An Investigation of Surface Texturing by Ultrasonic Impingement of Micro-Particles
Surface topography plays a significant role in the functional performance of engineered parts. It is important to have a control on the surface geometry and understanding on the surface details to get the desired performance. Hence, in the current research contribution, a non-contact micro-texturing technique has been explored and developed. The technique involves ultrasonic excitation of a tool as a prime source of surface texturing for aluminum alloy workpieces. The specimen surface is polished first and is then immersed in a liquid bath containing 10% weight concentration of Ti6Al4V grade 5 spherical powders. A submerged slurry jet is used to recirculate the spherical powders under the ultrasonic horn which is excited at an ultrasonic frequency and amplitude of 40 kHz and 70 µm respectively. The distance between the horn and workpiece surface was remained fixed at 200 µm using a precision control stage. Texturing effects were investigated for different process timings of 1, 3 and 5 s. Thereafter, the specimens were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath for 5 mins to remove loose debris on the surface. The developed surfaces are characterized by optical and contact surface profiler. The optical microscopic images show a texture of circular spots on the workpiece surface indented by titanium spherical balls. Waviness patterns obtained from contact surface profiler supports the texturing effect produced from the proposed technique. Furthermore, water droplet tests were performed to show the efficacy of the proposed technique to develop hydrophilic surfaces and to quantify the texturing effect produced.
[1] A. A. G. Bruzzone, H. L. Costa, P. M. Lonardo, and D. A. Lucca, "Advances in engineered surfaces for functional performance," CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, vol. 57, pp. 750-769, 2008.
[2] U. Pettersson and S. Jacobson, "Friction and Wear Properties of Micro Textured DLC Coated Surfaces in Boundary Lubricated Sliding," Tribology Letters, vol. 17, pp. 553-559, 2004.
[3] T. Deng, F. Arias, R. F. Ismagilov, P. J. A. Kenis, and G. M. Whitesides, "Fabrication of Metallic Microstructures Using Exposed, Developed Silver Halide-Based Photographic Film," Analytical Chemistry, vol. 72, pp. 645-651, 2000.
[4] G. Popa, F. Boulmedais, P. Zhao, J. Hemmerlé, L. Vidal, E. Mathieu, et al., "Nanoscale Precipitation Coating: The Deposition of Inorganic Films through Step-by-Step Spray-Assembly," ACS Nano, vol. 4, pp. 4792-4798, 2010.
[5] K. M. Vaeth, R. J. Jackman, A. J. Black, G. M. Whitesides, and K. F. Jensen, "Use of Microcontact Printing for Generating Selectively Grown Films of Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and Parylenes Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition," Langmuir, vol. 16, pp. 8495-8500, 2000.
[6] H. Wang, Y. Wang, R. Xue, L. Kang, and X. Li, "Fabrication and electron field-emission of carbon nanofibers grown on silicon nanoporous pillar array," Applied Surface Science, vol. 261, pp. 219-222, 2012.
[7] J. B. Nelson and D. T. Schwartz, "Electrochemical printing: in situ characterization using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance," Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 15, p. 2479, 2005.
[8] M. Zou, L. Cai, and H. Wang, "Adhesion and friction studies of a nano-textured surface produced by spin coating of colloidal silica nanoparticle solution," Tribology Letters, vol. 21, p. 25, 2006.
[9] S. Mailis, I. Zergioti, G. Koundourakis, A. Ikiades, A. Patentalaki, P. Papakonstantinou, et al., "Etching and printing of diffractive optical microstructures by a femtosecond excimer laser," Applied optics, vol. 38, pp. 2301-2308, 1999.
[10] Y. Fu, Y. X. Ye, Y. K. Zhang, and L. Cai, "The technology of laser honing applied in distinctively improving the lubrication of frictional units," in Key Engineering Materials, 2001, pp. 265-270.
[11] D. Aspinwall, M. Wise, K. Stout, T. Goh, F. Zhao, and M. El-Menshawy, "Electrical discharge texturing," International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 32, pp. 183-193, 1992.
[12] J. Zhang and Y. Meng, "A study of surface texturing of carbon steel by photochemical machining," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 212, pp. 2133-2140, 2012.
[13] P. Slikkerveer, "Model for patterned erosion," Wear, vol. 233, pp. 377-386, 1999.
[14] J. De Mello, J. Goncalves, and H. Costa, "Influence of surface texturing and hard chromium coating on the wear of steels used in cold rolling mill rolls," Wear, vol. 302, pp. 1295-1309, 2013.
[15] V. Bulatov, V. Krasny, and Y. Schneider, "Basics of machining methods to yield wear-and fretting-resistive surfaces, having regular roughness patterns," Wear, vol. 208, pp. 132-137, 1997.
[16] D. S. dos Santos, M. R. Cardoso, F. L. Leite, R. F. Aroca, L. H. Mattoso, O. N. Oliveira, et al., "The role of azopolymer/dendrimer layer-by-layer film architecture in photoinduced birefringence and the formation of surface-relief gratings," Langmuir, vol. 22, pp. 6177-6180, 2006.
[17] T. Moriwaki and E. Shamoto, "Ultraprecision diamond turning of stainless steel by applying ultrasonic vibration," CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, vol. 40, pp. 559-562, 1991.
[18] B. Azarhoushang and J. Akbari, "Ultrasonic-assisted drilling of Inconel 738-LC," International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 47, pp. 1027-1033, 2007.
[19] H. Chen, J. Tang, and W. Zhou, "An experimental study of the effects of ultrasonic vibration on grinding surface roughness of C45 carbon steel," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 68, pp. 2095-2098, 2013.
[20] A. Amanov, I. Cho, Y. Pyoun, C. Lee, and I. Park, "Micro-dimpled surface by ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification and its tribological effects," Wear, vol. 286, pp. 136-144, 2012.
[21] A. Amanov, O. V. Penkov, Y.-S. Pyun, and D.-E. Kim, "Effects of ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification on the tribological properties of AZ91D magnesium alloy," Tribology International, vol. 54, pp. 106-113, 2012.
[22] K. L. Tan and S. H. Yeo, "Surface modification of additive manufactured components by ultrasonic cavitation abrasive finishing," Wear, vol. 378–379, pp. 90-95, 2017.
[23] D. C. Lin, D. I. Shreiber, E. K. Dimitriadis, and F. Horkay, "Spherical indentation of soft matter beyond the Hertzian regime: numerical and experimental validation of hyperelastic models," Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology, vol. 8, pp. 345-358, 2009.
[1] A. A. G. Bruzzone, H. L. Costa, P. M. Lonardo, and D. A. Lucca, "Advances in engineered surfaces for functional performance," CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, vol. 57, pp. 750-769, 2008.
[2] U. Pettersson and S. Jacobson, "Friction and Wear Properties of Micro Textured DLC Coated Surfaces in Boundary Lubricated Sliding," Tribology Letters, vol. 17, pp. 553-559, 2004.
[3] T. Deng, F. Arias, R. F. Ismagilov, P. J. A. Kenis, and G. M. Whitesides, "Fabrication of Metallic Microstructures Using Exposed, Developed Silver Halide-Based Photographic Film," Analytical Chemistry, vol. 72, pp. 645-651, 2000.
[4] G. Popa, F. Boulmedais, P. Zhao, J. Hemmerlé, L. Vidal, E. Mathieu, et al., "Nanoscale Precipitation Coating: The Deposition of Inorganic Films through Step-by-Step Spray-Assembly," ACS Nano, vol. 4, pp. 4792-4798, 2010.
[5] K. M. Vaeth, R. J. Jackman, A. J. Black, G. M. Whitesides, and K. F. Jensen, "Use of Microcontact Printing for Generating Selectively Grown Films of Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and Parylenes Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition," Langmuir, vol. 16, pp. 8495-8500, 2000.
[6] H. Wang, Y. Wang, R. Xue, L. Kang, and X. Li, "Fabrication and electron field-emission of carbon nanofibers grown on silicon nanoporous pillar array," Applied Surface Science, vol. 261, pp. 219-222, 2012.
[7] J. B. Nelson and D. T. Schwartz, "Electrochemical printing: in situ characterization using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance," Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 15, p. 2479, 2005.
[8] M. Zou, L. Cai, and H. Wang, "Adhesion and friction studies of a nano-textured surface produced by spin coating of colloidal silica nanoparticle solution," Tribology Letters, vol. 21, p. 25, 2006.
[9] S. Mailis, I. Zergioti, G. Koundourakis, A. Ikiades, A. Patentalaki, P. Papakonstantinou, et al., "Etching and printing of diffractive optical microstructures by a femtosecond excimer laser," Applied optics, vol. 38, pp. 2301-2308, 1999.
[10] Y. Fu, Y. X. Ye, Y. K. Zhang, and L. Cai, "The technology of laser honing applied in distinctively improving the lubrication of frictional units," in Key Engineering Materials, 2001, pp. 265-270.
[11] D. Aspinwall, M. Wise, K. Stout, T. Goh, F. Zhao, and M. El-Menshawy, "Electrical discharge texturing," International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 32, pp. 183-193, 1992.
[12] J. Zhang and Y. Meng, "A study of surface texturing of carbon steel by photochemical machining," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 212, pp. 2133-2140, 2012.
[13] P. Slikkerveer, "Model for patterned erosion," Wear, vol. 233, pp. 377-386, 1999.
[14] J. De Mello, J. Goncalves, and H. Costa, "Influence of surface texturing and hard chromium coating on the wear of steels used in cold rolling mill rolls," Wear, vol. 302, pp. 1295-1309, 2013.
[15] V. Bulatov, V. Krasny, and Y. Schneider, "Basics of machining methods to yield wear-and fretting-resistive surfaces, having regular roughness patterns," Wear, vol. 208, pp. 132-137, 1997.
[16] D. S. dos Santos, M. R. Cardoso, F. L. Leite, R. F. Aroca, L. H. Mattoso, O. N. Oliveira, et al., "The role of azopolymer/dendrimer layer-by-layer film architecture in photoinduced birefringence and the formation of surface-relief gratings," Langmuir, vol. 22, pp. 6177-6180, 2006.
[17] T. Moriwaki and E. Shamoto, "Ultraprecision diamond turning of stainless steel by applying ultrasonic vibration," CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, vol. 40, pp. 559-562, 1991.
[18] B. Azarhoushang and J. Akbari, "Ultrasonic-assisted drilling of Inconel 738-LC," International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 47, pp. 1027-1033, 2007.
[19] H. Chen, J. Tang, and W. Zhou, "An experimental study of the effects of ultrasonic vibration on grinding surface roughness of C45 carbon steel," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 68, pp. 2095-2098, 2013.
[20] A. Amanov, I. Cho, Y. Pyoun, C. Lee, and I. Park, "Micro-dimpled surface by ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification and its tribological effects," Wear, vol. 286, pp. 136-144, 2012.
[21] A. Amanov, O. V. Penkov, Y.-S. Pyun, and D.-E. Kim, "Effects of ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification on the tribological properties of AZ91D magnesium alloy," Tribology International, vol. 54, pp. 106-113, 2012.
[22] K. L. Tan and S. H. Yeo, "Surface modification of additive manufactured components by ultrasonic cavitation abrasive finishing," Wear, vol. 378–379, pp. 90-95, 2017.
[23] D. C. Lin, D. I. Shreiber, E. K. Dimitriadis, and F. Horkay, "Spherical indentation of soft matter beyond the Hertzian regime: numerical and experimental validation of hyperelastic models," Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology, vol. 8, pp. 345-358, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:76011", author = "Nagalingam Arun Prasanth and Ahmed Syed Adnan and S. H. Yeo", title = "An Investigation of Surface Texturing by Ultrasonic Impingement of Micro-Particles", abstract = "Surface topography plays a significant role in the functional performance of engineered parts. It is important to have a control on the surface geometry and understanding on the surface details to get the desired performance. Hence, in the current research contribution, a non-contact micro-texturing technique has been explored and developed. The technique involves ultrasonic excitation of a tool as a prime source of surface texturing for aluminum alloy workpieces. The specimen surface is polished first and is then immersed in a liquid bath containing 10% weight concentration of Ti6Al4V grade 5 spherical powders. A submerged slurry jet is used to recirculate the spherical powders under the ultrasonic horn which is excited at an ultrasonic frequency and amplitude of 40 kHz and 70 µm respectively. The distance between the horn and workpiece surface was remained fixed at 200 µm using a precision control stage. Texturing effects were investigated for different process timings of 1, 3 and 5 s. Thereafter, the specimens were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath for 5 mins to remove loose debris on the surface. The developed surfaces are characterized by optical and contact surface profiler. The optical microscopic images show a texture of circular spots on the workpiece surface indented by titanium spherical balls. Waviness patterns obtained from contact surface profiler supports the texturing effect produced from the proposed technique. Furthermore, water droplet tests were performed to show the efficacy of the proposed technique to develop hydrophilic surfaces and to quantify the texturing effect produced.
", keywords = "Surface texturing, surface modification, topography, ultrasonic.", volume = "11", number = "7", pages = "1372-7", }
