An Investigation to Effective Parameters on the Damage of Dual Phase Steels by Acoustic Emission Using Energy Ratio
Dual phase steels (DPS)s have a microstructure
consisting of a hard second phase called Martensite in the soft Ferrite
matrix. In recent years, there has been interest in dual-phase steels,
because the application of these materials has made significant usage;
particularly in the automotive sector Composite microstructure of
(DPS)s exhibit interesting characteristic mechanical properties such
as continuous yielding, low yield stress to tensile strength
ratios(YS/UTS), and relatively high formability; which offer
advantages compared with conventional high strength low alloy
steels(HSLAS). The research dealt with the characterization of
damage in (DPS)s. In this study by review the mechanisms of failure
due to volume fraction of martensite second phase; a new method is
introduced to identifying the mechanisms of failure in the various
phases of these types of steels. In this method the acoustic emission
(AE) technique was used to detect damage progression. These failure
mechanisms consist of Ferrite-Martensite interface decohesion and/or
martensite phase fracture. For this aim, dual phase steels with
different volume fraction of martensite second phase has provided by
various heat treatment methods on a low carbon steel (0.1% C), and
then AE monitoring is used during tensile test of these DPSs. From
AE measurements and an energy ratio curve elaborated from the
value of AE energy (it was obtained as the ratio between the strain
energy to the acoustic energy), that allows detecting important
events, corresponding to the sudden drops. These AE signals events
associated with various failure mechanisms are classified for ferrite
and (DPS)s with various amount of Vm and different martensite
morphology. It is found that AE energy increase with increasing Vm.
This increasing of AE energy is because of more contribution of
martensite fracture in the failure of samples with higher Vm. Final
results show a good relationship between the AE signals and the
mechanisms of failure.
[1] A. Fallahi, "Microstructure properties correlation of dual phase steels
produced rolling process", J. of Mater. Sci. and Tech., Vol. 18, no.5, pp.
451-454, 2002.
[2] Bag A, Ray K K, Dwarakadasa E S. Influence of martensite content and
morphology on tensile and impact properties of high-martensite dualphase
steels. Metall. and Mater. Trans 1999; 30(A):1193-1202.
[3] A. Fallahi, "The Effect of Heat Treatment on Fatigue and Tensile
Properties of Dual - Phase Steel", Amirkabir J. of Sci. & Tech., vol. 2,
no. 6, pp. 141-148, 1987.
[4] A. Fallahi, "Processing of dual phase steels by controlled rolling" PhD
Thesis, Sheffield University, 1990
[5] G. Thomas , J. H. Ahn, N. J. Kim, Controlled rolling process for dual
phase steels and application to rod, wire, sheet and other shapes, United
States Patent 4619714, 1986
[6] J. R. Davis (ed.), ASM Handbook: Volume 17, Nondestructive
Evaluation and Quality Control, ASM International, Materials Park, OH,
1994.
[7] Korzekwa D A, Lawson R D, Matlock D K, Krauss G. A consideration
of models describing the strength and ductility of dual-phase steels.
Scripta Metallurgica 1980;14:1023-1028
[8] Speich G R, Miller R L. Mechanical properties of ferrite-martensite
steels, structure and properties of dual-phase steels. Edited by Kot R A
and Morris J W, TMS-AIME, New York: 1979, p. 145-182.
[9] Rashid M S, Cperk E R, Relationship between microstructure and
formability in two high-strength low alloy steels. Formability Topics -
Metallic materials, ASTM STP 647, American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, Pa, p. 174-190
[10] Balliger N K, Gladman T. Work hardening of dual-phase steels. Metal.
Science 1981:15(3):95-108.
[11] Sun Sh, Pugh M. Properties of thermomechanically processed dualphase
steels containing fibrous martensite. Mater. Sci. and Eng. A 2002;
335:298-308.
[12] Jardim O R, Longo W P, Chawla K K. Fracture behaviour of a tempered
dual phase steel. Metallography 1984; 17:123-130.
[13] Mediratta S R, Ramaswamy V, Rao P R. Influence of ferrite-martensite
microstructural morphology on the low cycle fatigue of a dual-phase
steel. Int. J. Fatigue 1985; 7(2):107-115.
[14] Kang J, Ososkov Y, Embury J D, Wilkinson D S. Digital image
correlation studies for microscopic strain distribution and damage in
dual phase. Scrip Mater 2007; 56:999-1002.
[15] Leslie. William. C., The Physical Metallurgy of Steels, McGraw-Hill,
(1981), pp. 257.
[16] M. Mazinani and W.J. Poole, Effect of Martensite Plasticity on the
Deformation Behavior of a Low-Carbon Dual-Phase Steel, Metallurgical
and Materials Transactions A, Volume 38A, February 2007, 328-339.
[17] G. Minak, P. Morelli and A. Zucchelli, Fatigue residual strength of
circular laminate graphite-epoxy composite plates damaged by
transverse load. Composites Science and Technology, Volume 69, Issue
9, July 2009, Pages 1358-1363.
[18] G. Minak and A. Zucchelli, Damage evaluation and residual strength
prediction of CFRP laminates by means of acoustic emission techniques,
Composite Materials Research Progress, Nova Science Publishers
(2008) 165-207.
[19] Cesari F, Dal Re V, Minak G, Zucchelli A, Damage and residual
strength of laminated graphite-epoxy composite circular plates loaded at
the centre, Composites Part A, 38 (2007), 1163-1173.
[20] R. Khamedi, A. Fallahi , A. Refahi Oskouei, Effect of martensite phase
volume fraction on acoustic emission signals using wavelet packet
analysis during tensile loading of dual phase steels, Mater & Design
2010; 31/6:2752-2759
[21] Heiple C R, Carpenter S H, Acoustic emission produced by deformation
of metals and alloys - a review: part I, J Acous Emission 1987; 6:177-
207.
[22] Long Q Y, Huazi Y. Acoustic emission during deformation of dualphase
steels, Metall Mater Trans A 1990; 21(1):373-379.
[23] Khamedi R, Fallahi A, Zoghi H. The influence of morphology and
volume fraction of martensite on AE signals during tensile loading of
dual-phase steels. Int J Recent Trend Eng 2009;1(5):30-4.
[24] Khamedi R, Fallahi A, Refahi Oskouei A, Ahmadi M. The effect of
martensite phase volume fraction of dual-phase steels on acoustic
emission signals under tensile loading. NSU XVII, BHU, Varanasi;
2008.
[25] C.S. Lee, J.H. Huh, D.M. Li, and D.H. Shin, Acoustic Emission
Behavior during Tensile Tests of Low Carbon Steel Welds, ISIJ Int. vol.
39, no. 4, pp.365-370, 1999
[1] A. Fallahi, "Microstructure properties correlation of dual phase steels
produced rolling process", J. of Mater. Sci. and Tech., Vol. 18, no.5, pp.
451-454, 2002.
[2] Bag A, Ray K K, Dwarakadasa E S. Influence of martensite content and
morphology on tensile and impact properties of high-martensite dualphase
steels. Metall. and Mater. Trans 1999; 30(A):1193-1202.
[3] A. Fallahi, "The Effect of Heat Treatment on Fatigue and Tensile
Properties of Dual - Phase Steel", Amirkabir J. of Sci. & Tech., vol. 2,
no. 6, pp. 141-148, 1987.
[4] A. Fallahi, "Processing of dual phase steels by controlled rolling" PhD
Thesis, Sheffield University, 1990
[5] G. Thomas , J. H. Ahn, N. J. Kim, Controlled rolling process for dual
phase steels and application to rod, wire, sheet and other shapes, United
States Patent 4619714, 1986
[6] J. R. Davis (ed.), ASM Handbook: Volume 17, Nondestructive
Evaluation and Quality Control, ASM International, Materials Park, OH,
1994.
[7] Korzekwa D A, Lawson R D, Matlock D K, Krauss G. A consideration
of models describing the strength and ductility of dual-phase steels.
Scripta Metallurgica 1980;14:1023-1028
[8] Speich G R, Miller R L. Mechanical properties of ferrite-martensite
steels, structure and properties of dual-phase steels. Edited by Kot R A
and Morris J W, TMS-AIME, New York: 1979, p. 145-182.
[9] Rashid M S, Cperk E R, Relationship between microstructure and
formability in two high-strength low alloy steels. Formability Topics -
Metallic materials, ASTM STP 647, American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, Pa, p. 174-190
[10] Balliger N K, Gladman T. Work hardening of dual-phase steels. Metal.
Science 1981:15(3):95-108.
[11] Sun Sh, Pugh M. Properties of thermomechanically processed dualphase
steels containing fibrous martensite. Mater. Sci. and Eng. A 2002;
335:298-308.
[12] Jardim O R, Longo W P, Chawla K K. Fracture behaviour of a tempered
dual phase steel. Metallography 1984; 17:123-130.
[13] Mediratta S R, Ramaswamy V, Rao P R. Influence of ferrite-martensite
microstructural morphology on the low cycle fatigue of a dual-phase
steel. Int. J. Fatigue 1985; 7(2):107-115.
[14] Kang J, Ososkov Y, Embury J D, Wilkinson D S. Digital image
correlation studies for microscopic strain distribution and damage in
dual phase. Scrip Mater 2007; 56:999-1002.
[15] Leslie. William. C., The Physical Metallurgy of Steels, McGraw-Hill,
(1981), pp. 257.
[16] M. Mazinani and W.J. Poole, Effect of Martensite Plasticity on the
Deformation Behavior of a Low-Carbon Dual-Phase Steel, Metallurgical
and Materials Transactions A, Volume 38A, February 2007, 328-339.
[17] G. Minak, P. Morelli and A. Zucchelli, Fatigue residual strength of
circular laminate graphite-epoxy composite plates damaged by
transverse load. Composites Science and Technology, Volume 69, Issue
9, July 2009, Pages 1358-1363.
[18] G. Minak and A. Zucchelli, Damage evaluation and residual strength
prediction of CFRP laminates by means of acoustic emission techniques,
Composite Materials Research Progress, Nova Science Publishers
(2008) 165-207.
[19] Cesari F, Dal Re V, Minak G, Zucchelli A, Damage and residual
strength of laminated graphite-epoxy composite circular plates loaded at
the centre, Composites Part A, 38 (2007), 1163-1173.
[20] R. Khamedi, A. Fallahi , A. Refahi Oskouei, Effect of martensite phase
volume fraction on acoustic emission signals using wavelet packet
analysis during tensile loading of dual phase steels, Mater & Design
2010; 31/6:2752-2759
[21] Heiple C R, Carpenter S H, Acoustic emission produced by deformation
of metals and alloys - a review: part I, J Acous Emission 1987; 6:177-
207.
[22] Long Q Y, Huazi Y. Acoustic emission during deformation of dualphase
steels, Metall Mater Trans A 1990; 21(1):373-379.
[23] Khamedi R, Fallahi A, Zoghi H. The influence of morphology and
volume fraction of martensite on AE signals during tensile loading of
dual-phase steels. Int J Recent Trend Eng 2009;1(5):30-4.
[24] Khamedi R, Fallahi A, Refahi Oskouei A, Ahmadi M. The effect of
martensite phase volume fraction of dual-phase steels on acoustic
emission signals under tensile loading. NSU XVII, BHU, Varanasi;
2008.
[25] C.S. Lee, J.H. Huh, D.M. Li, and D.H. Shin, Acoustic Emission
Behavior during Tensile Tests of Low Carbon Steel Welds, ISIJ Int. vol.
39, no. 4, pp.365-370, 1999
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:57536", author = "A. Fallahi and R. Khamedi", title = "An Investigation to Effective Parameters on the Damage of Dual Phase Steels by Acoustic Emission Using Energy Ratio", abstract = "Dual phase steels (DPS)s have a microstructure
consisting of a hard second phase called Martensite in the soft Ferrite
matrix. In recent years, there has been interest in dual-phase steels,
because the application of these materials has made significant usage;
particularly in the automotive sector Composite microstructure of
(DPS)s exhibit interesting characteristic mechanical properties such
as continuous yielding, low yield stress to tensile strength
ratios(YS/UTS), and relatively high formability; which offer
advantages compared with conventional high strength low alloy
steels(HSLAS). The research dealt with the characterization of
damage in (DPS)s. In this study by review the mechanisms of failure
due to volume fraction of martensite second phase; a new method is
introduced to identifying the mechanisms of failure in the various
phases of these types of steels. In this method the acoustic emission
(AE) technique was used to detect damage progression. These failure
mechanisms consist of Ferrite-Martensite interface decohesion and/or
martensite phase fracture. For this aim, dual phase steels with
different volume fraction of martensite second phase has provided by
various heat treatment methods on a low carbon steel (0.1% C), and
then AE monitoring is used during tensile test of these DPSs. From
AE measurements and an energy ratio curve elaborated from the
value of AE energy (it was obtained as the ratio between the strain
energy to the acoustic energy), that allows detecting important
events, corresponding to the sudden drops. These AE signals events
associated with various failure mechanisms are classified for ferrite
and (DPS)s with various amount of Vm and different martensite
morphology. It is found that AE energy increase with increasing Vm.
This increasing of AE energy is because of more contribution of
martensite fracture in the failure of samples with higher Vm. Final
results show a good relationship between the AE signals and the
mechanisms of failure.", keywords = "Dual phase steel (DPS)s, Failure mechanisms, Acoustic Emission, Fracture strain energy to the acoustic energy.", volume = "4", number = "12", pages = "1414-6", }