33: 434-440.
[4] Takano T, Nakamura K, Watanabe M. Urban residential environments
and senior citizens- longevity in megacity areas: the importance of
walkable green spaces. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002; 56: 913-
918.
[5] Parks SE, Houseman RA, Browson RC. Differential correlates of
physical activity in urban and rural adults of various socioeconomic
backgrounds in the United States. J Epidemiol Communty Health 2003;
57: 29-35.
[6] Macintyre S, Ellaway A. Social and local variations in the use of urban
neighbourhoods: a case study in Glasgow. Health Place 1998; 4: 91-94.
[7] Diez-Roux AV, Link BG, Northridge ME. A multilevel analysis of
income inequality and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Soc Sci Med
2000; 50: 673-87.
[8] Ecob R, Macintyre S. Small area variations in health related behaviours;
do these depend on the behaviour itself, its measurement, or on personal
characteristics ? Health Place 2000; 6: 261-274.
[9] Giles-Corti B, Donovan RJ. Socioeconomic status differences in
recreational physical activity levels and real and perceived access to a
supportive physical environment. Prev Med 2002; 35: 601-611.
[10] Van Lenthe FJ, Brug J, Mackenbach JP. Neighbourhood inequalities in
physical inactivity: the role of neighbourhood attractiveness, proximity
to local facilities and safety in the Netherlands. Soc Sci Med 2005; 60:
763-775.
[11] Pascual C, Regidor E, Astasio P, Ortega P, Navarro P, Domínguez V.
The association of current and sustained area-based adverse
socioeconomic environment with physical inactivity. Soc Sci Med 2007:
65: 454-66.
[12] Ministerio de Educaci├│n y Ciencia (MSC). Consejo superior de
Deportes. Censo de instalaciones deportivas.
http://www.csd.mec.es/infraestr/CensoCSD/DistrGeo (accessed, June
2011).
[13] King WC, Belle SH, Brach JS, Simkin-Silverman LR, Soska T, Kriska
AM. Objective measures of neighborhood environment and physical
activity in older women. Am J Prev Med 2005: 28(5): 461-469.
[14] Diez Roux AV, Evenson KR, McGinn AP, Brown DG, Moore L, Brines
S, Jacobs DR. Availability of recreational resources and physical
activitiy in adults. Am J Public Health 2007; 97:493-499
[15] Panter J, Jones A, Hillsdon M. Equity of access to physical activity
facilities in an English city. Prev Med 2008; 46: 303-307
[16] Jilcott SB, Evenson KR, Laraia BA, Ammerman AS. Association
between physical activity and proximity to physical activity resources
among low-income, midlife women. Prev Chronic Dis 2007; 4: 1-16.
[17] Hoehener CM, Brennan Ramirez LK, Elliott MB Handy Sl, Brownson
RC. Perceived and objective environmental measures and physical
activity among urban adults. Am J Prev Med 2005; 28:105-116.
[18] Foster C, Hillsons M, Jones A, Grundy C, Wilkinson P, White M,
Sheehan B, Wareham and Thorogood M. Objetive measures of the
environment and physical activity -results of the environment and
physical activity study in English adults. J Phys Act Health 2009; 6: 70-
80.
[19] Pascual C, Regidor E, Martínez D, Calle ME, Domínguez V.
Socioeconomic environment, availability of sports facilities, and
jogging, swimming and gym use. Health Place 2009; 15: 553-561.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:51435", author = "Cruz Pascual and Enrique Regidor and Paloma Ortega and David Martínez and Paloma Astasio", title = "Availability of Sports Facilities does not explain the Association between Economic Environment and Physical Inactivity in a Southern European city", abstract = "This paper evaluates the association between
economic environment in the districts of Madrid (Spain) and physical
inactivity, using income per capita as indicator of economic
environment. The analysis included 6,601 individuals aged 16 to 74
years. The measure of association estimated was the prevalence odds
ratio for physical inactivity by income per capita. After adjusting for
sex, age, and individual socioeconomic characteristics, people living
in the districts with the lowest per capita income had an odds ratio for
physical inactivity 1.58 times higher (95% confidence interval 1.35 to
1.85) than those living in districts with the highest per capita income.
Additional adjustment for the availability of sports facilities in each
district did not decrease the magnitude of the association. These
findings show that the widely believed assumption that the
availability of sports and recreational facilities, as a possible
explanation for the relation between economic environment and
physical inactivity, cannot be considered a universal observation.", keywords = "Economic environment, physical inactivity, sports
facilities, districts, Madrid, Spain", volume = "6", number = "6", pages = "1125-4", }
