Attachment Styles of Children Raised in Nursery vs. Those Who are Raised in the Family in Iran
In studies on psychological health and children-s personality development and in researches on emotional distresses, children-s behavioral disorders associated with mother deprivation, are known as the major cause of mental disorders. Therefore, for identification of children-s attachment styles in nursery-s children are of significant importance. For this purpose, to compare the attachment styles between children of nursery with those provided care by their families, the Separation Anxiety Test (SAT) of Slough and et al was administered on 72 children (36 in nursery and 36 family-cared). The results indicated, almost half of children in both groups have insecure attachment styles. Tendency ratio of both groups of children towards Secure and Ambivalent Insecure styles are almost the same. However the avoidant style of attachment in children of nursery is more than those provided care by their families. The children under family care compared to the children of nursery, in the situations of separation from their mothers in the first day of school and sleeping in their room, have shown more self reliance.
[1] Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. Vol. I: Attachment. London:
The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
[2] Laible,Deborah J., Thompson, Ross A. (2000). Mother-Child
Discourse, Attachment Security, Shared Positive Affect, and Early
Conscience Development. Child Development. Volume 71, Issue 5:
Pages: 1424-1440.
[3] Niccols, Alison. (2008). 'Right from the Start': randomized trial
comparing an attachment group intervention to supportive home
visiting. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Volume 49 Issue
7, Pages 754 - 764].
[4] Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss. Vol: II Separation, Antiety and
Anger. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
[5] Ainthworth, M. D. (1973). The development of infant - mother
attachment . in B. Call Well & H. Ricciuti (Eds), Review of Child
Development Research (Vol: 3). Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
[6] Ainthworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & wall, s. (1978).
patterns of attachment: apsychological study of the strange situation.
Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum.
[7] Mikulincer. Mario. (1998). Adult attachment style and affect regulation:
strategic variations in self-appraisals. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 75, 2, 420-435.
[8] Cassidy, J. (1990). Connection between family and peer relationships.
Paper presented at the preconference on peer relationships. Meeting of
the society for research in child development, Seattle.
[9] Cassidy, J., Marvin, R. S. (1992). Attachment organization in preschool
children: Procedures and coding manual.
[10] Cassidy, J. & Berlin, J. (1994). The insecure/ambivalent patterns of
attachment: Theory and research. Child development, 65, 977-991.
[11] Feeney, J.A., & Noller, P.(1996). Adult attachment. Thousand Oaks,
CA: sage.
[12] Feeney, J.A., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1996). The effects of adult
attachment and presence of romantic partners on
physiological responses to stress. Journal of personality and social
psychology, 70, 255-270.
[13] Mayseless, O. (2004). Home-leaving to military service: Attachment
concerns, transfer of attachment functions from parents to peers, and
adjustment. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 533-558.
[14] Granot, D., & Mayseless, O. (2001) Attachment security and adjustment
to school in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral
Development, 25, 530-541.
[15] Scharf, M., & Mayseless, O. (2001). The capacity for romantic
intimacy: Exploring the contribution of best friend and marital and
parental relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 379-399.
[16] Everett Waters, Susan Merrick, Dominique Treboux, Judith Crowell,
Leah Albersheim. (2000). Attachment Security in Infancy and Early
Adulthood: A Twenty-Year Longitudinal Study. Child Development.
Volume 71, Issue 3, Pages: 684-689.
[17] Waters, Everett, Weinfield, Nancy S., Hamilton, Claire E. (2000). The
Stability of Attachment Security from Infancy to Adolescence and Early
Adulthood: General Discussion. Child Development. Volume 71,
Issue 3: 703-706.
[18] Cooper, M. Lynne. Shaver, Philip, R., & Collins, Nancy L. (1998).
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 5, 1380-1397.
[19] Fisher, L; Ames, E; Chisholm, K & Savdie, L. (1997). International
Journal of Behavior Development. Vol 20, 63-82.
[20] Thompson, Susan, Lenore. (2001). The social skills of previously
institutionalized children adopted from Romania. Dissertation Abstracts
International. Section B: The sciences and engineering. Vol 61 (7-B),
3906.
[21] Marcovitch, Sh; Goldberg, s; gold, A; Washington, J. (1997).
Determinants of behavioural problems in Romanian children adopted in
Ontario. International Journal of Behavioral Development. United
Kingdom: Psychological Press, Vol 20(1), 17-31.
[22] Chisholm, K. (1998). A three year follow up of attachment and
indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian
orphanages. Child development, Vol 69 (4), 1092-1106.
[23] Panayiota Vorria, Zaira Papaligoura, Judy Dunn, Marinus H. van
IJzendoorn, Howard Steele, Antigoni Kontopoulou, and Yiasemi
Sarafidou. (2003). Early experiences and attachment relationships of
Greek infants raised in residential group care. Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry. Volume 44 Issue 8, Pages 1208 - 1220.
[24] Miri Scharf. (2001). A "Natural Experiment" in Childrearing Ecologies
and Adolescents' Attachment and Separation Representations. Child
Development. Volume 72, Issue 1,Pages: 236-251.
[25] Rubin, Kenneth. H. (1998). Social and Emotional Development From a
Cultural Perspective. Developmental Psychology. 34, 4 , 611-615.
[26] Slough, N. M., Goyette, M., Greenberg, M. T. (1988). Scoring indices
for the seattle Version of the separetion anxiety test. University of
washington.
[27] Rutter. Michael, Colvert, Emma., Kreppner , Jana., Beckett , Celia.,
Castle, Jenny., Groothues, Christine., Hawkins, Amanda., O'Connor ,
Thomas. G., Stevens, Suzanne. E. and Sonuga-Barke, Edmund.J.S.
(2006). Early adolescent outcomes for institutionally-deprived and nondeprived
adoptees. I: Disinhibited attachment. Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry. Volume 48 Issue 1: 17 - 30.
[28] Moss, Ellen; Cyr, Chantal; Bureau, Jean-François; Tarabulsy, George.
M & Dubois-Comtois, Karine. (2005). Stability of Attachment During
the Preschool Period. Developmental Psychology. 41, 5, 773-783.
[29] Erel, Osnat; Oberman, Yael. & Yirmiya, Nurit. (2000). Maternal
Versus Nonmaternal Care and Seven Domains of Children's
Development. Psychological Bulletin. 126, 5, 727-747.
[30] Mazaheri, M. A. (1999). Attachment from a systematic view point: A
study in Iranian families. Unedited P.H.D thesis. London University.
[31] Khanjani, Z. (1999). Study of relation in temporary separations during
day time and signs of sickness in mothers by attachment establishment
& emergence of behavioraly social problems in preschool level
.Unedited P.H.D thesis. College of Psychology & Education. Tehran
University.
[32] Nina Koren-Karie. (2001). Mothers' attachment representations and
choice of infant care: center care vs. home. Infant and Child
Development. Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages: 117-127.
[33] Yvonne M. Caldera, Sybil Hart. (2004). Exposure to child care,
parenting style and attachment security. Infant and Child
Development.Volume 13, Issue 1, Pages: 21-33.
[34] Lieselotte Ahnert, Megan R. Gunnar, Michael E. Lamb, Martina
Barthel. (2004). Transition to Child Care: Associations with Infant-
Mother Attachment, Infant Negative Emotion, and Cortisol Elevations.
Child Development. Volume 75, Issue 3, Pages: 639-650.
[1] Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. Vol. I: Attachment. London:
The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
[2] Laible,Deborah J., Thompson, Ross A. (2000). Mother-Child
Discourse, Attachment Security, Shared Positive Affect, and Early
Conscience Development. Child Development. Volume 71, Issue 5:
Pages: 1424-1440.
[3] Niccols, Alison. (2008). 'Right from the Start': randomized trial
comparing an attachment group intervention to supportive home
visiting. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Volume 49 Issue
7, Pages 754 - 764].
[4] Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss. Vol: II Separation, Antiety and
Anger. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
[5] Ainthworth, M. D. (1973). The development of infant - mother
attachment . in B. Call Well & H. Ricciuti (Eds), Review of Child
Development Research (Vol: 3). Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
[6] Ainthworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & wall, s. (1978).
patterns of attachment: apsychological study of the strange situation.
Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum.
[7] Mikulincer. Mario. (1998). Adult attachment style and affect regulation:
strategic variations in self-appraisals. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 75, 2, 420-435.
[8] Cassidy, J. (1990). Connection between family and peer relationships.
Paper presented at the preconference on peer relationships. Meeting of
the society for research in child development, Seattle.
[9] Cassidy, J., Marvin, R. S. (1992). Attachment organization in preschool
children: Procedures and coding manual.
[10] Cassidy, J. & Berlin, J. (1994). The insecure/ambivalent patterns of
attachment: Theory and research. Child development, 65, 977-991.
[11] Feeney, J.A., & Noller, P.(1996). Adult attachment. Thousand Oaks,
CA: sage.
[12] Feeney, J.A., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1996). The effects of adult
attachment and presence of romantic partners on
physiological responses to stress. Journal of personality and social
psychology, 70, 255-270.
[13] Mayseless, O. (2004). Home-leaving to military service: Attachment
concerns, transfer of attachment functions from parents to peers, and
adjustment. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 533-558.
[14] Granot, D., & Mayseless, O. (2001) Attachment security and adjustment
to school in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral
Development, 25, 530-541.
[15] Scharf, M., & Mayseless, O. (2001). The capacity for romantic
intimacy: Exploring the contribution of best friend and marital and
parental relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 379-399.
[16] Everett Waters, Susan Merrick, Dominique Treboux, Judith Crowell,
Leah Albersheim. (2000). Attachment Security in Infancy and Early
Adulthood: A Twenty-Year Longitudinal Study. Child Development.
Volume 71, Issue 3, Pages: 684-689.
[17] Waters, Everett, Weinfield, Nancy S., Hamilton, Claire E. (2000). The
Stability of Attachment Security from Infancy to Adolescence and Early
Adulthood: General Discussion. Child Development. Volume 71,
Issue 3: 703-706.
[18] Cooper, M. Lynne. Shaver, Philip, R., & Collins, Nancy L. (1998).
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 5, 1380-1397.
[19] Fisher, L; Ames, E; Chisholm, K & Savdie, L. (1997). International
Journal of Behavior Development. Vol 20, 63-82.
[20] Thompson, Susan, Lenore. (2001). The social skills of previously
institutionalized children adopted from Romania. Dissertation Abstracts
International. Section B: The sciences and engineering. Vol 61 (7-B),
3906.
[21] Marcovitch, Sh; Goldberg, s; gold, A; Washington, J. (1997).
Determinants of behavioural problems in Romanian children adopted in
Ontario. International Journal of Behavioral Development. United
Kingdom: Psychological Press, Vol 20(1), 17-31.
[22] Chisholm, K. (1998). A three year follow up of attachment and
indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian
orphanages. Child development, Vol 69 (4), 1092-1106.
[23] Panayiota Vorria, Zaira Papaligoura, Judy Dunn, Marinus H. van
IJzendoorn, Howard Steele, Antigoni Kontopoulou, and Yiasemi
Sarafidou. (2003). Early experiences and attachment relationships of
Greek infants raised in residential group care. Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry. Volume 44 Issue 8, Pages 1208 - 1220.
[24] Miri Scharf. (2001). A "Natural Experiment" in Childrearing Ecologies
and Adolescents' Attachment and Separation Representations. Child
Development. Volume 72, Issue 1,Pages: 236-251.
[25] Rubin, Kenneth. H. (1998). Social and Emotional Development From a
Cultural Perspective. Developmental Psychology. 34, 4 , 611-615.
[26] Slough, N. M., Goyette, M., Greenberg, M. T. (1988). Scoring indices
for the seattle Version of the separetion anxiety test. University of
washington.
[27] Rutter. Michael, Colvert, Emma., Kreppner , Jana., Beckett , Celia.,
Castle, Jenny., Groothues, Christine., Hawkins, Amanda., O'Connor ,
Thomas. G., Stevens, Suzanne. E. and Sonuga-Barke, Edmund.J.S.
(2006). Early adolescent outcomes for institutionally-deprived and nondeprived
adoptees. I: Disinhibited attachment. Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry. Volume 48 Issue 1: 17 - 30.
[28] Moss, Ellen; Cyr, Chantal; Bureau, Jean-François; Tarabulsy, George.
M & Dubois-Comtois, Karine. (2005). Stability of Attachment During
the Preschool Period. Developmental Psychology. 41, 5, 773-783.
[29] Erel, Osnat; Oberman, Yael. & Yirmiya, Nurit. (2000). Maternal
Versus Nonmaternal Care and Seven Domains of Children's
Development. Psychological Bulletin. 126, 5, 727-747.
[30] Mazaheri, M. A. (1999). Attachment from a systematic view point: A
study in Iranian families. Unedited P.H.D thesis. London University.
[31] Khanjani, Z. (1999). Study of relation in temporary separations during
day time and signs of sickness in mothers by attachment establishment
& emergence of behavioraly social problems in preschool level
.Unedited P.H.D thesis. College of Psychology & Education. Tehran
University.
[32] Nina Koren-Karie. (2001). Mothers' attachment representations and
choice of infant care: center care vs. home. Infant and Child
Development. Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages: 117-127.
[33] Yvonne M. Caldera, Sybil Hart. (2004). Exposure to child care,
parenting style and attachment security. Infant and Child
Development.Volume 13, Issue 1, Pages: 21-33.
[34] Lieselotte Ahnert, Megan R. Gunnar, Michael E. Lamb, Martina
Barthel. (2004). Transition to Child Care: Associations with Infant-
Mother Attachment, Infant Negative Emotion, and Cortisol Elevations.
Child Development. Volume 75, Issue 3, Pages: 639-650.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:64624", author = "Narges Razeghi", title = "Attachment Styles of Children Raised in Nursery vs. Those Who are Raised in the Family in Iran", abstract = "In studies on psychological health and children-s personality development and in researches on emotional distresses, children-s behavioral disorders associated with mother deprivation, are known as the major cause of mental disorders. Therefore, for identification of children-s attachment styles in nursery-s children are of significant importance. For this purpose, to compare the attachment styles between children of nursery with those provided care by their families, the Separation Anxiety Test (SAT) of Slough and et al was administered on 72 children (36 in nursery and 36 family-cared). The results indicated, almost half of children in both groups have insecure attachment styles. Tendency ratio of both groups of children towards Secure and Ambivalent Insecure styles are almost the same. However the avoidant style of attachment in children of nursery is more than those provided care by their families. The children under family care compared to the children of nursery, in the situations of separation from their mothers in the first day of school and sleeping in their room, have shown more self reliance.
", keywords = "Attachment style, Separation Anxiety Test (SAT), Children, Nursery, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders", volume = "3", number = "6", pages = "1298-4", }
