An Experimental Study on the Effect of Premixed and Equivalence Ratios on CO and HC Emissions of Dual Fuel HCCI Engine
In this study, effects of premixed and equivalence
ratios on CO and HC emissions of a dual fuel HCCI engine are
investigated. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder engine with
compression ratio of 17.5. Premixed gasoline is provided by a
carburetor connected to intake manifold and equipped with a screw
to adjust premixed air-fuel ratio, and diesel fuel is injected directly
into the cylinder through an injector at pressure of 250 bars. A heater
placed at inlet manifold is used to control the intake charge
temperature. Optimal intake charge temperature results in better
HCCI combustion due to formation of a homogeneous mixture,
therefore, all tests were carried out over the optimum intake
temperature of 110-115 ºC. Timing of diesel fuel injection has a great
effect on stratification of in-cylinder charge and plays an important
role in HCCI combustion phasing. Experiments indicated 35 BTDC
as the optimum injection timing. Varying the coolant temperature in
a range of 40 to 70 ºC, better HCCI combustion was achieved at 50
ºC. Therefore, coolant temperature was maintained 50 ºC during all
tests. Simultaneous investigation of effective parameters on HCCI
combustion was conducted to determine optimum parameters
resulting in fast transition to HCCI combustion. One of the
advantages of the method studied in this study is feasibility of easy
and fast transition of typical diesel engine to a dual fuel HCCI
engine. Results show that increasing premixed ratio, while keeping
EGR rate constant, increases unburned hydrocarbon (UHC)
emissions due to quenching phenomena and trapping of premixed
fuel in crevices, but CO emission decreases due to increase in CO to
CO2 reactions.
[1] D. S. Kim , Ch. S. Lee, " improved emission characteristics of HCCI
engine by various premixed fuels and cooled EGR,-- International
Journal of Fuel,85, 695-704, 2006.
[2] L. Shi, Y. Cui, K. Deng, H. Peng, Y. Chen., " study of low emission
homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine using
combined internal and external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR),--
International Journal of Energy, 31, 2665-2676, 2006.
[3] J. A. Gaynor, R. Fleck, R. J. Kee , R. G. Kenny, G. Cathcart, "a study of
efficiency and emissions for a 4-stroke SI and a CAI engine with EEGR
and light boost,-- International Journal of SAE, 32-0042, 2006.
[4] X. C. Lu¨, W. Chen, Z. Huang, "A fundamental study on the control of
the HCCI combustion and emissions by fuel design concept combined
with controllable EGR. Part 1. The basic characteristics of HCCI
combustion,-- International Journal of Fuel, 84, 1074-1083, 2005.
[5] K. Yeom, J. Jang, Ch. Bae,"Homogeneous charge compression ignition
of LPG and gasoline using variable valve timing in an engine,--
International Journal of Fuel, 86, 494-503, 2007.
[6] M. L. Wyszynski., H. Xu., "HCCI with selected standard and alternative
fuels: challenges and solutions,-- Journal of KONES Internal
Combustion Engines, vol. 12, 3-4, 2005.
[7] J.J. Hernandez, J. Sanz-Argent, J. Benajes, S. Molina, "selection of a
diesel fuel surrogate for the prediction of auto-ignition under HCCI
engine conditions,-- International Journal of Fuel,87, 655-665, 2008.
[8] A. Babajimopoulos, D. N. Assanis, S. B. Fiveland, "An Approach for
Modeling the Effects of Gas Exchange Processes on HCCI Combustion
and Its Application in Evaluating Variable Valve Timing Control
Strategies,-- SAE, 01-2829, 2002.
[9] J. Ma, X. L├╝, L. Ji, Z. Huang, "an experimental study of HCCI-DI
combustion and emissions in a diesel engine with dual fuel,--
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 47, 1235-1242, 2008.
[10] M. Yao ,Z. Chen,Z. Zheng,B. Zhang,Y. Xing., "Study on the controlling
strategies of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion with
fuel of dimethyl ether and methanol,-- International Journal of Fuel, 85,
2046-2056, 2006.
[11] L. Xingcai, H. Yuchun, Z. Linlin, H. Zhen, "Experimental study on the
auto-ignition and combustion characteristics in the homogeneous charge
compression ignition (HCCI) combustion operation with ethanol/nheptane
blend fuels by port injection,-- Fuel, 85 , 2622-2631, 2006.
[12] A. Dubreuil, F. Foucher, Ch. Mounaı¨m-Rousselle, G. Dayma ,Ph.
Dagaut, "HCCI combustion: Effect of NO in EGR,-- Proceedings of the
Combustion Institute, 31, 2879-2886, 2007.
[13] M. Sjo¨berg, J. E. Dec, "Comparing late-cycle autoignition stability for
single- and two-stage ignition fuels in HCCI engines,-- Proceedings of
the Combustion Institute, 31 , 2895-2902, 2007.
[14] X. C. Lu¨, W. Chen, Z. Huang., "a fundamental study on the control of
the HCCI combustion and emissions by fuel design concept combined
with controllable EGR. Part 2. Effect of operating conditions and EGR
on HCCI combustion,-- International Journal of Fuel, 84, 1084-1092,
2005.
[15] N.K. Miller Jothi, G. Nagarajan, S. Renganarayanan, "LPG fueled diesel
engine using diethyl ether with exhaust gas recirculation,-- International
Journal of Thermal Sciences, 47, 450-457, 2008.
[16] H. Machrafi, S. Cavadias, J. Amouroux.,"a parametric study on the
emissions from an HCCI alternative combustion engine resulting from
the auto-ignition of primary reference fuels,-- International Journal of
Energy, 85, 755-764, 2008.
[17] J. Chang, Z. Filipi, D. Assanis, T-W Kuo, P. Najt, R. Rask.,
"Characterizing the thermal sensitivity of a gasoline homogeneous
charge compression ignition engine with measurements of instantaneous
wall temperature and heat flux,-- International Journal of IMechE, 2005.
[18] P. Yaping, T. Manzhi, G. Liang, L. Fafa, L. Hua , G. Yingnan, "Study
the ethanol SI/HCCI combustion mode Transition by using the fast
thermal management system, --Chinese Science Bulletin, vol. 52, no. 19
, 2731-2736, 2007.
[19] C. S. Daw, R. M. Wagner , K. D. Edwards, J. B. Green, "Understanding
the transition between conventional spark-ignited combustion and HCCI
in a gasoline engine,-- Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 31,
2887-2894, 2007.
[20] J. Olsson, P. Tunestal, B. Johansson, S. Fiveland, R. Agama, M. Willi ,
D. Assanis,"Compression Ratio Influence on Maximum Load of a
Natural Gas Fueled HCCI Engine,-- SAE, 02P-147, 2002.
[21] M. Canakci, "An experimental study for the effects of boost pressure on
the performance and exhaust emissions of a DI-HCCI gasoline engine,--
International Journal of Fuel, 87, 1503-1514, 2008.
[22] K. Inagaki, T. Fuyuto, K. Nishikawa, K. Nakakita, I.
Sakata,"combustion system with premixture-controlled compression
ignition,-- R&D Review of Toyota CRDL Vol.41 No.3, 2006.
[23] A report to the U.S. Congress, "Homogeneous Charge Compression
Ignition (HCCI) Technology --, 2001.
[24] M. Y. Kim , Ch. S. Lee, "Effect of a narrow fuel spray angle and a dual
injection configuration on the improvement of exhaust emissions in a
HCCI diesel engine,-- International Journal of Fuel, 2007.
[25] J. W. chung., J. H. kang., N. H. kim., W. kang., B. S. kim, "effects of the
fuel injection ratio on the emission and combustion performances of the
partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion engine
applied with the split injection method,-- International Journal of
Automotive Technology, 2008.
[26] H. Machrafi, S. Cavadias, Ph. Guibert,"an experimental and numerical
investigation on the influence of external gas recirculation on the HCCI
auto-ignition process in an engine: Thermal, diluting, and chemical
effects,-- International Journal of Combustion and Flame, 2008.
[27] A. C. Alkidas,"Combustion advancements in gasoline engines,--
International Journal of Energy Conversion and Management, 48, 2751-
2761, 2007.
[28] J.B. Heywood, "Fundamentals of Internal Combustion engine,--
McGraw Hill, New York, 1988.
[29] R. Chen, N. Milovanovic," A computational study into the effect of
exhaust gas recycling on homogeneous charge compression ignition
combustion in internal combustion engines fuelled with methane,--
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 41, 805-813,2002.
[1] D. S. Kim , Ch. S. Lee, " improved emission characteristics of HCCI
engine by various premixed fuels and cooled EGR,-- International
Journal of Fuel,85, 695-704, 2006.
[2] L. Shi, Y. Cui, K. Deng, H. Peng, Y. Chen., " study of low emission
homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine using
combined internal and external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR),--
International Journal of Energy, 31, 2665-2676, 2006.
[3] J. A. Gaynor, R. Fleck, R. J. Kee , R. G. Kenny, G. Cathcart, "a study of
efficiency and emissions for a 4-stroke SI and a CAI engine with EEGR
and light boost,-- International Journal of SAE, 32-0042, 2006.
[4] X. C. Lu¨, W. Chen, Z. Huang, "A fundamental study on the control of
the HCCI combustion and emissions by fuel design concept combined
with controllable EGR. Part 1. The basic characteristics of HCCI
combustion,-- International Journal of Fuel, 84, 1074-1083, 2005.
[5] K. Yeom, J. Jang, Ch. Bae,"Homogeneous charge compression ignition
of LPG and gasoline using variable valve timing in an engine,--
International Journal of Fuel, 86, 494-503, 2007.
[6] M. L. Wyszynski., H. Xu., "HCCI with selected standard and alternative
fuels: challenges and solutions,-- Journal of KONES Internal
Combustion Engines, vol. 12, 3-4, 2005.
[7] J.J. Hernandez, J. Sanz-Argent, J. Benajes, S. Molina, "selection of a
diesel fuel surrogate for the prediction of auto-ignition under HCCI
engine conditions,-- International Journal of Fuel,87, 655-665, 2008.
[8] A. Babajimopoulos, D. N. Assanis, S. B. Fiveland, "An Approach for
Modeling the Effects of Gas Exchange Processes on HCCI Combustion
and Its Application in Evaluating Variable Valve Timing Control
Strategies,-- SAE, 01-2829, 2002.
[9] J. Ma, X. L├╝, L. Ji, Z. Huang, "an experimental study of HCCI-DI
combustion and emissions in a diesel engine with dual fuel,--
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 47, 1235-1242, 2008.
[10] M. Yao ,Z. Chen,Z. Zheng,B. Zhang,Y. Xing., "Study on the controlling
strategies of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion with
fuel of dimethyl ether and methanol,-- International Journal of Fuel, 85,
2046-2056, 2006.
[11] L. Xingcai, H. Yuchun, Z. Linlin, H. Zhen, "Experimental study on the
auto-ignition and combustion characteristics in the homogeneous charge
compression ignition (HCCI) combustion operation with ethanol/nheptane
blend fuels by port injection,-- Fuel, 85 , 2622-2631, 2006.
[12] A. Dubreuil, F. Foucher, Ch. Mounaı¨m-Rousselle, G. Dayma ,Ph.
Dagaut, "HCCI combustion: Effect of NO in EGR,-- Proceedings of the
Combustion Institute, 31, 2879-2886, 2007.
[13] M. Sjo¨berg, J. E. Dec, "Comparing late-cycle autoignition stability for
single- and two-stage ignition fuels in HCCI engines,-- Proceedings of
the Combustion Institute, 31 , 2895-2902, 2007.
[14] X. C. Lu¨, W. Chen, Z. Huang., "a fundamental study on the control of
the HCCI combustion and emissions by fuel design concept combined
with controllable EGR. Part 2. Effect of operating conditions and EGR
on HCCI combustion,-- International Journal of Fuel, 84, 1084-1092,
2005.
[15] N.K. Miller Jothi, G. Nagarajan, S. Renganarayanan, "LPG fueled diesel
engine using diethyl ether with exhaust gas recirculation,-- International
Journal of Thermal Sciences, 47, 450-457, 2008.
[16] H. Machrafi, S. Cavadias, J. Amouroux.,"a parametric study on the
emissions from an HCCI alternative combustion engine resulting from
the auto-ignition of primary reference fuels,-- International Journal of
Energy, 85, 755-764, 2008.
[17] J. Chang, Z. Filipi, D. Assanis, T-W Kuo, P. Najt, R. Rask.,
"Characterizing the thermal sensitivity of a gasoline homogeneous
charge compression ignition engine with measurements of instantaneous
wall temperature and heat flux,-- International Journal of IMechE, 2005.
[18] P. Yaping, T. Manzhi, G. Liang, L. Fafa, L. Hua , G. Yingnan, "Study
the ethanol SI/HCCI combustion mode Transition by using the fast
thermal management system, --Chinese Science Bulletin, vol. 52, no. 19
, 2731-2736, 2007.
[19] C. S. Daw, R. M. Wagner , K. D. Edwards, J. B. Green, "Understanding
the transition between conventional spark-ignited combustion and HCCI
in a gasoline engine,-- Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 31,
2887-2894, 2007.
[20] J. Olsson, P. Tunestal, B. Johansson, S. Fiveland, R. Agama, M. Willi ,
D. Assanis,"Compression Ratio Influence on Maximum Load of a
Natural Gas Fueled HCCI Engine,-- SAE, 02P-147, 2002.
[21] M. Canakci, "An experimental study for the effects of boost pressure on
the performance and exhaust emissions of a DI-HCCI gasoline engine,--
International Journal of Fuel, 87, 1503-1514, 2008.
[22] K. Inagaki, T. Fuyuto, K. Nishikawa, K. Nakakita, I.
Sakata,"combustion system with premixture-controlled compression
ignition,-- R&D Review of Toyota CRDL Vol.41 No.3, 2006.
[23] A report to the U.S. Congress, "Homogeneous Charge Compression
Ignition (HCCI) Technology --, 2001.
[24] M. Y. Kim , Ch. S. Lee, "Effect of a narrow fuel spray angle and a dual
injection configuration on the improvement of exhaust emissions in a
HCCI diesel engine,-- International Journal of Fuel, 2007.
[25] J. W. chung., J. H. kang., N. H. kim., W. kang., B. S. kim, "effects of the
fuel injection ratio on the emission and combustion performances of the
partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion engine
applied with the split injection method,-- International Journal of
Automotive Technology, 2008.
[26] H. Machrafi, S. Cavadias, Ph. Guibert,"an experimental and numerical
investigation on the influence of external gas recirculation on the HCCI
auto-ignition process in an engine: Thermal, diluting, and chemical
effects,-- International Journal of Combustion and Flame, 2008.
[27] A. C. Alkidas,"Combustion advancements in gasoline engines,--
International Journal of Energy Conversion and Management, 48, 2751-
2761, 2007.
[28] J.B. Heywood, "Fundamentals of Internal Combustion engine,--
McGraw Hill, New York, 1988.
[29] R. Chen, N. Milovanovic," A computational study into the effect of
exhaust gas recycling on homogeneous charge compression ignition
combustion in internal combustion engines fuelled with methane,--
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 41, 805-813,2002.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:52643", author = "M. Ghazikhani and M. R. Kalateh and Y. K. Toroghi and M. Dehnavi", title = "An Experimental Study on the Effect of Premixed and Equivalence Ratios on CO and HC Emissions of Dual Fuel HCCI Engine", abstract = "In this study, effects of premixed and equivalence
ratios on CO and HC emissions of a dual fuel HCCI engine are
investigated. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder engine with
compression ratio of 17.5. Premixed gasoline is provided by a
carburetor connected to intake manifold and equipped with a screw
to adjust premixed air-fuel ratio, and diesel fuel is injected directly
into the cylinder through an injector at pressure of 250 bars. A heater
placed at inlet manifold is used to control the intake charge
temperature. Optimal intake charge temperature results in better
HCCI combustion due to formation of a homogeneous mixture,
therefore, all tests were carried out over the optimum intake
temperature of 110-115 ºC. Timing of diesel fuel injection has a great
effect on stratification of in-cylinder charge and plays an important
role in HCCI combustion phasing. Experiments indicated 35 BTDC
as the optimum injection timing. Varying the coolant temperature in
a range of 40 to 70 ºC, better HCCI combustion was achieved at 50
ºC. Therefore, coolant temperature was maintained 50 ºC during all
tests. Simultaneous investigation of effective parameters on HCCI
combustion was conducted to determine optimum parameters
resulting in fast transition to HCCI combustion. One of the
advantages of the method studied in this study is feasibility of easy
and fast transition of typical diesel engine to a dual fuel HCCI
engine. Results show that increasing premixed ratio, while keeping
EGR rate constant, increases unburned hydrocarbon (UHC)
emissions due to quenching phenomena and trapping of premixed
fuel in crevices, but CO emission decreases due to increase in CO to
CO2 reactions.", keywords = "Dual fuel HCCI engine, premixed ratio, equivalenceratio, CO and UHC emissions.", volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "346-7", }
