Antioxidant Responses to Different Exposure Regimes of Kazakhstan Light Crude Oil in Livers of Male Albino Rats
Biochemical investigations were carried out to assess
the effect of different exposure regimes of Kazakhstan crude oil
(KCO) on hepatic antioxidant defense system in albino rats.
Contaminants were delivered under two different dosing regimes,
with all treatments receiving the same total contaminant load by the
end of the exposure period. Rats in regime A injected with KCO
once at a dose of 6 ml/kg bw while in regime B injected multiply at a
dose of 1.5 ml/kg bw on day 1, 3, 5 and 8. Antioxidant biomarkers
were measured in hepatic tissue after 1, 3, 5 and 8 days. Significant
induction was observed in serum aminotransferases (ALT, AST)
(p<0.01) and hepatic Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (p<0.05) in
the two exposure regimes, with the majority of significant induction
occurring in regime A. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased 1-d
after injection (p<0.01) but the increase was reduced time
dependently thereafter while after 8-d induced again (p<0.01).
Malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly induced after 3 and 5-d
(p<0.05) in regime A while in regime B was not changed
significantly (p>0.05) at short time after exposure. However, there
was significant increase after 8-d (p<0.01). Histological examination
indicates that crude oil induced pathologic changes from
inflammatory cells infiltration to hemorrhage and necrosis of
hepatocytes. Acute exposure to crude oil adversely affect hepatic cell
so human must avoid such exposure.
[1] W.C. Edwards, "Toxicology of oil field waste hazards to livestock
associated with the petroleum industry" Vet. Clinics of North America,
5(2):363 - 374, 1989.
[2] International Agency for the Research on Cancer (IARC) Occupational
exposures in petroleum refining. Crude oil and major petroleum fuels.
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans,
1989, Vol. 45.
[3] H.N. MacFarland, C.E. Holdsworth, J.A. MacGregor, R.W. Call and
M.L. Lane, "Applied Toxicology of Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Advances
in Modern Environmental Toxicology, Princeton Scientific Publishers
Inc, Princeton 6: 287, 1984.
[4] R.W. Coppock, M.S. Mostrom, A.A. Khan and S.S. Semalulu,
"Toxicology of oil field pollutants in cattle" a review. Vet. Hum.
Toxicol., 37(6): 569-576, 1995.
[5] J.M. Neff, "Composition and fate of petroleum and spill-treating agents
in the marine environment. In Sea Mammals and Oil: Confronting Risks.
Geraci JR and DJ St. Aubin, (eds.) San Diego: Acad. Press, 1-32, 1990.
[6] S. Khan, M. lrfan and A.D. Rahirntula, "The hepatotoxic potential of a
Prudhoe Bay crude oil: effect on rnouse liver weight and cornposition".
Toxicology, 46 (1):95-105, 1987.
[7] A.A, Khan and M.M. Schuler, "Biochemical toxicology of oilfield
chemicals in cattle. In: Chalmers GE (ed) A literature review and
discussion of the toxicological hazards of oilfield pollutants in cattle"
Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB, pp. 149-161, 1997.
[8] M. Nishikimi, N.A. Rao and K. Yagi, "The occurrence of superoxide
anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular
oxygen" Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 46(2):849-854, 1972.
[9] E.B. Burlakova, A.V. ðÉlesenko, E.M. Molochkina, N.P. Palmina and
N.G. Khrapova, "Bioantioxidants for radiation damage and malignant
growth" Nauka, Moscow, 214p, 1975.
[10] W.H. Habig, M.J. Pabst and W.B. Jakoby, "Glutathione S-transferases:
the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation" J. Biol.Chem.,
249(22):7130-7139, 1974.
[11] A. Songur, N. Akpolat, I. Kus, O.A. Ozen, I. Zararsiz and M. Sarsilmaz,
"The effects of the inhaled formaldehyde during the early postnatal
period in the hippocampus of rats: A morphological and
immunehistochemical study" Neuroscience Research Communications,
33(3):168-178, 2003.
[12] D.S. Young, 1990 "Effect of drugs on clinical laboratory tests" 3 rd.
American Association for Clinical Chemistry.
[13] O.E. Ayalogu, N.M. Igboh and E.B. Dede, "Biochemical Changes in the
Serum and Liver of albino rats exposed to Petroleum Samples (gasoline,
kerosene, and crude Petroleum)" Journal of Applied Sciences &
Environmental Management, 5(1)97-100, 2001.
[14] A.G. Krishan and G. Veena "2, 3, 4- Triaminoazo benzene- induced
hemato biochemical Anomalies in fish (Channa puntatus)" Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 25(1):136 - 141, 1980.
[15] J.M. Dheer, T.R. Dheer and C.L. Mahajan, "Haematological and
haematopietic response to acid stressin an air breathing fresh water fish
channal punctatus" Journal of Fish Biology, 30(5):577-588, 1987.
[16] M. Morowati, "Inhalation toxicity studies of thimet (phorate) in male
swiss albino mouse, MUS Musculus" Environment Pollution, 96(3):383-
388, 1997.
[17] D.R. Livingstone, "Contaminant stimulated reactive oxygen species
production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms" Marine
Pollution Bulletin, 42(8):656-666, 2001.
[18] W.G. Londis and M.H. Yu, 1995. Introduction to Environmental
toxicology: Impacts of chemical upon Ecological system, 328 p. Lewis
Publishers, Boca Raton FL.
[19] O.R. Vander, J. Beyer and N.P.E. Vermeulen, "Fish bioaccumulation
and biomarkers in Environmental risk assessment" Environ.Toxicol.
Pharmacol., 13: 57-149, 2003.
[20] F.H. Sun, Q.X. Zhou, Q.R. Zhang, "Toxic effects of petroleum
hydrocarbons and copper on polychaete Nereis diversicolor and on its
antioxidant enzyme systems" Environmental Science, 27 (7): 1415-
1419, 2006
[21] I. Fridovich, "Superoxide dismutases" Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol.
Biol. 41, 35-97, 1974.
[22] N. Trostler, P.S. Brady, D.R. Romsos and G.A. Leveille, "Influence of
dietary vitamin E on malondialdehyde levels in liver and adipose tissue
and on glutathione peroxidase and reductase activities in liver and
erythrocytes of lean and obese mice" J. Nutr., 109(2):345-352, 1979.
[23] J.F. Zhang, X.R. Wang, H.Y. Guo, J.C. Wu and Y.Q. Xue, "Effect of
water soluble fraction of diesel oil on the antioxidant defense of the gold
fish Carassius auratus" Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf, 58 (1):110-116, 2004.
[24] J.D. Simonato, C.L. Guedes and C.B. Martinez, "Biochemical,
physiological and histological changes in the neotropical fish
Prochilodus lineatus exposed to diesel oil" Ecotoxicology Environmental
Safety, 69(1):112-120, 2008.
[25] S. Rajendra, K. Parasakthy, P.D. Deepalakshmi and S.N. Devaraji, 1996.
Oxidative stress in rat liver and lung induced by Furanoterpenolds
Isolated from Fusariumsolan infected sweet potatoes.
[26] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics (Book style with
paper title and editor)," in Plastics, 2nd ed. vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New.
[1] W.C. Edwards, "Toxicology of oil field waste hazards to livestock
associated with the petroleum industry" Vet. Clinics of North America,
5(2):363 - 374, 1989.
[2] International Agency for the Research on Cancer (IARC) Occupational
exposures in petroleum refining. Crude oil and major petroleum fuels.
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans,
1989, Vol. 45.
[3] H.N. MacFarland, C.E. Holdsworth, J.A. MacGregor, R.W. Call and
M.L. Lane, "Applied Toxicology of Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Advances
in Modern Environmental Toxicology, Princeton Scientific Publishers
Inc, Princeton 6: 287, 1984.
[4] R.W. Coppock, M.S. Mostrom, A.A. Khan and S.S. Semalulu,
"Toxicology of oil field pollutants in cattle" a review. Vet. Hum.
Toxicol., 37(6): 569-576, 1995.
[5] J.M. Neff, "Composition and fate of petroleum and spill-treating agents
in the marine environment. In Sea Mammals and Oil: Confronting Risks.
Geraci JR and DJ St. Aubin, (eds.) San Diego: Acad. Press, 1-32, 1990.
[6] S. Khan, M. lrfan and A.D. Rahirntula, "The hepatotoxic potential of a
Prudhoe Bay crude oil: effect on rnouse liver weight and cornposition".
Toxicology, 46 (1):95-105, 1987.
[7] A.A, Khan and M.M. Schuler, "Biochemical toxicology of oilfield
chemicals in cattle. In: Chalmers GE (ed) A literature review and
discussion of the toxicological hazards of oilfield pollutants in cattle"
Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB, pp. 149-161, 1997.
[8] M. Nishikimi, N.A. Rao and K. Yagi, "The occurrence of superoxide
anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular
oxygen" Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 46(2):849-854, 1972.
[9] E.B. Burlakova, A.V. ðÉlesenko, E.M. Molochkina, N.P. Palmina and
N.G. Khrapova, "Bioantioxidants for radiation damage and malignant
growth" Nauka, Moscow, 214p, 1975.
[10] W.H. Habig, M.J. Pabst and W.B. Jakoby, "Glutathione S-transferases:
the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation" J. Biol.Chem.,
249(22):7130-7139, 1974.
[11] A. Songur, N. Akpolat, I. Kus, O.A. Ozen, I. Zararsiz and M. Sarsilmaz,
"The effects of the inhaled formaldehyde during the early postnatal
period in the hippocampus of rats: A morphological and
immunehistochemical study" Neuroscience Research Communications,
33(3):168-178, 2003.
[12] D.S. Young, 1990 "Effect of drugs on clinical laboratory tests" 3 rd.
American Association for Clinical Chemistry.
[13] O.E. Ayalogu, N.M. Igboh and E.B. Dede, "Biochemical Changes in the
Serum and Liver of albino rats exposed to Petroleum Samples (gasoline,
kerosene, and crude Petroleum)" Journal of Applied Sciences &
Environmental Management, 5(1)97-100, 2001.
[14] A.G. Krishan and G. Veena "2, 3, 4- Triaminoazo benzene- induced
hemato biochemical Anomalies in fish (Channa puntatus)" Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 25(1):136 - 141, 1980.
[15] J.M. Dheer, T.R. Dheer and C.L. Mahajan, "Haematological and
haematopietic response to acid stressin an air breathing fresh water fish
channal punctatus" Journal of Fish Biology, 30(5):577-588, 1987.
[16] M. Morowati, "Inhalation toxicity studies of thimet (phorate) in male
swiss albino mouse, MUS Musculus" Environment Pollution, 96(3):383-
388, 1997.
[17] D.R. Livingstone, "Contaminant stimulated reactive oxygen species
production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms" Marine
Pollution Bulletin, 42(8):656-666, 2001.
[18] W.G. Londis and M.H. Yu, 1995. Introduction to Environmental
toxicology: Impacts of chemical upon Ecological system, 328 p. Lewis
Publishers, Boca Raton FL.
[19] O.R. Vander, J. Beyer and N.P.E. Vermeulen, "Fish bioaccumulation
and biomarkers in Environmental risk assessment" Environ.Toxicol.
Pharmacol., 13: 57-149, 2003.
[20] F.H. Sun, Q.X. Zhou, Q.R. Zhang, "Toxic effects of petroleum
hydrocarbons and copper on polychaete Nereis diversicolor and on its
antioxidant enzyme systems" Environmental Science, 27 (7): 1415-
1419, 2006
[21] I. Fridovich, "Superoxide dismutases" Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol.
Biol. 41, 35-97, 1974.
[22] N. Trostler, P.S. Brady, D.R. Romsos and G.A. Leveille, "Influence of
dietary vitamin E on malondialdehyde levels in liver and adipose tissue
and on glutathione peroxidase and reductase activities in liver and
erythrocytes of lean and obese mice" J. Nutr., 109(2):345-352, 1979.
[23] J.F. Zhang, X.R. Wang, H.Y. Guo, J.C. Wu and Y.Q. Xue, "Effect of
water soluble fraction of diesel oil on the antioxidant defense of the gold
fish Carassius auratus" Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf, 58 (1):110-116, 2004.
[24] J.D. Simonato, C.L. Guedes and C.B. Martinez, "Biochemical,
physiological and histological changes in the neotropical fish
Prochilodus lineatus exposed to diesel oil" Ecotoxicology Environmental
Safety, 69(1):112-120, 2008.
[25] S. Rajendra, K. Parasakthy, P.D. Deepalakshmi and S.N. Devaraji, 1996.
Oxidative stress in rat liver and lung induced by Furanoterpenolds
Isolated from Fusariumsolan infected sweet potatoes.
[26] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics (Book style with
paper title and editor)," in Plastics, 2nd ed. vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:52398", author = "K. Mahmoud and T. Shalahmetova and B. Umbayev and Sh. Deraz", title = "Antioxidant Responses to Different Exposure Regimes of Kazakhstan Light Crude Oil in Livers of Male Albino Rats", abstract = "Biochemical investigations were carried out to assess
the effect of different exposure regimes of Kazakhstan crude oil
(KCO) on hepatic antioxidant defense system in albino rats.
Contaminants were delivered under two different dosing regimes,
with all treatments receiving the same total contaminant load by the
end of the exposure period. Rats in regime A injected with KCO
once at a dose of 6 ml/kg bw while in regime B injected multiply at a
dose of 1.5 ml/kg bw on day 1, 3, 5 and 8. Antioxidant biomarkers
were measured in hepatic tissue after 1, 3, 5 and 8 days. Significant
induction was observed in serum aminotransferases (ALT, AST)
(p", keywords = "Kazakhstan crude oil, Antioxidant biomarkers,Histological examination, Dose regime, Rats", volume = "5", number = "11", pages = "661-3", }
