An Investigation on Thermo Chemical Conversions of Solid Waste for Energy Recovery
Solid waste can be considered as an urban burden or
as a valuable resource depending on how it is managed. To meet the
rising demand for energy and to address environmental concerns, a
conversion from conventional energy systems to renewable resources
is essential. For the sustainability of human civilization, an
environmentally sound and techno-economically feasible waste
treatment method is very important to treat recyclable waste. Several
technologies are available for realizing the potential of solid waste as
an energy source, ranging from very simple systems for disposing of
dry waste to more complex technologies capable of dealing with
large amounts of industrial waste. There are three main pathways for
conversion of waste material to energy: thermo chemical,
biochemical and physicochemical. This paper investigates the thermo
chemical conversion of solid waste for energy recovery. The
processes, advantages and dis-advantages of various thermo chemical
conversion processes are discussed and compared. Special attention
is given to Gasification process as it provides better solutions
regarding public acceptance, feedstock flexibility, near-zero
emissions, efficiency and security. Finally this paper presents
comparative statements of thermo chemical processes and introduces
an integrated waste management system.
[1] Zafar, S., (2008a), Waste as a Renewable Energy Source, Alternative
Energy, Access at 27th October 2011, http://www.alternative-energynews.
info/waste-renewable-energy-source/#leavecomment.
[2] The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE
WORLD BANK (1999), What a Waste: Solid Waste Management in
Asia, Urban Development Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
[3] Department of Information Technology, (2010), Solid Waste
Management Manual, Government of India, New Delhi, India.
[4] Sirviö, A., and Rintala, J. A., (2002) Renewable Energy Production in
Farm Scale: Biogas from Energy Crops, Bio Energy News, 6, pp 16.
[5] Feo, G. D., Belgiorno, V., Rocca, C. D., Napoli R.M.A. (2003) Energy
from Gasification of solid wastes, Waste Management (23), 1-15.
[6] Zafar, S., (2008b), Conversion Efficiency of MSW-to-Energy, Access at
15th November 2011,
http://www.energycentral.net/blog/08/10/conversion-efficiency-mswenergy.
[7] Di Blasi, C., (2000), Dynamic behaviour of stratified downdraft gasifier.
Chemical Engineering Science 55, 2931-2944.
[8] Hauserman, W.B., Giordano, N., Lagana` , M., Recupero, V., (1997),
Biomass gasifiers for fuel cells systems. La Chimica & L- Industria 2,
199-206.
[9] Barducci G., (1992), The RDF gasifier of Florentine area (Gre`ve in
Chianti Italy). The first Italian-Brazilian symposiumon Sanitary and
Environmental Engineering.
[10] Baykara, S.Z., Bilgen, E., (1981), A Feasibility Study on Solar
Gasification of Albertan Coal. Alternative Energy Sources IV, vol. 6.
Ann Arbor Science, New York.
[11] McKendry P., (2002), Energy production from biomass (part 1):
overview of biomass. Bioresour Technol, 83, pp 37-46.
[12] McKendry P. (2002), Energy production from biomass (part 3):
Gasification technologies. Bioresour Technol , 83, pp 55-63.
[13] Li X., (2002), Biomass Gasification in circulating fluidized bed. PhD
dissertation. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia.
[14] Kishore VVN, (2008), editor. Renewable energy engineering &
technology: a knowledge compendium. New Delhi: TERI Press.
[15] Puig-Arnavat, M.,Bruno, J. C., Coronas, A., (2010), Review and
analysis of biomass Gasification models, Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 14, pp: 2841-2851, ELSEVIER.
[16] Rauch R., (2003), Biomass Gasification to produce synthesis gas for
fuels and chemicals, report made for IEA Bioenergy Agreement, Task
33: Thermal Gasification of Biomass.
[17] Knoef HAM., (2005), Handbook biomass Gasification. Meppel, The
Nederlands: BTG Biomass Technology Group B.V.
[18] Carlos L., (2005), High temperature air/steam Gasification of biomass in
an updraft fixed bed type gasifier. PhD thesis. Stockholm, Sweden:
Royal Institute of Technology, Energy Furnace and Technology.
[19] Reed TB, Das A., (1988), Handbook of biomass downdraft gasifier
engine systems. Colorado: Solar Energy Research Institute.
[20] Bridgwater AV., (1995), The technical and economic feasibility of
biomass Gasification for power generation. Fuel, 74, pp 631-653.
[21] Beenackers AACM., (1999), Biomass Gasification in moving beds. A
review of European technologies. Renew Energy, 16, pp 1180- 1186.
[22] Serio, M. A., Kroo, E., Bassilakis, R. and W├│jtowicz, M. A., (2001), A
Prototype Pyrolyzer for Solid Waste Resource Recovery in Space,
Advanced Fuel Research, Inc.
[23] Diaz , L. F., Savage G. M., Golueke, C. G., (1982), Resource Recovery
from Municipal Solid Wastes, Vol. 2, Final Processing, CRC Press,
Florida, p. 1.
[24] American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME, (1988), Hazardous
Waste Incineration, A Resource Document, The American Society of
Mechanical Engineer, New York.
[25] Indrawan, B (2008), Waste to Energy - An Overview,
http://bayu.in/blog/mining-energy-and-power.html?start=3, retrieved at
14th Nov 2011.
[26] Ucuncu, A (n.d.), Energy recovery from mixed paper waste, Final
Report, Duke University, North Carolina.
[27] Belgiorno, V., De Feo, G., Rocca, C. D., and Napoli, R. M. A., (2003),
Energy from Gasification of solid wastes, Waste Management, 23, pp
1-15, ELSEVIER.
[28] NSW Government, (2011), Integrated waste management, Fact Sheet, A
division of the Department of Finance & Services, NSW, Australia.
[1] Zafar, S., (2008a), Waste as a Renewable Energy Source, Alternative
Energy, Access at 27th October 2011, http://www.alternative-energynews.
info/waste-renewable-energy-source/#leavecomment.
[2] The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE
WORLD BANK (1999), What a Waste: Solid Waste Management in
Asia, Urban Development Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
[3] Department of Information Technology, (2010), Solid Waste
Management Manual, Government of India, New Delhi, India.
[4] Sirviö, A., and Rintala, J. A., (2002) Renewable Energy Production in
Farm Scale: Biogas from Energy Crops, Bio Energy News, 6, pp 16.
[5] Feo, G. D., Belgiorno, V., Rocca, C. D., Napoli R.M.A. (2003) Energy
from Gasification of solid wastes, Waste Management (23), 1-15.
[6] Zafar, S., (2008b), Conversion Efficiency of MSW-to-Energy, Access at
15th November 2011,
http://www.energycentral.net/blog/08/10/conversion-efficiency-mswenergy.
[7] Di Blasi, C., (2000), Dynamic behaviour of stratified downdraft gasifier.
Chemical Engineering Science 55, 2931-2944.
[8] Hauserman, W.B., Giordano, N., Lagana` , M., Recupero, V., (1997),
Biomass gasifiers for fuel cells systems. La Chimica & L- Industria 2,
199-206.
[9] Barducci G., (1992), The RDF gasifier of Florentine area (Gre`ve in
Chianti Italy). The first Italian-Brazilian symposiumon Sanitary and
Environmental Engineering.
[10] Baykara, S.Z., Bilgen, E., (1981), A Feasibility Study on Solar
Gasification of Albertan Coal. Alternative Energy Sources IV, vol. 6.
Ann Arbor Science, New York.
[11] McKendry P., (2002), Energy production from biomass (part 1):
overview of biomass. Bioresour Technol, 83, pp 37-46.
[12] McKendry P. (2002), Energy production from biomass (part 3):
Gasification technologies. Bioresour Technol , 83, pp 55-63.
[13] Li X., (2002), Biomass Gasification in circulating fluidized bed. PhD
dissertation. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia.
[14] Kishore VVN, (2008), editor. Renewable energy engineering &
technology: a knowledge compendium. New Delhi: TERI Press.
[15] Puig-Arnavat, M.,Bruno, J. C., Coronas, A., (2010), Review and
analysis of biomass Gasification models, Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 14, pp: 2841-2851, ELSEVIER.
[16] Rauch R., (2003), Biomass Gasification to produce synthesis gas for
fuels and chemicals, report made for IEA Bioenergy Agreement, Task
33: Thermal Gasification of Biomass.
[17] Knoef HAM., (2005), Handbook biomass Gasification. Meppel, The
Nederlands: BTG Biomass Technology Group B.V.
[18] Carlos L., (2005), High temperature air/steam Gasification of biomass in
an updraft fixed bed type gasifier. PhD thesis. Stockholm, Sweden:
Royal Institute of Technology, Energy Furnace and Technology.
[19] Reed TB, Das A., (1988), Handbook of biomass downdraft gasifier
engine systems. Colorado: Solar Energy Research Institute.
[20] Bridgwater AV., (1995), The technical and economic feasibility of
biomass Gasification for power generation. Fuel, 74, pp 631-653.
[21] Beenackers AACM., (1999), Biomass Gasification in moving beds. A
review of European technologies. Renew Energy, 16, pp 1180- 1186.
[22] Serio, M. A., Kroo, E., Bassilakis, R. and W├│jtowicz, M. A., (2001), A
Prototype Pyrolyzer for Solid Waste Resource Recovery in Space,
Advanced Fuel Research, Inc.
[23] Diaz , L. F., Savage G. M., Golueke, C. G., (1982), Resource Recovery
from Municipal Solid Wastes, Vol. 2, Final Processing, CRC Press,
Florida, p. 1.
[24] American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME, (1988), Hazardous
Waste Incineration, A Resource Document, The American Society of
Mechanical Engineer, New York.
[25] Indrawan, B (2008), Waste to Energy - An Overview,
http://bayu.in/blog/mining-energy-and-power.html?start=3, retrieved at
14th Nov 2011.
[26] Ucuncu, A (n.d.), Energy recovery from mixed paper waste, Final
Report, Duke University, North Carolina.
[27] Belgiorno, V., De Feo, G., Rocca, C. D., and Napoli, R. M. A., (2003),
Energy from Gasification of solid wastes, Waste Management, 23, pp
1-15, ELSEVIER.
[28] NSW Government, (2011), Integrated waste management, Fact Sheet, A
division of the Department of Finance & Services, NSW, Australia.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:59041", author = "Sharmina Begum and M. G. Rasul and Delwar Akbar", title = "An Investigation on Thermo Chemical Conversions of Solid Waste for Energy Recovery", abstract = "Solid waste can be considered as an urban burden or
as a valuable resource depending on how it is managed. To meet the
rising demand for energy and to address environmental concerns, a
conversion from conventional energy systems to renewable resources
is essential. For the sustainability of human civilization, an
environmentally sound and techno-economically feasible waste
treatment method is very important to treat recyclable waste. Several
technologies are available for realizing the potential of solid waste as
an energy source, ranging from very simple systems for disposing of
dry waste to more complex technologies capable of dealing with
large amounts of industrial waste. There are three main pathways for
conversion of waste material to energy: thermo chemical,
biochemical and physicochemical. This paper investigates the thermo
chemical conversion of solid waste for energy recovery. The
processes, advantages and dis-advantages of various thermo chemical
conversion processes are discussed and compared. Special attention
is given to Gasification process as it provides better solutions
regarding public acceptance, feedstock flexibility, near-zero
emissions, efficiency and security. Finally this paper presents
comparative statements of thermo chemical processes and introduces
an integrated waste management system.", keywords = "Gasification, Incineration, Pyrolysis, Thermo
chemical conversion.", volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "93-7", }