Assessing Pre-Service Teachers' Computer PhobiaLevels in terms of Gender and Experience, Turkish Sample
In this study it is aimed to determine the level of preservice teachers- computer phobia. Whether or not computer phobia meaningfully varies statistically according to gender and computer experience has been tested in the study. The study was performed on 430 pre-service teachers at the Education Faculty in Rize/Turkey. Data in the study were collected through the Computer Phobia Scale consisting of the “Personal Knowledge Questionnaire", “Computer Anxiety Rating Scale", and “Computer Thought Survey". In this study, data were analyzed with statistical processes such as t test, and correlation analysis. According to results of statistical analyses, computer phobia of male pre-service teachers does not statistically vary depending on their gender. Although male preservice teachers have higher computer anxiety scores, they have lower computer thought scores. It was also observed that there is a negative and intensive relation between computer experience and computer anxiety. Meanwhile it was found out that pre-service teachers using computer regularly indicated lower computer anxiety. Obtained results were tried to be discussed in terms of the number of computer classes in the Education Faculty curriculum, hours of computer class and the computer availability of student teachers.
[1] Anthony, L. M, Clarke, M. C., & Anderson, S. J. (2000). Technophobia and personality subtypes in a sample of South African university 16, 31-44.
[2] Brosnan, M. (1998) The impact of psychological gender, gender-related
perceptions, significant others and the introducer of technology upon
computer anxiety in students. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 18(1), 63-78.
[3] Bross, A. (2005).Gender and information and communication
technologies (ICT) anxiety: Male self-assurance and female hesitation,
CyberPsychology & Behavior 8 (1) , 21-31
[4] Bozionelos, N. (1996). Psychology of computer use: Prevalence of
computer anxiety in British managers and professionals. Psychological
Reports, 78(3), 995-1002.
[5] Bozionelos, N.(2004).Socio-economic background and computer use: the role of computer anxiety and computer experience in their
relationship, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 61 (5),
725-746.
[6] Beckers J.J. and Schmidt, H.G. (2003) Computer experience and
computer anxiety, Computers in Human Behavior 19 (6), 785-797
[7] Chua et al., 1999. Computer anxiety and its correlates: a meta-analysis.
Computers in Human Behavior. v15. 609-623.
[8] Choi, G., Ligon, J.and Ward, J.(2002), Computer anxiety and social
workers: differences by access, use and training, Journal of Technology
in Human Services 19, 1-12.
[9] Colley, A. and Comber, C. (2003) Age and gender differences in
computer use and attitudes among secondary school students: what has
changed? Educational Research, 45(2),155-165
[10] Compton, D. M., Burkett, W. H., & Burkett, G. G. (2003). No sex
difference in perceived competence of computer use among male and
female college students in 2002. Psychological Reports, 92(2), 503-511.
[11] Dyck, J. L., & Smither, J. A. (1994). Age differences on computer
anxiety: the role of computer experience, gender and education. Journal
of Educational Computing Research, 10 (3), 239-248.
[12] Jay, T. (1981). Computerphobia: What to do about it. Educational
Technology, 21, 47-48.
[13] Keating, M. F. (1996).The relationship between technofobia and
teachers- implementation of an elementary school computer-assisted
instructional delivery model. A Dissertation on the Doctor of Education.
The Graduate School of the University of Florida. UMI Number:
9703555.
[14] Kernan, M.C. and Howard, G.S. (1990). Computer anxiety and computer
attitudes: An investigation of construct and predictive validity issues,
Educational and Psychological Measurement 50, 681-690
[15] King,J.,Bond,T., & Blandford,S.(2002).An investigation of computer
anxiety by gender and grade. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(1),
856-869.
[16] Koohang, A. (1989). Computerphobia: An empirical study." ERIC. ED
306 984.
[17] G├╝rcan-Namlu, A., & Ceyhan, E.(2003).Computer
anxiety:Multidimensional analysis on teacher candidates. Educational
Sciences:Theory & Practice, 3(2),401-432
[18] Gordon et al.(2003). The factor structure of the Computer Anxiety
Rating Scale and the Computer Thoughts Survey. Computers in Human
Behavior, Volume 19, Issue 3, May 2003, Pages 291-298
[19] Hallam,T.A.(2008). Sociocultural Influences on Computer Anxiety
Among Preservice Teachers: An Exploratory Study.Unpublished
Dissertation,University of Akron,Akron,OH.
[20] Hardy, M. D. (2003). "It should have been stressed in all education
classes": Preparing pre-service teachers to teach with technology.
Report: Searcy, AR. (Eric Document Reproduction Service No. ED
478379).
[21] Havelka,D., Beasley,F. and Broome, T.(2004).A study of computer
anxiety among business students-. Mid-American Journal of Business
19(1), 63-71
[22] Hogan, M. (2005) An Technophobia amongst older adults in Ireland.
The Irish Journal of Management, Special Issue ,27(1), 57-77
[23] McIlroy, D., Bunting, B. Tierney, K. & Gordon, M. (2001). The relation
of gender and background experience to self-reported computing
anxieties and cognition. Computers in Human Behavior, 17, 21-33.
[24] Mcilroy, D. & Bunting, B. (2003). Personality, behavior, and academic
Achievement: Principles for educators to inculcate and students to
model. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27, 326-337.
[25] McIlroy, D., Sadler, C. & Boojawon, N. (2007). Computer phobia and
computer self-efficacy: their association with undergraduates- use of
university computer facilities. Computers in Human Behaviour, 23,
1285-1299
[26] Parasuraman, S., & Igbaria, M. (1990). An examination of gender
differences in the determinants of computer anxiety and attitudes toward
microcomputers among managers. International Journal of Man-
Machine Studies, 32, 327-340.
[27] Rizza, M. G. (2000). Perspectives on preservice teachers' attitudes
toward technology. The Teacher Educator, 36(2), 132-147
[28] Roblyer, M. (2003). Integrating educational technology into teaching
(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Merrill/Prentice Hall.
[29] Rosen, L.D., Sears, D.C. & Weil, M.M. (1987) Computerphobia,
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 19:167-179
[30] Rosen,L.D., & Maguire,P.(1990). Myths and realities of
computerphobia: a meta-analysis. Anxiety Reaserch, 3(3),175-191
[31] Rosen, L.D., & Weil, M.M.(1995). Computer anxiety: a cross cultural
comparison of university students in ten countries. Computers in Human
Behavior, 11(1), 45-64.
[32] Rosen, L. D., & Weil, M. M. (1992). Measuring Technophobia. A
manual for the administration and scoring of the computer anxiety rating
scale, the computer thoughts survey and the general attitude toward
computer scale. USA: Chapman University.
[33] Schulenberg, S., Yutrzenka, B, & Gohm, C. (2006) The Computer
Aversion, Attitudes, and Familiarity Index (CAAFI): A measure for the
study of computer-related constructs. Journal of Educational
Computing Research, 34(2), 129-146.
[34] Selwyn, N. (2003).Apart from technology: understanding people-s nonuse
of information and communication technologies in everyday life.
Technology in Society, 25(1), 99-116
[35] Tekinarslan,E.(2008).A cross-cultural comparative study of Dutch and
Turkish university students, Computers in Human Behavior, 24(4),
1572-1584 .
[36] Thorpe, S. J., & Brosnan, M. (2007). Does computer anxiety reach levels
which conform to DSM IV criteria for specific phobia? Computers in
Human Behavior, 23(3), 1258-1272.
[37] Todman, J. (2000). Gender differences in computer anxiety among
university entrants since 1992. Computers & Education, 34(1), 27-35
[38] Todman, J., & Monaghan, E. (1994). Qualitative differences in computer
experience, computer anxiety and students' use of computers: a path
model. Computers in Human Behavior, 10 (4), 529-539.
[39] Todman, J., and Day, K. (2006). Computer anxiety: the role of
psychological gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 22(5), 856-869.
[40] Todman, J. & Drysdale, E. (2004) Effects of qualitative differences in
initial and subsequent computer experience on computer anxiety.
Computers in Human Behavior, 20, 581-590.
[41] Wang, K., Shu, Q. & Tu, Q. (2008). Technostress under different
organizational environments: An empirical investigation. Computers in
Human Behavior. 24(6), 3002-3013.
[42] Weil, M.M. & Rosen, L.D. (1995). The psychological impact of
technology from a global perspective: a study of technological
sophistication and technophobia in university students from twenty three
countries. Computers in Human Behavior. 11(1) , 95-133.
[43] Woodrow, J. (1991). A comparison of four computer attitude scales.
Journal of Educational Computing Research, 7, 165-187.
[44] Yaghi, H. and Abu-Saba, M. (1998). Implications in measuring teachers-
computer anxiety: An international perspective. Computers in Human
Behaviors, 14(2), 321-336.
[1] Anthony, L. M, Clarke, M. C., & Anderson, S. J. (2000). Technophobia and personality subtypes in a sample of South African university 16, 31-44.
[2] Brosnan, M. (1998) The impact of psychological gender, gender-related
perceptions, significant others and the introducer of technology upon
computer anxiety in students. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 18(1), 63-78.
[3] Bross, A. (2005).Gender and information and communication
technologies (ICT) anxiety: Male self-assurance and female hesitation,
CyberPsychology & Behavior 8 (1) , 21-31
[4] Bozionelos, N. (1996). Psychology of computer use: Prevalence of
computer anxiety in British managers and professionals. Psychological
Reports, 78(3), 995-1002.
[5] Bozionelos, N.(2004).Socio-economic background and computer use: the role of computer anxiety and computer experience in their
relationship, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 61 (5),
725-746.
[6] Beckers J.J. and Schmidt, H.G. (2003) Computer experience and
computer anxiety, Computers in Human Behavior 19 (6), 785-797
[7] Chua et al., 1999. Computer anxiety and its correlates: a meta-analysis.
Computers in Human Behavior. v15. 609-623.
[8] Choi, G., Ligon, J.and Ward, J.(2002), Computer anxiety and social
workers: differences by access, use and training, Journal of Technology
in Human Services 19, 1-12.
[9] Colley, A. and Comber, C. (2003) Age and gender differences in
computer use and attitudes among secondary school students: what has
changed? Educational Research, 45(2),155-165
[10] Compton, D. M., Burkett, W. H., & Burkett, G. G. (2003). No sex
difference in perceived competence of computer use among male and
female college students in 2002. Psychological Reports, 92(2), 503-511.
[11] Dyck, J. L., & Smither, J. A. (1994). Age differences on computer
anxiety: the role of computer experience, gender and education. Journal
of Educational Computing Research, 10 (3), 239-248.
[12] Jay, T. (1981). Computerphobia: What to do about it. Educational
Technology, 21, 47-48.
[13] Keating, M. F. (1996).The relationship between technofobia and
teachers- implementation of an elementary school computer-assisted
instructional delivery model. A Dissertation on the Doctor of Education.
The Graduate School of the University of Florida. UMI Number:
9703555.
[14] Kernan, M.C. and Howard, G.S. (1990). Computer anxiety and computer
attitudes: An investigation of construct and predictive validity issues,
Educational and Psychological Measurement 50, 681-690
[15] King,J.,Bond,T., & Blandford,S.(2002).An investigation of computer
anxiety by gender and grade. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(1),
856-869.
[16] Koohang, A. (1989). Computerphobia: An empirical study." ERIC. ED
306 984.
[17] G├╝rcan-Namlu, A., & Ceyhan, E.(2003).Computer
anxiety:Multidimensional analysis on teacher candidates. Educational
Sciences:Theory & Practice, 3(2),401-432
[18] Gordon et al.(2003). The factor structure of the Computer Anxiety
Rating Scale and the Computer Thoughts Survey. Computers in Human
Behavior, Volume 19, Issue 3, May 2003, Pages 291-298
[19] Hallam,T.A.(2008). Sociocultural Influences on Computer Anxiety
Among Preservice Teachers: An Exploratory Study.Unpublished
Dissertation,University of Akron,Akron,OH.
[20] Hardy, M. D. (2003). "It should have been stressed in all education
classes": Preparing pre-service teachers to teach with technology.
Report: Searcy, AR. (Eric Document Reproduction Service No. ED
478379).
[21] Havelka,D., Beasley,F. and Broome, T.(2004).A study of computer
anxiety among business students-. Mid-American Journal of Business
19(1), 63-71
[22] Hogan, M. (2005) An Technophobia amongst older adults in Ireland.
The Irish Journal of Management, Special Issue ,27(1), 57-77
[23] McIlroy, D., Bunting, B. Tierney, K. & Gordon, M. (2001). The relation
of gender and background experience to self-reported computing
anxieties and cognition. Computers in Human Behavior, 17, 21-33.
[24] Mcilroy, D. & Bunting, B. (2003). Personality, behavior, and academic
Achievement: Principles for educators to inculcate and students to
model. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27, 326-337.
[25] McIlroy, D., Sadler, C. & Boojawon, N. (2007). Computer phobia and
computer self-efficacy: their association with undergraduates- use of
university computer facilities. Computers in Human Behaviour, 23,
1285-1299
[26] Parasuraman, S., & Igbaria, M. (1990). An examination of gender
differences in the determinants of computer anxiety and attitudes toward
microcomputers among managers. International Journal of Man-
Machine Studies, 32, 327-340.
[27] Rizza, M. G. (2000). Perspectives on preservice teachers' attitudes
toward technology. The Teacher Educator, 36(2), 132-147
[28] Roblyer, M. (2003). Integrating educational technology into teaching
(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Merrill/Prentice Hall.
[29] Rosen, L.D., Sears, D.C. & Weil, M.M. (1987) Computerphobia,
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 19:167-179
[30] Rosen,L.D., & Maguire,P.(1990). Myths and realities of
computerphobia: a meta-analysis. Anxiety Reaserch, 3(3),175-191
[31] Rosen, L.D., & Weil, M.M.(1995). Computer anxiety: a cross cultural
comparison of university students in ten countries. Computers in Human
Behavior, 11(1), 45-64.
[32] Rosen, L. D., & Weil, M. M. (1992). Measuring Technophobia. A
manual for the administration and scoring of the computer anxiety rating
scale, the computer thoughts survey and the general attitude toward
computer scale. USA: Chapman University.
[33] Schulenberg, S., Yutrzenka, B, & Gohm, C. (2006) The Computer
Aversion, Attitudes, and Familiarity Index (CAAFI): A measure for the
study of computer-related constructs. Journal of Educational
Computing Research, 34(2), 129-146.
[34] Selwyn, N. (2003).Apart from technology: understanding people-s nonuse
of information and communication technologies in everyday life.
Technology in Society, 25(1), 99-116
[35] Tekinarslan,E.(2008).A cross-cultural comparative study of Dutch and
Turkish university students, Computers in Human Behavior, 24(4),
1572-1584 .
[36] Thorpe, S. J., & Brosnan, M. (2007). Does computer anxiety reach levels
which conform to DSM IV criteria for specific phobia? Computers in
Human Behavior, 23(3), 1258-1272.
[37] Todman, J. (2000). Gender differences in computer anxiety among
university entrants since 1992. Computers & Education, 34(1), 27-35
[38] Todman, J., & Monaghan, E. (1994). Qualitative differences in computer
experience, computer anxiety and students' use of computers: a path
model. Computers in Human Behavior, 10 (4), 529-539.
[39] Todman, J., and Day, K. (2006). Computer anxiety: the role of
psychological gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 22(5), 856-869.
[40] Todman, J. & Drysdale, E. (2004) Effects of qualitative differences in
initial and subsequent computer experience on computer anxiety.
Computers in Human Behavior, 20, 581-590.
[41] Wang, K., Shu, Q. & Tu, Q. (2008). Technostress under different
organizational environments: An empirical investigation. Computers in
Human Behavior. 24(6), 3002-3013.
[42] Weil, M.M. & Rosen, L.D. (1995). The psychological impact of
technology from a global perspective: a study of technological
sophistication and technophobia in university students from twenty three
countries. Computers in Human Behavior. 11(1) , 95-133.
[43] Woodrow, J. (1991). A comparison of four computer attitude scales.
Journal of Educational Computing Research, 7, 165-187.
[44] Yaghi, H. and Abu-Saba, M. (1998). Implications in measuring teachers-
computer anxiety: An international perspective. Computers in Human
Behaviors, 14(2), 321-336.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:54524", author = "Ö.F. Ursavas and H. Karal", title = "Assessing Pre-Service Teachers' Computer PhobiaLevels in terms of Gender and Experience, Turkish Sample", abstract = "In this study it is aimed to determine the level of preservice teachers- computer phobia. Whether or not computer phobia meaningfully varies statistically according to gender and computer experience has been tested in the study. The study was performed on 430 pre-service teachers at the Education Faculty in Rize/Turkey. Data in the study were collected through the Computer Phobia Scale consisting of the “Personal Knowledge Questionnaire", “Computer Anxiety Rating Scale", and “Computer Thought Survey". In this study, data were analyzed with statistical processes such as t test, and correlation analysis. According to results of statistical analyses, computer phobia of male pre-service teachers does not statistically vary depending on their gender. Although male preservice teachers have higher computer anxiety scores, they have lower computer thought scores. It was also observed that there is a negative and intensive relation between computer experience and computer anxiety. Meanwhile it was found out that pre-service teachers using computer regularly indicated lower computer anxiety. Obtained results were tried to be discussed in terms of the number of computer classes in the Education Faculty curriculum, hours of computer class and the computer availability of student teachers.
", keywords = "Computer phobia, computer anxiety, computer thought, pre-service teachers.", volume = "3", number = "7", pages = "1482-5", }
