The potential, opportunities and drawbacks of biogas
technology use in Turkey are evaluated in this paper. Turkey is
dependent on foreign sources of energy. Therefore, use of biogas
technology would provide a safe way of waste disposal and recovery
of renewable energy, particularly from a sustainable domestic source,
which is less unlikely to be influenced by international price or
political fluctuations. Use of biogas technology would especially
meet the cooking, heating and electricity demand in rural areas and
protect the environment, additionally creating new job opportunities
and improving social-economical conditions.
[1] Ward, A.J., Hobbs, P.J., Holliman, P.J., and Jones, D.L. 2008.
Optimization of the anaerobic digestion of agricultural resources.
Bioresource Technology 99:7928-7940.
[2] Walla, C., and Schneeberger, W. 2008. The optimal size for biogas
plants. Biomass Bioenergy 32:551-557.
[3] Gerin, P.A., Vliegen, F., and Jossart, J.M. 2008. Energy and CO2
balance of maize and grass as energy crops for anaerobic digestion.
Bioresource Technology 99:2620-2627.
[4] Raven, R.P.J.M., and Gregersen, K.H. 2007. Biogas plants in Denmark:
successes and setbacks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
11:116-132.
[5] Mwakaje, A.G. 2008. Dairy farming and biogas use in Rugnwe district,
Southwest Tanzania: A study of opportunities and constraints.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12:2240-2252.
[6] Weiland, P. 2000. Anaerobic waste digestion in Germany-Status and
recent developments. Biodegradation 11:415-421.
[7] Murphy, J.D., and McCarthy, K. 2005. The optimal production of
biogas for use as a transport fuel in Ireland. Renewable Energy
30:2111-2127.
[8] Mirza, U.K., Ahmad, N., and Majeed, T. 2008. An overview of
biomass utilization in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 1988-1996.
[9] Xiaohua, W., Chonglan, D., Xiaoyan, H., Weiming, W, Xiaoping, J.,
and Shangyun, J. 2007. The influence of biogas digesters on family
energy consumption and its economic benefit in rural areascomparative
study between Lianshui and Guichi in China. Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11:1018-1024.
[10] Ozturk, H.H., and Bascetincelik, A. 2006. Energy exploitation of
agricultural biomass potential in Turkey. Energy Exploration &
Exploitation 24(4-5):313-330.
[11] SPO (State Planning Organization). 2008. Ninth Development Plant
(2007-2013). 2008 Annual Programme, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
[12] Kaygusuz, K. 2009. Energy and environmental issues relating to
greenhouse emissions for sustainable development in Turkey.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13:253-270.
[13] MARS (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Services). Available from
<www.tarim.gov.tr> (in Turkish) (accessed date 29.10.2008).
[14] Tasdemiroglu, E. 1988. Review of the biogas technology in Turkey.
Biomass 17:137-148.
[15] Tasdemiroglu, E. 1991. Economics of biogas space heating systems in
rural Turkey. Bioresource Technology 36:147-155.
[16] Isci, A., and Demirer, G.N. 2007. Biogas production potential from
cotton wastes. Renewable Energy 32:750-757.
[17] Demirbas, A. 2006. Biogas production from the organic fraction of
municipal solid waste. Energy Sources Part A: Recovery, Utilization
and Environmental Effects 28(12):1127-1134.
[18] Acaroglu, M., Kocar, G., and Arif, H. 2005. The potential of biogas
energy. Energy Sources 27(3):251-259.
[19] K─▒z─▒laslan, N., K─▒z─▒laslan, H. 2007. Turkey-s biogas energy potential.
Energy Sources Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 2(3):277-
286.
[20] Ghafoori, E., and Flynn, P.C. 2007. Optimizing the logistics of
anaerobic digestion of manure. Applied Biochemistry and
Biotechnology 136-140:625-637.
[21] Lansing, S., Botero, R.B., and Martin, J.F. 2008. Waste treatment and
biogas quality in small-scale agricultural digesters. Bioresource
Technology 99:5881-5890.
[22] Cantrell, K.B., Ducey, T., Ro, K.S., and Hunt, P.G. 2008. Livestock
waste-to-bioenergy generation opportunities. Bioresource Technology
99:7941-7953.
[23] WEC (World Energy Council). 2007. Survey of Energy Resources,
Bioenergy, World Energy Council 2007. Available from
<www.worldenergy.org> (accessed date 1.11.2008).
[24] EIE (General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and
Development Administration). 2008. Bioenergy. Available from
<www.eie.gov.tr> (in Turkish) (accessed date 5.11.2008).
[25] Weiland, P. 2003. Production and energetic use of biogas from energy
crops and wastes in Germany. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
109:263-274.
[26] Demirel, B., and Scherer, P. 2008. Production of methane from sugar
beet silage without manure addition by a single-stage anaerobic
digestion process. Biomass & Bioenergy 32:203-209.
[27] Scherer, P., Dobler, S., Rohardt, S., Loock, R., B├╝ttner, B., Nöldeke, P.,
and Brettschuh, A. 2003. Continuous biogas production from fodder
beet silage as sole substrate. Water Science and Technology 48(4):229-
233.
[28] Parawira, W., Read, J.S., Mattiasson, B., and Björnsson, L. 2008.
Energy production from agricultural residues: high methane yields in
pilot-scale two-stage anaerobic digestion. Biomass & Bioenergy 32:44-
50.
[29] Lehtömaki, A., Huttunen, S., and Rintala, J.A. 2007. Laboratory
investigations on co-digestion of energy crops and crop residues with
cow manure for methane production: Effect of crop to manure ratio.
Resources Conservation Recycling 51:591-609.
[30] Lindorfer, H., Corcoba, A., Vasilieva, V., Braun, R., and Kirchmayr, R.
2008. Doubling the organic loading rate in the co-digestion of energy
crops and manure - a full scale case study. Bioresource Technology
99:1148-1156.
[31] Weiland, P. 2006. Biomass digestion in agriculture: A successful
pathway for the energy production and waste treatment in Germany.
Engineering in Life Sciences 6(3):302-309.
[32] TSI (Turkish Statistical Institute). 2008. Agriculture Statistics.
Available from <www.turkstat.gov.tr> (accessed date 7.11.2008).
[33] Igoni, A.H., Ayotamuno, M.J., Eze, C.L., Ogaji, S.O.T., and Probert,
S.D. 2008. Designs of anaerobic digesters for producing biogas from
municipal solid-waste. Applied Energy 85:430-438.
[34] Fernendez, J., Perez, M., Romero, L.I. 2008. Effect of substrate
concentration on dry mesophilic anaerobic digestion of organic fraction
of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Bioresource Technology 99:6075-
6080.
[35] Forster-Carneiro, T., Perez, M., and Romero, L.I. 2008. Anaerobic
digestion of municipal solid wastes: Dry thermophilic performance.
Bioresource Technology 99:8180-8184.
[36] Ozgur M.A. 2008. Review of Turkey-s renewable energy potential.
Renewable Energy 33:2345-2356.
[37] TSI (Turkish Statistical Institute). 2006. The municipal waste statistics,
2006. Available from <www.turkstat.gov.tr> (accessed date
10.11.2008).
[38] TSI (Turkish Statistical Institute). 2008. Environment Statistics.
Available from <www.turkstat.gov.tr> (accessed date 10.11.2008).
[39] Zupancic, G.D., Urnajek-Zevart, N., and Ros, M. 2008. Full-scale
anaerobic co-digestion of organic waste and municipal sludge. Biomass
& Bioenergy 32:162-167.
[40] EPDK (Energy Market Regulatory Authority). 2009. Available from
www.epdk.gov.tr (accessed date 16.06.2009).
[41] Tasdemiroglu, E. 1986. Biomass energy potential in Turkey. Biomass
11:81-89.
[42] Erdogdu E. 2008. An expose of bioenergy and its potential and
utilization in Turkey. Energy Policy 36:2182-2190.
[1] Ward, A.J., Hobbs, P.J., Holliman, P.J., and Jones, D.L. 2008.
Optimization of the anaerobic digestion of agricultural resources.
Bioresource Technology 99:7928-7940.
[2] Walla, C., and Schneeberger, W. 2008. The optimal size for biogas
plants. Biomass Bioenergy 32:551-557.
[3] Gerin, P.A., Vliegen, F., and Jossart, J.M. 2008. Energy and CO2
balance of maize and grass as energy crops for anaerobic digestion.
Bioresource Technology 99:2620-2627.
[4] Raven, R.P.J.M., and Gregersen, K.H. 2007. Biogas plants in Denmark:
successes and setbacks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
11:116-132.
[5] Mwakaje, A.G. 2008. Dairy farming and biogas use in Rugnwe district,
Southwest Tanzania: A study of opportunities and constraints.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12:2240-2252.
[6] Weiland, P. 2000. Anaerobic waste digestion in Germany-Status and
recent developments. Biodegradation 11:415-421.
[7] Murphy, J.D., and McCarthy, K. 2005. The optimal production of
biogas for use as a transport fuel in Ireland. Renewable Energy
30:2111-2127.
[8] Mirza, U.K., Ahmad, N., and Majeed, T. 2008. An overview of
biomass utilization in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 1988-1996.
[9] Xiaohua, W., Chonglan, D., Xiaoyan, H., Weiming, W, Xiaoping, J.,
and Shangyun, J. 2007. The influence of biogas digesters on family
energy consumption and its economic benefit in rural areascomparative
study between Lianshui and Guichi in China. Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11:1018-1024.
[10] Ozturk, H.H., and Bascetincelik, A. 2006. Energy exploitation of
agricultural biomass potential in Turkey. Energy Exploration &
Exploitation 24(4-5):313-330.
[11] SPO (State Planning Organization). 2008. Ninth Development Plant
(2007-2013). 2008 Annual Programme, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
[12] Kaygusuz, K. 2009. Energy and environmental issues relating to
greenhouse emissions for sustainable development in Turkey.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13:253-270.
[13] MARS (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Services). Available from
<www.tarim.gov.tr> (in Turkish) (accessed date 29.10.2008).
[14] Tasdemiroglu, E. 1988. Review of the biogas technology in Turkey.
Biomass 17:137-148.
[15] Tasdemiroglu, E. 1991. Economics of biogas space heating systems in
rural Turkey. Bioresource Technology 36:147-155.
[16] Isci, A., and Demirer, G.N. 2007. Biogas production potential from
cotton wastes. Renewable Energy 32:750-757.
[17] Demirbas, A. 2006. Biogas production from the organic fraction of
municipal solid waste. Energy Sources Part A: Recovery, Utilization
and Environmental Effects 28(12):1127-1134.
[18] Acaroglu, M., Kocar, G., and Arif, H. 2005. The potential of biogas
energy. Energy Sources 27(3):251-259.
[19] K─▒z─▒laslan, N., K─▒z─▒laslan, H. 2007. Turkey-s biogas energy potential.
Energy Sources Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 2(3):277-
286.
[20] Ghafoori, E., and Flynn, P.C. 2007. Optimizing the logistics of
anaerobic digestion of manure. Applied Biochemistry and
Biotechnology 136-140:625-637.
[21] Lansing, S., Botero, R.B., and Martin, J.F. 2008. Waste treatment and
biogas quality in small-scale agricultural digesters. Bioresource
Technology 99:5881-5890.
[22] Cantrell, K.B., Ducey, T., Ro, K.S., and Hunt, P.G. 2008. Livestock
waste-to-bioenergy generation opportunities. Bioresource Technology
99:7941-7953.
[23] WEC (World Energy Council). 2007. Survey of Energy Resources,
Bioenergy, World Energy Council 2007. Available from
<www.worldenergy.org> (accessed date 1.11.2008).
[24] EIE (General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and
Development Administration). 2008. Bioenergy. Available from
<www.eie.gov.tr> (in Turkish) (accessed date 5.11.2008).
[25] Weiland, P. 2003. Production and energetic use of biogas from energy
crops and wastes in Germany. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
109:263-274.
[26] Demirel, B., and Scherer, P. 2008. Production of methane from sugar
beet silage without manure addition by a single-stage anaerobic
digestion process. Biomass & Bioenergy 32:203-209.
[27] Scherer, P., Dobler, S., Rohardt, S., Loock, R., B├╝ttner, B., Nöldeke, P.,
and Brettschuh, A. 2003. Continuous biogas production from fodder
beet silage as sole substrate. Water Science and Technology 48(4):229-
233.
[28] Parawira, W., Read, J.S., Mattiasson, B., and Björnsson, L. 2008.
Energy production from agricultural residues: high methane yields in
pilot-scale two-stage anaerobic digestion. Biomass & Bioenergy 32:44-
50.
[29] Lehtömaki, A., Huttunen, S., and Rintala, J.A. 2007. Laboratory
investigations on co-digestion of energy crops and crop residues with
cow manure for methane production: Effect of crop to manure ratio.
Resources Conservation Recycling 51:591-609.
[30] Lindorfer, H., Corcoba, A., Vasilieva, V., Braun, R., and Kirchmayr, R.
2008. Doubling the organic loading rate in the co-digestion of energy
crops and manure - a full scale case study. Bioresource Technology
99:1148-1156.
[31] Weiland, P. 2006. Biomass digestion in agriculture: A successful
pathway for the energy production and waste treatment in Germany.
Engineering in Life Sciences 6(3):302-309.
[32] TSI (Turkish Statistical Institute). 2008. Agriculture Statistics.
Available from <www.turkstat.gov.tr> (accessed date 7.11.2008).
[33] Igoni, A.H., Ayotamuno, M.J., Eze, C.L., Ogaji, S.O.T., and Probert,
S.D. 2008. Designs of anaerobic digesters for producing biogas from
municipal solid-waste. Applied Energy 85:430-438.
[34] Fernendez, J., Perez, M., Romero, L.I. 2008. Effect of substrate
concentration on dry mesophilic anaerobic digestion of organic fraction
of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Bioresource Technology 99:6075-
6080.
[35] Forster-Carneiro, T., Perez, M., and Romero, L.I. 2008. Anaerobic
digestion of municipal solid wastes: Dry thermophilic performance.
Bioresource Technology 99:8180-8184.
[36] Ozgur M.A. 2008. Review of Turkey-s renewable energy potential.
Renewable Energy 33:2345-2356.
[37] TSI (Turkish Statistical Institute). 2006. The municipal waste statistics,
2006. Available from <www.turkstat.gov.tr> (accessed date
10.11.2008).
[38] TSI (Turkish Statistical Institute). 2008. Environment Statistics.
Available from <www.turkstat.gov.tr> (accessed date 10.11.2008).
[39] Zupancic, G.D., Urnajek-Zevart, N., and Ros, M. 2008. Full-scale
anaerobic co-digestion of organic waste and municipal sludge. Biomass
& Bioenergy 32:162-167.
[40] EPDK (Energy Market Regulatory Authority). 2009. Available from
www.epdk.gov.tr (accessed date 16.06.2009).
[41] Tasdemiroglu, E. 1986. Biomass energy potential in Turkey. Biomass
11:81-89.
[42] Erdogdu E. 2008. An expose of bioenergy and its potential and
utilization in Turkey. Energy Policy 36:2182-2190.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:51759", author = "B. Demirel and T.T. Onay and O. Yenigün", title = "Application of Biogas Technology in Turkey", abstract = "The potential, opportunities and drawbacks of biogas
technology use in Turkey are evaluated in this paper. Turkey is
dependent on foreign sources of energy. Therefore, use of biogas
technology would provide a safe way of waste disposal and recovery
of renewable energy, particularly from a sustainable domestic source,
which is less unlikely to be influenced by international price or
political fluctuations. Use of biogas technology would especially
meet the cooking, heating and electricity demand in rural areas and
protect the environment, additionally creating new job opportunities
and improving social-economical conditions.", keywords = "anaerobic digestion, agricultural biogas plant,biogas, biomass, methane, waste", volume = "4", number = "7", pages = "263-5", }
