Architectural Stratification and Woody Species Diversity of a Subtropical Forest Grown in a Limestone Habitat in Okinawa Island, Japan
The forest stand consisted of four layers. The species
composition between the third and the bottom layers was almost
similar, whereas it was almost exclusive between the top and the lower
three layers. The values of Shannon-s index H' and Pielou-s index
J ' tended to increase from the bottom layer upward, except for
H' -value of the top layer. The values of H' and J ' were 4.21 bit
and 0.73, respectively, for the total stand. High woody species
diversity of the forest depended on large trees in the upper layers,
which trend was different from a subtropical evergreen broadleaf
forest grown in silicate habitat in the northern part of Okinawa Island.
The spatial distribution of trees was overlapped between the third and
the bottom layers, whereas it was independent or slightly exclusive
between the top and the lower three layers. Mean tree weight of each
layer decreased from the top toward the bottom layer, whereas the
corresponding tree density increased from the top downward. This
relationship was analogous to the process of self-thinning plant
populations.
[1] E. O. Wilson (ed.), Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington,
D.C., 1988.
[2] Y. It├┤, Diversity of forest tree species in Yanbaru, the northern part of
Okinawa Island. Plant Ecology, Volume 133, 1997, 125-133.
[3] J. B. Hall, M. D. Swaine, Classification and ecology of closed-canopy
forest in Ghana. Journal of Ecology, Volume 64, 1976, 913-951.
[4] S. M. Feroz, A. Hagihara, M. Yokota, Stand structure and woody species
diversity in relation to the stand stratification in a subtropical evergreen
broadleaf forest, Okinawa Island. Journal of Plant Research, Volume
119, 2006, 293-301.
[5] M. A. Huston, Biological diversity. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1994.
[6] T. C. Whitmore, An introduction to tropical rain forests. Oxford
University Press, New York, 1998.
[7] W. Huang, V. Pohjonen, S. Johansson, M. Nashanda, M. I. L. Katigula, O.
Luukkanen, Species diversity, forest structure and species composition in
Tanzanian tropical forests. Forest Ecology and Management, Volume
173, 2003, 11-24.
[8] T. Kira, Forest ecosystems of east and southest Aisa in a global
perspective. Ecological Research, Volume 6, 1991, 185-200.
[9] M. Ohsawa, Latitudinal comparison of altitudinal changes in forest
structure, leaf-type, and species richness in humid monsoon Asia.
Vegetatio, Volume 121, 1995, 3-10.
[10] K. Hozumi, Studies on the frequency distribution of the weight of
individual trees in a forest stand. V. The M-w diagram for various types
of forest stands. Japanese Journal of Ecology, Volume 25, 1975, 123-131.
[11] J. P. Kimmins, Forest ecology. Pearson Education Inc, NJ, 2004.
[12] T. Yamakura, An empirical approach to the analysis of forest
stratification. I. Proposed graphical method derived by using an
empirical distribution function. Botanical Magazine, Tokyo, Volume 100,
1987, 109-128.
[13] M. R. Roberts, F. S. Gilliam, Patterns and mechanisms of plant diversity
in forested ecosystems: implications for forest management. Ecological
Application, Volume 5, 1995, 969-977.
[14] X. Xu, E. Hirata, Y. Tokashiki, T. Shinohara, Structure and species
diversity of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern
Okinawa Island, Japan. Journal of Forest Research, Volume 6, 2001,
203-210.
[15] T. Enoki, Microtopography and distribution of canopy trees in a
subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the northern part of
Okinawa Island, Japan. Ecological Research, Volume 18, 2003,
103-113.
[16] L. Alhamd, A. Hagihara, Litterfall of a subtropical evergreen
broad-leaved forest in Okinawa Island, Japan. Tropics, Volume 13, 2004,
255-268.
[17] T. Enoki, A. Abe, Saplings distribution in relation to topography and
canopy openness in an evergreen broad-leaved forest. Plant Ecology,
Volume 173, 2004, 283-291.
[18] Y. Kubota, H. Murata, K. Kikuzawa, Effects of topographic heterogeneity
on tree species richness and stand dynamics in a subtropical forest in
Okinawa Island, southern Japan. Journal of Ecology, Volume 92, 2004,
230-240.
[19] T. Kira, Forest vegetation of Japan. Introduction. in: T. Shidei and T.
Kira (eds.) Primary productivity of Japanese forests. Productivity of
terrestrial communities. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1977, 1-9/14.
[20] S. Hatusima, Flora of the Ryukyus. Okinawa Biological Education, Naha,
1990.
[21] K. Hozumi, Studies on the frequency distribution of the weight of
individual trees in a forest stand. III. A beta-type distribution. Japanese
Journal of Ecology, Volume 21, 1971, 152-167.
[22] M. Evans, N. Hastings, B. Peacock, Statistical distributions. Wiley, New
York, 2000.
[23] H. S. Horn, Measurement of "overlap" in comparative ecological studies.
The American Naturalist, Volume 100, 1966, 419-424.
[24] S. Kimoto, Some quantitative analysis on the Chrysomelid fauna of the
Ryukyu Archipelago. Esakia, Volume 6, 1967, 27-54.
[25] M. Lloyd, Mean crowding. Journal of Animal Ecology, Volume 36, 1967,
1-30.
[26] S. Iwao, Analysis of spatial association between two species based on the
interspecies mean crowding. Researches on Population Ecology, Volume
18, 1977, 243-260.
[27] R. H. MacArthur, J. W. MacArthur, On bird species diversity. Ecology,
Volume 42, 1961, 594-598.
[28] E. C. Pielou, An introduction to mathematical ecology. Wiley, New York,
1961.
[29] K. Shinozaki, T. Kira, The C-D rule, its theory and practical uses
(Intraspecific competition among higher plants X). Journal of Biology,
Osaka City University, Volume 12, 1961, 69-82.
[30] T. Kira, H. Ogawa, Assessment of primary production in tropical and
equatorial forests. in: Productivity of forest ecosystems. Unesco, Paris,
1971, 309-321.
[31] A. Hagihara, Time-trajectory of mean phytomass and density in
self-thinning plant populations. Bulletin of the Faculty of Science,
University of the Ryukyus, Volume 70, 2000, 99-112.
[1] E. O. Wilson (ed.), Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington,
D.C., 1988.
[2] Y. It├┤, Diversity of forest tree species in Yanbaru, the northern part of
Okinawa Island. Plant Ecology, Volume 133, 1997, 125-133.
[3] J. B. Hall, M. D. Swaine, Classification and ecology of closed-canopy
forest in Ghana. Journal of Ecology, Volume 64, 1976, 913-951.
[4] S. M. Feroz, A. Hagihara, M. Yokota, Stand structure and woody species
diversity in relation to the stand stratification in a subtropical evergreen
broadleaf forest, Okinawa Island. Journal of Plant Research, Volume
119, 2006, 293-301.
[5] M. A. Huston, Biological diversity. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1994.
[6] T. C. Whitmore, An introduction to tropical rain forests. Oxford
University Press, New York, 1998.
[7] W. Huang, V. Pohjonen, S. Johansson, M. Nashanda, M. I. L. Katigula, O.
Luukkanen, Species diversity, forest structure and species composition in
Tanzanian tropical forests. Forest Ecology and Management, Volume
173, 2003, 11-24.
[8] T. Kira, Forest ecosystems of east and southest Aisa in a global
perspective. Ecological Research, Volume 6, 1991, 185-200.
[9] M. Ohsawa, Latitudinal comparison of altitudinal changes in forest
structure, leaf-type, and species richness in humid monsoon Asia.
Vegetatio, Volume 121, 1995, 3-10.
[10] K. Hozumi, Studies on the frequency distribution of the weight of
individual trees in a forest stand. V. The M-w diagram for various types
of forest stands. Japanese Journal of Ecology, Volume 25, 1975, 123-131.
[11] J. P. Kimmins, Forest ecology. Pearson Education Inc, NJ, 2004.
[12] T. Yamakura, An empirical approach to the analysis of forest
stratification. I. Proposed graphical method derived by using an
empirical distribution function. Botanical Magazine, Tokyo, Volume 100,
1987, 109-128.
[13] M. R. Roberts, F. S. Gilliam, Patterns and mechanisms of plant diversity
in forested ecosystems: implications for forest management. Ecological
Application, Volume 5, 1995, 969-977.
[14] X. Xu, E. Hirata, Y. Tokashiki, T. Shinohara, Structure and species
diversity of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern
Okinawa Island, Japan. Journal of Forest Research, Volume 6, 2001,
203-210.
[15] T. Enoki, Microtopography and distribution of canopy trees in a
subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the northern part of
Okinawa Island, Japan. Ecological Research, Volume 18, 2003,
103-113.
[16] L. Alhamd, A. Hagihara, Litterfall of a subtropical evergreen
broad-leaved forest in Okinawa Island, Japan. Tropics, Volume 13, 2004,
255-268.
[17] T. Enoki, A. Abe, Saplings distribution in relation to topography and
canopy openness in an evergreen broad-leaved forest. Plant Ecology,
Volume 173, 2004, 283-291.
[18] Y. Kubota, H. Murata, K. Kikuzawa, Effects of topographic heterogeneity
on tree species richness and stand dynamics in a subtropical forest in
Okinawa Island, southern Japan. Journal of Ecology, Volume 92, 2004,
230-240.
[19] T. Kira, Forest vegetation of Japan. Introduction. in: T. Shidei and T.
Kira (eds.) Primary productivity of Japanese forests. Productivity of
terrestrial communities. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1977, 1-9/14.
[20] S. Hatusima, Flora of the Ryukyus. Okinawa Biological Education, Naha,
1990.
[21] K. Hozumi, Studies on the frequency distribution of the weight of
individual trees in a forest stand. III. A beta-type distribution. Japanese
Journal of Ecology, Volume 21, 1971, 152-167.
[22] M. Evans, N. Hastings, B. Peacock, Statistical distributions. Wiley, New
York, 2000.
[23] H. S. Horn, Measurement of "overlap" in comparative ecological studies.
The American Naturalist, Volume 100, 1966, 419-424.
[24] S. Kimoto, Some quantitative analysis on the Chrysomelid fauna of the
Ryukyu Archipelago. Esakia, Volume 6, 1967, 27-54.
[25] M. Lloyd, Mean crowding. Journal of Animal Ecology, Volume 36, 1967,
1-30.
[26] S. Iwao, Analysis of spatial association between two species based on the
interspecies mean crowding. Researches on Population Ecology, Volume
18, 1977, 243-260.
[27] R. H. MacArthur, J. W. MacArthur, On bird species diversity. Ecology,
Volume 42, 1961, 594-598.
[28] E. C. Pielou, An introduction to mathematical ecology. Wiley, New York,
1961.
[29] K. Shinozaki, T. Kira, The C-D rule, its theory and practical uses
(Intraspecific competition among higher plants X). Journal of Biology,
Osaka City University, Volume 12, 1961, 69-82.
[30] T. Kira, H. Ogawa, Assessment of primary production in tropical and
equatorial forests. in: Productivity of forest ecosystems. Unesco, Paris,
1971, 309-321.
[31] A. Hagihara, Time-trajectory of mean phytomass and density in
self-thinning plant populations. Bulletin of the Faculty of Science,
University of the Ryukyus, Volume 70, 2000, 99-112.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:56954", author = "S. M. Feroz and K. Yoshimura and A. Hagihara", title = "Architectural Stratification and Woody Species Diversity of a Subtropical Forest Grown in a Limestone Habitat in Okinawa Island, Japan", abstract = "The forest stand consisted of four layers. The species
composition between the third and the bottom layers was almost
similar, whereas it was almost exclusive between the top and the lower
three layers. The values of Shannon-s index H' and Pielou-s index
J ' tended to increase from the bottom layer upward, except for
H' -value of the top layer. The values of H' and J ' were 4.21 bit
and 0.73, respectively, for the total stand. High woody species
diversity of the forest depended on large trees in the upper layers,
which trend was different from a subtropical evergreen broadleaf
forest grown in silicate habitat in the northern part of Okinawa Island.
The spatial distribution of trees was overlapped between the third and
the bottom layers, whereas it was independent or slightly exclusive
between the top and the lower three layers. Mean tree weight of each
layer decreased from the top toward the bottom layer, whereas the
corresponding tree density increased from the top downward. This
relationship was analogous to the process of self-thinning plant
populations.", keywords = "Canopy multi-layering, limestone habitat, mean tree
weight-density relationship, species diversity, subtropical forest.", volume = "2", number = "11", pages = "307-6", }
