Presence of phytosterol compound in Durian seed
(Durio zibethinus) or known as King of fruits has been discovered
from screening work using reagent test. Further analysis work has
been carried out using mass spectrometer in order to support the
priliminary finding. Isolation and purification of the major
phytosterol has been carried out using an open column
chromatography. The separation was monitored using thin layer
chromatography (TLC). Major isolated compounds and purified
phytosterol were identified using mass spectrometer and nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR). This novel finding could promote
utilization of durian seeds as a functional ingredient in food products
through production of standardized extract based on phytosterol
content.
[1] Chin, S.T., Nazimah, S.A.H., Quek, S.Y., Che Man, Y.B., Abdul
Rahman, R.. and Mat Hashim, D., 2007. Analysis of volatile
compounds from Malaysian durians (Durio zibethinus) using headspace
SPME coupled to fast GC-MS. Journal of Food Composition and
Analysis 20, 31-44
[2] Wong, K.C., Tie, D.Y., 1995. Volatile constituents of durian (Durio
zibethinus Murr.). Journal of Flavour and Fragrance 10, 79-83.
[3] Moser, R., Duvel, D., Greve, R., 1980. Volatile constituents and fatty
acid composition of lipids in Durio zibethinus. Phytochemistry 19, 79-
81.
[4] Voon, Y. Y., Hamid, A. N. S., Rusul, G., Osman, A., and Quek, S. Y.,
2007. Characterization of Malaysian durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.)
cultivars: Relationship of physicochemical and flavour properties with
sensory properties. Journal of Food Chemistry, 103, 1217−1227.
[5] Michael J Brown 1997. Durio- Bibliography Review. p84
[6] Ng, K.S. and S. Thamboo. 1967. Nutrient removal studies on Malayan
fruits. Durian and rambutan. Malaysian Agricultural Journal 46: 164-
182..
[7] Anuar Abdullah Mohd Fakhrul Zaman Omar, Zainuddin Zakaria, Hong
Ding Long and Abdul Ghani Abdullah. Durian Skin Machine. 6th
MARDI Science & Technology Exhibition 2011, p75
[8] S.P. Kochhar Influence of processing on sterols of vegetable oils.
Progress in Lipid Research, 22 (1983), pp. 161-188
[9] Morton, G.M., Lee, S.M., Buss, D.H., Lawrance, P., 1995. Intakes and
major dietary sources of cholesterol and phytosterols in the British diet.
J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 8, 429-440.
[10] Nair, K.R., Manji, F. and Gitonga, J.N. 1984 The occurrence and
distribution of fluoride in groundwaters in Kenya. In: Challenges in
African Hydrology and Water Resources, Proceedings of Harare
Symposium, IAHS Publ. 144, 75-86.
[11] Nakashima, I. Ikeda, K. Fuchigami, Y. Shiroishi, M. Sugano (1981).The
compositions of regular meals in university refectoryÔÇöwith special
reference to the content of sterols and dietary fiber Journal of Clinical
Nutrition (Rinsho Eiyo), 58 (1981), pp. 261-268
[12] Mattson, 1977F.H. Mattson, F.A. Volpenheim, B.A. Erickson Effect of
plant sterol esters on the absorption of dietary cholesterol. Journal of
Nutrition, 107 (1977), pp. 1139-1146.
[13] Sugano, Morioka, & Ikeda, 1977M. Sugano, H. Morioka, I. Ikeda. A
comparison of the hypocholesteremic activity of β-sitosterol and β-
sitostanol in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 107 (1977), pp. 2011-2019
[14] Martin, Hulley, Browner, Kuller, & Wentworth, 1986M.J. Martin, S.B.
Hulley, W.S. Browner, L.H. Kuller, D. Wentworth. Serum cholesterol,
blood pressure and mortality: implications from a cohort of 361,662
men.Lancet, ii (1986), pp. 933-936
[15] Mohd Nazrul Hisham Daud, Mohd Lip Jabit, Arif Zaidi Jusoh and
Normah Ahamad 2010. Main non-polar chemical constituent from
Morinda citrifolia fruits. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food
Science 38(1) 97-102
[16] Pateh, U. U., Haruna A. K., Garba, M., Iliya, I., Sule, I. M., Abubakar,
M. S. and Ambi A.A., 2009. Isolation of stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and 2-
hydroxyhexadecanoic acid methyl ester from the rhizomes of
Stylochiton lancifolius pyer and Kotchy (araceae). Nig. Journ. Pharm.
Sci. 8 (1), 19 - 25.
[17] Naqvi, S.H.M., 1973. Chemical synthesis and mass spectrometric
characterization of some C-27 steroids. Steroids, 285-292.
[18] Brooks, C. J. W., Henderson, W., and Steel, G., 1973. The use of
trimethylsilyl ethers in the characterization of natural sterols and
steroids. Characterization of natural sterols and steroid diols by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biochim. Biophys. Acta296, 431-
445
[19] Knights, B. A., 1967. Identification of plant sterols using combined
GLC/mass spectrometry. J. Gas Chromatogr. 5, 273-282.
[20] De-Eknamkul,W. and Potduang, B., 2003. Biosynthesis of β-sitosterol
and stigmasterol in Croton sublyratus proceeds via a mixed origin of
isoprene units. Phytochemistry 62, 389-398.
[21] Anjoo Kamboj and Ajay Kumar Saluja 2011. Isolation of stigmasterol
and β-sitosterol from petroleum ether extract of aerial parts of Ageratum
conyzoides (Asteraceae). Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences 3 (1) 94-96. 4, pp. 8-16.
[1] Chin, S.T., Nazimah, S.A.H., Quek, S.Y., Che Man, Y.B., Abdul
Rahman, R.. and Mat Hashim, D., 2007. Analysis of volatile
compounds from Malaysian durians (Durio zibethinus) using headspace
SPME coupled to fast GC-MS. Journal of Food Composition and
Analysis 20, 31-44
[2] Wong, K.C., Tie, D.Y., 1995. Volatile constituents of durian (Durio
zibethinus Murr.). Journal of Flavour and Fragrance 10, 79-83.
[3] Moser, R., Duvel, D., Greve, R., 1980. Volatile constituents and fatty
acid composition of lipids in Durio zibethinus. Phytochemistry 19, 79-
81.
[4] Voon, Y. Y., Hamid, A. N. S., Rusul, G., Osman, A., and Quek, S. Y.,
2007. Characterization of Malaysian durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.)
cultivars: Relationship of physicochemical and flavour properties with
sensory properties. Journal of Food Chemistry, 103, 1217−1227.
[5] Michael J Brown 1997. Durio- Bibliography Review. p84
[6] Ng, K.S. and S. Thamboo. 1967. Nutrient removal studies on Malayan
fruits. Durian and rambutan. Malaysian Agricultural Journal 46: 164-
182..
[7] Anuar Abdullah Mohd Fakhrul Zaman Omar, Zainuddin Zakaria, Hong
Ding Long and Abdul Ghani Abdullah. Durian Skin Machine. 6th
MARDI Science & Technology Exhibition 2011, p75
[8] S.P. Kochhar Influence of processing on sterols of vegetable oils.
Progress in Lipid Research, 22 (1983), pp. 161-188
[9] Morton, G.M., Lee, S.M., Buss, D.H., Lawrance, P., 1995. Intakes and
major dietary sources of cholesterol and phytosterols in the British diet.
J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 8, 429-440.
[10] Nair, K.R., Manji, F. and Gitonga, J.N. 1984 The occurrence and
distribution of fluoride in groundwaters in Kenya. In: Challenges in
African Hydrology and Water Resources, Proceedings of Harare
Symposium, IAHS Publ. 144, 75-86.
[11] Nakashima, I. Ikeda, K. Fuchigami, Y. Shiroishi, M. Sugano (1981).The
compositions of regular meals in university refectoryÔÇöwith special
reference to the content of sterols and dietary fiber Journal of Clinical
Nutrition (Rinsho Eiyo), 58 (1981), pp. 261-268
[12] Mattson, 1977F.H. Mattson, F.A. Volpenheim, B.A. Erickson Effect of
plant sterol esters on the absorption of dietary cholesterol. Journal of
Nutrition, 107 (1977), pp. 1139-1146.
[13] Sugano, Morioka, & Ikeda, 1977M. Sugano, H. Morioka, I. Ikeda. A
comparison of the hypocholesteremic activity of β-sitosterol and β-
sitostanol in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 107 (1977), pp. 2011-2019
[14] Martin, Hulley, Browner, Kuller, & Wentworth, 1986M.J. Martin, S.B.
Hulley, W.S. Browner, L.H. Kuller, D. Wentworth. Serum cholesterol,
blood pressure and mortality: implications from a cohort of 361,662
men.Lancet, ii (1986), pp. 933-936
[15] Mohd Nazrul Hisham Daud, Mohd Lip Jabit, Arif Zaidi Jusoh and
Normah Ahamad 2010. Main non-polar chemical constituent from
Morinda citrifolia fruits. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food
Science 38(1) 97-102
[16] Pateh, U. U., Haruna A. K., Garba, M., Iliya, I., Sule, I. M., Abubakar,
M. S. and Ambi A.A., 2009. Isolation of stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and 2-
hydroxyhexadecanoic acid methyl ester from the rhizomes of
Stylochiton lancifolius pyer and Kotchy (araceae). Nig. Journ. Pharm.
Sci. 8 (1), 19 - 25.
[17] Naqvi, S.H.M., 1973. Chemical synthesis and mass spectrometric
characterization of some C-27 steroids. Steroids, 285-292.
[18] Brooks, C. J. W., Henderson, W., and Steel, G., 1973. The use of
trimethylsilyl ethers in the characterization of natural sterols and
steroids. Characterization of natural sterols and steroid diols by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biochim. Biophys. Acta296, 431-
445
[19] Knights, B. A., 1967. Identification of plant sterols using combined
GLC/mass spectrometry. J. Gas Chromatogr. 5, 273-282.
[20] De-Eknamkul,W. and Potduang, B., 2003. Biosynthesis of β-sitosterol
and stigmasterol in Croton sublyratus proceeds via a mixed origin of
isoprene units. Phytochemistry 62, 389-398.
[21] Anjoo Kamboj and Ajay Kumar Saluja 2011. Isolation of stigmasterol
and β-sitosterol from petroleum ether extract of aerial parts of Ageratum
conyzoides (Asteraceae). Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences 3 (1) 94-96. 4, pp. 8-16.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:60247", author = "D. Mohd Nazrul Hisham and J. Mohd Lip and R. Suri and H. Mohamed Shafit and Z.Kharis and K. Shazlin and A. Normah and M.F. Nurul Nabilah", title = "Agrowaste: Phytosterol from Durian Seed", abstract = "Presence of phytosterol compound in Durian seed
(Durio zibethinus) or known as King of fruits has been discovered
from screening work using reagent test. Further analysis work has
been carried out using mass spectrometer in order to support the
priliminary finding. Isolation and purification of the major
phytosterol has been carried out using an open column
chromatography. The separation was monitored using thin layer
chromatography (TLC). Major isolated compounds and purified
phytosterol were identified using mass spectrometer and nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR). This novel finding could promote
utilization of durian seeds as a functional ingredient in food products
through production of standardized extract based on phytosterol
content.", keywords = "Agrowaste, durian, seed, phytosterol", volume = "6", number = "9", pages = "448-4", }
