A Taxonomy of Behavior for a Medical Coordinator by Utlizing Leadership Styles
This paper presents a taxonomy of non-technical skills, communicative intentions, and behavior for an individual acting as a medical coordinator. In medical emergency situations, a leader among the group is imperative to both patient health and team emotional and mental health. Situational Leadership is used to make clear and easy-to-follow guidelines for behavior depending on circumstantial factors. Low-level leadership behaviors belonging to two different styles, directive and supporting, are identified from literature and are included in the proposed taxonomy. The high-level information in the taxonomy consists of the necessary non-technical skills belonging to a medical coordinator: situation awareness, decision making, task management, and teamwork. Finally, communicative intentions, dimensions, and functions are included. Thus this work brings high-level and low-level information - medical non-technical skills, communication capabilities, and leadership behavior - into a single versatile taxonomy of behavior.
[1] D. Moher, A. L. Weinberg, R. Hanlon, and K. Runnalls, “Effects of a
medical team coordinator on length of hospital stay.” Canadian Medical
Association Journal, vol. 146, no. 4, pp. 511–515, 1992.
[2] A. J. Forster, H. D. Clark, A. Menard, N. Depuis, R. Chernish,
N. Chandok, A. Khan, M. Letourneau, and C. van Walraven, “Effect of a
nurse team coordinator on outcomes for hospitalized medicine patients,”
The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 118, no. 10, pp. 1148–1153,
Sep. 2005.
[3] A. E. Nicogossian, R. S. Williams, C. L. Huntoon, C. R. Doarn, J. D.
Polk, and V. S. Schneider, Eds., Space Physiology and Medicine, 4th ed.
Springer-Verlag New York, 2016.
[4] A. M. Fiore, V. Naik, and E. M. Leibensperger, “Air quality and climate
connections,” Journal of the Air Waste Management Association,
vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 645–685, May 2015.
[5] K. S. Descartin, R. P. Menger, and S. D. Watkins, “Application
of advances in telemedicine for long-duration space flight,” National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jan. 2015.
[6] P. Henrickson, R. Flin, A. McKinley, and S. Yule, “The surgeons’
leadership inventory (sli): a taxonomy and rating system for surgeons’
intraoperative leadership skills,” BMJ Simulation and Technology
Enhanced Learning, vol. 205, no. 6, pp. 745–751, Jun. 2013.
[7] S. Yule, R. Flin, S. Paterson-Brown, N. Maran, and D. Rowley,
“Development of a rating system for surgeons’ non-technical skills,”
Medical Education, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 1098–1104, Nov. 2006.
[8] R. Flin, R. E. Patey, R. Glavin, and N. Maran, “Anaesthetists’
non-technical skills,” BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol. 105,
no. 1, pp. 38–44, Jun. 2010.
[9] M. Hjortdahl, A. H. Ringen, A.-C. Naess, and T. Wisborg, “Leadership
is the essential non-technical skill in the trauma team - results of a
qualitative study,” Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and
Emergency Medicine, vol. 17, no. 48, Sep. 2009.
[10] J. Moss, Y. Xiao, and S. Zubaidah, “The Operating Room Charge
Nurse: Coordinator and Communicator,” Journal of the American
Medical Informatics Association, vol. 9, no. Supplement6, pp. S70–S74,
November 2002.
[11] B. Schyns and G. Mohr, “Nonverbal elements of leadership behaviour,”
Zeitschrift f¨ur Personalforschung, vol. 18, Aug. 2004.
[12] H. P. S. Jr., S. Faraj, and S. Yun, “When should a leader be directive or
empowering? how to develop your own situational theory of leadership,” Business Horizons, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 149–158, Mar.-Apr. 2009.
[13] P. Hersey, K. H. Blanchard, and D. E. Johnson, Management of
Organizational Behavior: Leading Human Resources. Prentice-Hall,
1988, ch. Situational Leadership, pp. 169–201.
[14] T. Manser, “Teamwork and patient safety in dynamic domains of
healthcare: a review of the literature,” Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, vol. 53,
no. 2, pp. 143–51, Feb. 2009.
[15] T. Morineaua, P. Chapelain, and P. Quinio, “Task management skills and
their deficiencies during care delivery in simulated medical emergency
situation: A classification,” Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, vol. 34,
pp. 42–50, 2016.
[16] T. Morineau, P. Chapelain, M. Le Courtois, and J.-M. Gac, “Fields of
promoted actions for facilitating multitasking activity during a medical
emergency,” BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning, vol. 3,
Mar. 2017.
[17] K. H. Blanchard, D. Zigarmi, and R. B. Nelson, “Situational
Leadership R After 25 Years: A Retrospective,” Journal of Leadership
Organizational Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 21–36, Nov. 1993.
[18] A. Collins Jackson, E. Bevacqua, P. De Loor, and R. Querrec,
“Modelling an embodied conversational agent for remote and isolated
caregivers on leadership styles.” IVA ’19, July 2019, pp. 256–259.
[19] F. Maricchiolo, A. Gnisci, M. Bonaiuto, and G. Ficca, “Effects of
different types of hand gestures in persuasive speech on receivers’
evaluations,” Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, Feb. 2009.
[20] D. Carney, J. A. Hall, and L. S. LeBeau, “Beliefs about the nonverbal
expression of social power,” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol. 29, pp.
105–123, Jun. 2005.
[21] C. Straßmann, A. R. von der P¨utten, R. Yaghoubzadeh, R. Kaminski,
and N. Kr¨amer, The Effect of an Intelligent Virtual Agent’s Nonverbal
Behavior with Regard to Dominance and Cooperativity. IVA ’16, 2016,
pp. 15–28.
[22] D. Guillaume, S. Dubourdieu, C. Berenguer, J.-C. Martin, L. Bolot,
F. Beguec, B. Frattini, and V. Demulier, “Comportements non verbaux
pour des subordonn´ees virtuels passifs vs. proactifs d’une ´equipe
m´edicale : analyse de vid´eos de simulation mots-clefs,” Jul. 2018.
[23] H. Ishikawa, H. Hashimoto, M. Kinoshita, S. Fujimori, T. Shimizu,
and E. Yano, “Evaluating medical students’ non-verbal communication
during the objective structured clinical examination,” Medical Education,
vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 1180–1187, Nov. 2006.
[24] P. Kulms, N. Mattar, and S. Kopp, “An Interaction Game Framework
for the Investigation of Human–Agent Cooperation.” IVA ’15, 2015.
[25] J. Schug, D. Matsumoto, Y. Horita, T. Yamagishi, and K. Bonnet,
“Emotional expressivity as a signal of cooperation,” Evolution and
Human Behavior, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 87–94, Mar. 2010.
[26] P. Kulms and S. Kopp, “The Effect of Embodiment and Competence on
Trust and Cooperation in Human–Agent Interaction.” IVA ’16, 2016.
[27] D. Carney, A. Cuddy, and A. J Yap, “Power Posing: Brief
Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance,”
Psychological science, vol. 21, pp. 1363–8, Oct. 2010.
[28] H. Smith, A. Wolfgang: Nonverbal behavior – Perspectives, application,
intercultural insides, 1997, ch. Nonverbal behavior aspects in teaching,
pp. 171–202.
[29] M. Chollet, M. Ochs, and C. Pelachaud, “From non-verbal signals
sequence mining to bayesian networks for interpersonal attitudes
expression.” IVA ’14, August 2014.
[30] W. Samter, Nonverbal Communication. Psychology Press, October
2006, pp. 39–62.
[31] J. Lee and S. Marsella, “Nonverbal Behavior Generator for Embodied
Conversational Agents.” IVA ’06, 2006, pp. 243–255.
[32] K. Bergmann, S. Kahl, and S. Kopp, “Modeling the Semantic
Coordination of Speech and Gesture under Cognitive and Linguistic
Constraints.” IVA ’13, 2013.
[33] A. Kendon, “Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance,” Critical Inquiry in
Language Studies, pp. 72–77, 2004.
[34] J. Navarro and M. Karlins, Getting a Grip: Nonverbals of the Hands
and Fingers, 1st ed. William Morrow Paperbacks, April 2008, pp.
133–164.
[35] A. Barath and C. F. Cannell, “Effect of Interviewer’s Voice Intonation,”
Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 370–373, 1976.
[36] J. Burgoon and N. Dunbar, The Sage handbook of nonverbal
communication. Sage Publications, Inc., January 2006, ch. Nonverbal
Expressions of Dominance and Power in Human Relationships, pp.
279–297.
[37] B. Biancardi, A. Cafaro, and C. Pelachaud, “Analyzing first impressions
of warmth and competence from observable nonverbal cues in
expert-novice interactions.” ICMI ’17, November 2017, pp. 341–349.
[38] A. Mignault and A. Chaudhuri, “The Many Faces of a Neutral Face:
Head Tilt and Perception of Dominance and Emotion,” Journal of
Nonverbal Behavior, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 111–132, 2003.
[39] B. Lance and S. C. Marsella, “Emotionally Expressive Head and Body
Movement During Gaze Shifts.” IVA ’07, 2007, pp. 72–85.
[40] N. Kr¨amer, N. Simons, and S. Kopp, “The Effects of an Embodied
Conversational Agent’s Nonverbal Behavior on User’s Evaluation and
Behavioral Mimicry.” IVA ’07, September 2007, pp. 238–251.
[41] J. A. Harrigan, K. S. Lucic, D. Kay, A. McLaney, and R. Rosenthal,
“Effect of expresser role and type of self-touching on observers’
perceptions,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol. 21, no. 7, pp.
585–609, 1991.
[42] J. Navarro and M. Karlins, The Mind’s Canvas: Nonverbals of the Face,
1st ed. William Morrow Paperbacks, April 2008, pp. 165–204.
[43] D. Matsumoto and H. C. Hwang, “Cultural similarities and differences
in emblematic gestures,” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol. 37, Mar.
2012.
[44] J. Navarro and M. Karlins, Torso Tips Nonverbals of the Torso, Hips,
Chest, and Shoulders, 1st ed. William Morrow Paperbacks, April 2008,
pp. 85–108.
[45] S. Yule, R. Flin, N. Maran, D. Rowley, G. Youngson, and
S. Paterson-Brown, “Surgeons’ non-technical skills in the operating
room: Reliability testing of the notss behavior rating system,” World
journal of surgery, vol. 32, pp. 548–56, 04 2008.
[46] H. Bunt, “The DIT++ taxonomy for functional dialogue markup,”
Journal of Philosophical Logic, Jan. 2009.
[47] J. Allwood, J. Nivre, and E. Ahlsen, “On the semantics and pragmatics
of linguistic feedback,” Journal of Semantics, vol. 9, Jan. 1992.
[48] J. Allwood, Linguistic Communication as Action and Cooperation, July
1976, ch. Taxonomy.
[49] D. R. Krathwohl, “A revision of bloom’s taxonomy: An overview,”
Theory Into Practice, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 212–218, 2002.
[50] D. Heylen, S. Kopp, S. Marsella, C. Pelachaud, and H. Vilhj´almsson,
“The Next Step towards a Function Markup Language.” IVA ’08,
September 2008, pp. 270–280.
[51] A. Cafaro, M. Bruijnes, J. van Waterschoot, C. Pelachaud, M. Theune,
and D. Heylen, “Selecting and Expressing Communicative Functions in
a SAIBA-Compliant Agent Framework.” IVA ’17, August 2017, pp.
73–82.
[1] D. Moher, A. L. Weinberg, R. Hanlon, and K. Runnalls, “Effects of a
medical team coordinator on length of hospital stay.” Canadian Medical
Association Journal, vol. 146, no. 4, pp. 511–515, 1992.
[2] A. J. Forster, H. D. Clark, A. Menard, N. Depuis, R. Chernish,
N. Chandok, A. Khan, M. Letourneau, and C. van Walraven, “Effect of a
nurse team coordinator on outcomes for hospitalized medicine patients,”
The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 118, no. 10, pp. 1148–1153,
Sep. 2005.
[3] A. E. Nicogossian, R. S. Williams, C. L. Huntoon, C. R. Doarn, J. D.
Polk, and V. S. Schneider, Eds., Space Physiology and Medicine, 4th ed.
Springer-Verlag New York, 2016.
[4] A. M. Fiore, V. Naik, and E. M. Leibensperger, “Air quality and climate
connections,” Journal of the Air Waste Management Association,
vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 645–685, May 2015.
[5] K. S. Descartin, R. P. Menger, and S. D. Watkins, “Application
of advances in telemedicine for long-duration space flight,” National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jan. 2015.
[6] P. Henrickson, R. Flin, A. McKinley, and S. Yule, “The surgeons’
leadership inventory (sli): a taxonomy and rating system for surgeons’
intraoperative leadership skills,” BMJ Simulation and Technology
Enhanced Learning, vol. 205, no. 6, pp. 745–751, Jun. 2013.
[7] S. Yule, R. Flin, S. Paterson-Brown, N. Maran, and D. Rowley,
“Development of a rating system for surgeons’ non-technical skills,”
Medical Education, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 1098–1104, Nov. 2006.
[8] R. Flin, R. E. Patey, R. Glavin, and N. Maran, “Anaesthetists’
non-technical skills,” BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol. 105,
no. 1, pp. 38–44, Jun. 2010.
[9] M. Hjortdahl, A. H. Ringen, A.-C. Naess, and T. Wisborg, “Leadership
is the essential non-technical skill in the trauma team - results of a
qualitative study,” Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and
Emergency Medicine, vol. 17, no. 48, Sep. 2009.
[10] J. Moss, Y. Xiao, and S. Zubaidah, “The Operating Room Charge
Nurse: Coordinator and Communicator,” Journal of the American
Medical Informatics Association, vol. 9, no. Supplement6, pp. S70–S74,
November 2002.
[11] B. Schyns and G. Mohr, “Nonverbal elements of leadership behaviour,”
Zeitschrift f¨ur Personalforschung, vol. 18, Aug. 2004.
[12] H. P. S. Jr., S. Faraj, and S. Yun, “When should a leader be directive or
empowering? how to develop your own situational theory of leadership,” Business Horizons, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 149–158, Mar.-Apr. 2009.
[13] P. Hersey, K. H. Blanchard, and D. E. Johnson, Management of
Organizational Behavior: Leading Human Resources. Prentice-Hall,
1988, ch. Situational Leadership, pp. 169–201.
[14] T. Manser, “Teamwork and patient safety in dynamic domains of
healthcare: a review of the literature,” Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, vol. 53,
no. 2, pp. 143–51, Feb. 2009.
[15] T. Morineaua, P. Chapelain, and P. Quinio, “Task management skills and
their deficiencies during care delivery in simulated medical emergency
situation: A classification,” Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, vol. 34,
pp. 42–50, 2016.
[16] T. Morineau, P. Chapelain, M. Le Courtois, and J.-M. Gac, “Fields of
promoted actions for facilitating multitasking activity during a medical
emergency,” BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning, vol. 3,
Mar. 2017.
[17] K. H. Blanchard, D. Zigarmi, and R. B. Nelson, “Situational
Leadership R After 25 Years: A Retrospective,” Journal of Leadership
Organizational Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 21–36, Nov. 1993.
[18] A. Collins Jackson, E. Bevacqua, P. De Loor, and R. Querrec,
“Modelling an embodied conversational agent for remote and isolated
caregivers on leadership styles.” IVA ’19, July 2019, pp. 256–259.
[19] F. Maricchiolo, A. Gnisci, M. Bonaiuto, and G. Ficca, “Effects of
different types of hand gestures in persuasive speech on receivers’
evaluations,” Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, Feb. 2009.
[20] D. Carney, J. A. Hall, and L. S. LeBeau, “Beliefs about the nonverbal
expression of social power,” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol. 29, pp.
105–123, Jun. 2005.
[21] C. Straßmann, A. R. von der P¨utten, R. Yaghoubzadeh, R. Kaminski,
and N. Kr¨amer, The Effect of an Intelligent Virtual Agent’s Nonverbal
Behavior with Regard to Dominance and Cooperativity. IVA ’16, 2016,
pp. 15–28.
[22] D. Guillaume, S. Dubourdieu, C. Berenguer, J.-C. Martin, L. Bolot,
F. Beguec, B. Frattini, and V. Demulier, “Comportements non verbaux
pour des subordonn´ees virtuels passifs vs. proactifs d’une ´equipe
m´edicale : analyse de vid´eos de simulation mots-clefs,” Jul. 2018.
[23] H. Ishikawa, H. Hashimoto, M. Kinoshita, S. Fujimori, T. Shimizu,
and E. Yano, “Evaluating medical students’ non-verbal communication
during the objective structured clinical examination,” Medical Education,
vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 1180–1187, Nov. 2006.
[24] P. Kulms, N. Mattar, and S. Kopp, “An Interaction Game Framework
for the Investigation of Human–Agent Cooperation.” IVA ’15, 2015.
[25] J. Schug, D. Matsumoto, Y. Horita, T. Yamagishi, and K. Bonnet,
“Emotional expressivity as a signal of cooperation,” Evolution and
Human Behavior, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 87–94, Mar. 2010.
[26] P. Kulms and S. Kopp, “The Effect of Embodiment and Competence on
Trust and Cooperation in Human–Agent Interaction.” IVA ’16, 2016.
[27] D. Carney, A. Cuddy, and A. J Yap, “Power Posing: Brief
Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance,”
Psychological science, vol. 21, pp. 1363–8, Oct. 2010.
[28] H. Smith, A. Wolfgang: Nonverbal behavior – Perspectives, application,
intercultural insides, 1997, ch. Nonverbal behavior aspects in teaching,
pp. 171–202.
[29] M. Chollet, M. Ochs, and C. Pelachaud, “From non-verbal signals
sequence mining to bayesian networks for interpersonal attitudes
expression.” IVA ’14, August 2014.
[30] W. Samter, Nonverbal Communication. Psychology Press, October
2006, pp. 39–62.
[31] J. Lee and S. Marsella, “Nonverbal Behavior Generator for Embodied
Conversational Agents.” IVA ’06, 2006, pp. 243–255.
[32] K. Bergmann, S. Kahl, and S. Kopp, “Modeling the Semantic
Coordination of Speech and Gesture under Cognitive and Linguistic
Constraints.” IVA ’13, 2013.
[33] A. Kendon, “Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance,” Critical Inquiry in
Language Studies, pp. 72–77, 2004.
[34] J. Navarro and M. Karlins, Getting a Grip: Nonverbals of the Hands
and Fingers, 1st ed. William Morrow Paperbacks, April 2008, pp.
133–164.
[35] A. Barath and C. F. Cannell, “Effect of Interviewer’s Voice Intonation,”
Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 370–373, 1976.
[36] J. Burgoon and N. Dunbar, The Sage handbook of nonverbal
communication. Sage Publications, Inc., January 2006, ch. Nonverbal
Expressions of Dominance and Power in Human Relationships, pp.
279–297.
[37] B. Biancardi, A. Cafaro, and C. Pelachaud, “Analyzing first impressions
of warmth and competence from observable nonverbal cues in
expert-novice interactions.” ICMI ’17, November 2017, pp. 341–349.
[38] A. Mignault and A. Chaudhuri, “The Many Faces of a Neutral Face:
Head Tilt and Perception of Dominance and Emotion,” Journal of
Nonverbal Behavior, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 111–132, 2003.
[39] B. Lance and S. C. Marsella, “Emotionally Expressive Head and Body
Movement During Gaze Shifts.” IVA ’07, 2007, pp. 72–85.
[40] N. Kr¨amer, N. Simons, and S. Kopp, “The Effects of an Embodied
Conversational Agent’s Nonverbal Behavior on User’s Evaluation and
Behavioral Mimicry.” IVA ’07, September 2007, pp. 238–251.
[41] J. A. Harrigan, K. S. Lucic, D. Kay, A. McLaney, and R. Rosenthal,
“Effect of expresser role and type of self-touching on observers’
perceptions,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol. 21, no. 7, pp.
585–609, 1991.
[42] J. Navarro and M. Karlins, The Mind’s Canvas: Nonverbals of the Face,
1st ed. William Morrow Paperbacks, April 2008, pp. 165–204.
[43] D. Matsumoto and H. C. Hwang, “Cultural similarities and differences
in emblematic gestures,” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol. 37, Mar.
2012.
[44] J. Navarro and M. Karlins, Torso Tips Nonverbals of the Torso, Hips,
Chest, and Shoulders, 1st ed. William Morrow Paperbacks, April 2008,
pp. 85–108.
[45] S. Yule, R. Flin, N. Maran, D. Rowley, G. Youngson, and
S. Paterson-Brown, “Surgeons’ non-technical skills in the operating
room: Reliability testing of the notss behavior rating system,” World
journal of surgery, vol. 32, pp. 548–56, 04 2008.
[46] H. Bunt, “The DIT++ taxonomy for functional dialogue markup,”
Journal of Philosophical Logic, Jan. 2009.
[47] J. Allwood, J. Nivre, and E. Ahlsen, “On the semantics and pragmatics
of linguistic feedback,” Journal of Semantics, vol. 9, Jan. 1992.
[48] J. Allwood, Linguistic Communication as Action and Cooperation, July
1976, ch. Taxonomy.
[49] D. R. Krathwohl, “A revision of bloom’s taxonomy: An overview,”
Theory Into Practice, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 212–218, 2002.
[50] D. Heylen, S. Kopp, S. Marsella, C. Pelachaud, and H. Vilhj´almsson,
“The Next Step towards a Function Markup Language.” IVA ’08,
September 2008, pp. 270–280.
[51] A. Cafaro, M. Bruijnes, J. van Waterschoot, C. Pelachaud, M. Theune,
and D. Heylen, “Selecting and Expressing Communicative Functions in
a SAIBA-Compliant Agent Framework.” IVA ’17, August 2017, pp.
73–82.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:79831", author = "Aryana Collins Jackson and Elisabetta Bevacqua and Pierre De Loor and Ronan Querrec", title = "A Taxonomy of Behavior for a Medical Coordinator by Utlizing Leadership Styles", abstract = "This paper presents a taxonomy of non-technical skills, communicative intentions, and behavior for an individual acting as a medical coordinator. In medical emergency situations, a leader among the group is imperative to both patient health and team emotional and mental health. Situational Leadership is used to make clear and easy-to-follow guidelines for behavior depending on circumstantial factors. Low-level leadership behaviors belonging to two different styles, directive and supporting, are identified from literature and are included in the proposed taxonomy. The high-level information in the taxonomy consists of the necessary non-technical skills belonging to a medical coordinator: situation awareness, decision making, task management, and teamwork. Finally, communicative intentions, dimensions, and functions are included. Thus this work brings high-level and low-level information - medical non-technical skills, communication capabilities, and leadership behavior - into a single versatile taxonomy of behavior.", keywords = "Medical, leadership styles, taxonomy, human behavior.", volume = "14", number = "9", pages = "238-12", }
