A Novel Method for Blood Glucose Measurement by Noninvasive Technique Using Laser
A method and apparatus for noninvasive measurement
of blood glucose concentration based on transilluminated laser beam
via the Index Finger has been reported in this paper. This method
depends on atomic gas (He-Ne) laser operating at 632.8nm
wavelength. During measurement, the index finger is inserted into the
glucose sensing unit, the transilluminated optical signal is converted
into an electrical signal, compared with the reference electrical
signal, and the obtained difference signal is processed by signal
processing unit which presents the results in the form of blood
glucose concentration. This method would enable the monitoring
blood glucose level of the diabetic patient continuously, safely and
noninvasively.
[1] Anitha Soni, "Diabetes Management: Tests and Treatments among the
18 and Older U.S.Civilian Non institutionalized population in 2003",
December 2005, pp. l.
[2] M. D. Stern, "In vivo evaluation of microcirculation by coherent light
scattering," Nature, Vol.254, pp.56-58, 1975.
[3] G.A. Holloway and D.W.Watkins, "Laser Doppler measurement of
cutaneous blood flow," J.Invert. drem, vol.69, no.3, pp.306-309, 1977.
[4] M.Sargent, III and M.O.Scully, "Theory of laser operation- An outline,"
in Laser Handbook, vol. I, F.T. Arecchi and E.O.Schulz-DuBois, Eds.
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland, 1972, pp.45-114.
[5] D.W.Watkins and G.A. Holloway, "An instrument to measure cutaneous
blood flow using the Doppler shift of laser light," IEEE
Trans.Biomed.Eng, vol, BME-25, pp.28-33, jan.1978.
[6] A.Dienes, "Dye Lasers," in Physics of Quantum Electronics, vol.II.
Laser Applications to Optics and Spectroscopy, S.F.Jacobs, M.Sargent,
III, J.F.Scott, and M.O.Scully, Eds. London, England: Addison-Wesely,
1975, pp.53-121.
[7] Rosenthal et al, "Noninvasive, near- infrared quantitative analysis
instrument for measuring blood glucose", U.S.Pat.No.5,086,229.
[8] Cote et al., "Noninvasive optical Polrimetric glucose sensing using a
true Phase measurement technique," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical
Engineering, vol.39,No.7, July 1992, pp.752-756.
[9] J.R.McNichols and L.G.Cote, "Optical glucose sensing in biological
fluids: An overview." Journal of Biomedical Optics,vol.5, no.1, pp.5-
16,2000.
[10] S.F.Malin, T.L.Ruchiti, T.B.Blank, S.U.Thennadil, and S.L.Monfre,
"Noninvasive prediction of glucose by near-infrared diffuse reflectance
spectroscopy," Clinical Chemistry, vol.45, pp.1651-8, 1999.
[11] O.P.McDuff, "Techniques of gas lasers," in Laser Handbook, vol.I,
F.T.Arecchi and E.O.Schulz-Dubois, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:
North-Holland, 1972, pp.631-702.
[12] J.P.Goldsborough, "Design of gas lasers," in Laser Handbook, vol. .I,
F.T.Arecchi and E.O.Schulz-Dubois, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:
North-Holland, 1972, pp.597-630.
[13] A.Bachem and C.I.Reed, "The penetration of light through human skin,"
Amer.J.Physiol., vol.97, pp.86-91,1931.
[14] J.D.Hardy, H.T.Hammel, and D.Murgatroyd, "Spectral transmittance
and reflectance of excised human skin," J.Appl.Physiol. vol.9, pp.257-
264,1956.
[15] R.L.Longini and R.Zdrojkowski, "A note on the theory of backscattering
of light by living tissue," IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng., vol.BME-15,
pp.4-10, Jan.1968.
[16] S.Rothman, Physiology and Biochemistry of the Skin. Chicago, IL:
University of Chicago Press,1954.
[17] R.V.Edwards, J.C.Angus, M.J.K.French, and J.W.Dunning, Jr, "Spectral
analysis of the signal from the laser Doppler flowmeter: Timeindependent
systems," J.Appl.Phys., vol.42,no.2, pp.837-850,1971.
[18] L.Mandel, "Fluctuations of light beams," in Progress in Optics, vol.II,
E.Wolf, Ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:North-Holland,1963, pp.181-
248.
[19] H.Z.Cummins and H.L.Swinney, "Light beating spectroscopy," in
progress in Optics, vol.VIII, E. Wolf, Ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:
North-Holland,1970, pp.133-200.
[20] M. V. Klein, Optics. Newyork : Wiley, 1970.
[21] B.J.Berne and R.Pecora, Dynamic Light Scattering. New York:
Wiely,1976.
[22] F.Durst, A.Melling, and J.H.Whitelaw, Principles and Practice of Laser-
Doppler Anemometry. London, England: Academic, 1976.
[23] R.Nossal, J.Kiefer, G.H.Weiss, R.Bonner, H.Taitelbaum, and S.Halvin,
"Photo migration in layered media," Appl.Opt., vol.27, pp.3382-
3391,1988.
[24] D.kumar, S.Chacko, and M.Singh," Monte Carlo simulation of photon
scattering in biological tissue model, Ind.J.Biochem.Biophys," vol.36,
pp.336, 1999.
[25] Tuan Vo-Dinh, "Biomedical Photonics- Handbook," CRC Press., pp.2-
58, 2003.
[26] Flock ST, Patterson M, Wilson B, Wyman DR. Monte Carlomodeling of
light propagation in highly scattering tissue. I. Model prediction and
comparison with diffusion theory. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng
1989;36:1162-8.
[27] Flock ST, Wilson B, Patterson M. Monte Carlo modeling of light
propagation in highly scattering tissue. II. Comparison with
measurements in phantoms. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1989;36: 1169-73.
[28] Wilson B. Measurement of tissue optical properties: methods and
theories. In: Welch AJ, Van Gemert MCC, eds. Opticalthermal response
of laser-irradiated tissue. New York: Plenum Press, 1995:233-61.
[29] Groenhuis RAJ, Ten Bosch JJ, Ferwerda HA. Scattering and absorption
of turbid materials from reflection measurement. 1. Theory. Appl Opt
1983;22:2456-62.
[30] Groenhuis RAJ, Ten Bosch JJ, Ferwerda HA. Scattering and absorption
of turbid materials from reflection measurement. 2. Measuring method
and calibration. Appl Opt 1983;22:2463-7.
[31] Kienle A, Lilge L, Patterson M, Hibst R, Steiner R, Wilson B. Spatially
resolved absolute diffuse reflectance measurements for noninvasive
determination of optical scattering and absorption coefficients of
biological tissue. Appl Opt 1996;35:2304-14.
[32] Farrell T, Patterson M, Wilson B. A diffusion theory model for the noninvasive
determination of tissue optical properties in-vivo. Med Phys
1992; 19:879-88.
[33] Farrell T, Wilson B, Patterson M. The use of neural network to
determine tissue optical properties from diffuse reflectance
measurements. Phys Med Biol 1992; 37:2281-6.
[34] Patterson M, Moulton JD, Wilson B, Berndt KW, Lakowicz JR.
Frequency-domain reflectance for the determination of the scattering
and absorption properties of tissues. Appl Opt 1991;30: 4474-6.
[35] Patterson M. Frequency domain measurements of light propagation. In:
Welch AJ, Van Gemert MCC, eds. Optical-thermal response of laserirradiated
tissue. New York: Plenum Press, 1995:333-64.
[36] Maier J, Walker S, Fantini S, Franceschini M, Gratton E. Noninvasive
glucose determination by measuring variations of the reduced scattering
coefficient of tissues in the near-infrared. Opt Lett 1994;19:2062-4.
[37] Kohl M, Cope M, Essenpreis M, Boecker D. Influence of glucose
concentration on light scattering in tissue simulating phantoms. Opt Lett
1994; 19:2170-2.
[38] Kohl M, Essenpreis M, Cope M. The influence of glucose concentration
upon the transport of light in tissue-simulating phantoms. Phys Med Biol
1995;40:1267-87.
[39] Liu H, Beauvoit B, Kimura M, Chance B. Dependence of tissue optical
properties on solute-induced changes in refractive index and osmolality.
J Biomed Opt 1996;1:200-11.
[40] Chance B, Liu H, Kitai T, Zhang Y. Effect of solutes on optical
properties of biological materials: models, cells, and tissues. Anal
Biochem 1995;227:351-62.
[41] Fantini S, Franceschini-Fantini MA, Maier JS, Walker SA, Barbieri B,
Gratton E. Frequency-domain multichannel optical detector for noninvasive
tissue spectroscopy and oximetry. Opt Eng 1995;34:32-42.
[42] S.B. Colak, M.B. Vander Mark, G.W. Hooft, J.H. Hoogenraad, E.S.
Vander Linden, and F.A. Kuijpers, " Clinical optical tomography and
NIR spectroscopy for breast cancer detection," IEEE J.Select. Topics
Quantum Electron, vol.5,pp. 1143-1158, July/ Aug.1999.
[43] A.Kienie, L.Lilge, M.S.Paterson, R.Hibst, R.Steiner, and B.C.Wison,
"Spatially resolved absolute diffuse reflectance measurements for
noninvasive determination of optical scattering and absorption
coefficient of biological tissues," Appl. Opt., vol.35, pp.2304-2314,
1996.
[1] Anitha Soni, "Diabetes Management: Tests and Treatments among the
18 and Older U.S.Civilian Non institutionalized population in 2003",
December 2005, pp. l.
[2] M. D. Stern, "In vivo evaluation of microcirculation by coherent light
scattering," Nature, Vol.254, pp.56-58, 1975.
[3] G.A. Holloway and D.W.Watkins, "Laser Doppler measurement of
cutaneous blood flow," J.Invert. drem, vol.69, no.3, pp.306-309, 1977.
[4] M.Sargent, III and M.O.Scully, "Theory of laser operation- An outline,"
in Laser Handbook, vol. I, F.T. Arecchi and E.O.Schulz-DuBois, Eds.
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland, 1972, pp.45-114.
[5] D.W.Watkins and G.A. Holloway, "An instrument to measure cutaneous
blood flow using the Doppler shift of laser light," IEEE
Trans.Biomed.Eng, vol, BME-25, pp.28-33, jan.1978.
[6] A.Dienes, "Dye Lasers," in Physics of Quantum Electronics, vol.II.
Laser Applications to Optics and Spectroscopy, S.F.Jacobs, M.Sargent,
III, J.F.Scott, and M.O.Scully, Eds. London, England: Addison-Wesely,
1975, pp.53-121.
[7] Rosenthal et al, "Noninvasive, near- infrared quantitative analysis
instrument for measuring blood glucose", U.S.Pat.No.5,086,229.
[8] Cote et al., "Noninvasive optical Polrimetric glucose sensing using a
true Phase measurement technique," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical
Engineering, vol.39,No.7, July 1992, pp.752-756.
[9] J.R.McNichols and L.G.Cote, "Optical glucose sensing in biological
fluids: An overview." Journal of Biomedical Optics,vol.5, no.1, pp.5-
16,2000.
[10] S.F.Malin, T.L.Ruchiti, T.B.Blank, S.U.Thennadil, and S.L.Monfre,
"Noninvasive prediction of glucose by near-infrared diffuse reflectance
spectroscopy," Clinical Chemistry, vol.45, pp.1651-8, 1999.
[11] O.P.McDuff, "Techniques of gas lasers," in Laser Handbook, vol.I,
F.T.Arecchi and E.O.Schulz-Dubois, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:
North-Holland, 1972, pp.631-702.
[12] J.P.Goldsborough, "Design of gas lasers," in Laser Handbook, vol. .I,
F.T.Arecchi and E.O.Schulz-Dubois, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:
North-Holland, 1972, pp.597-630.
[13] A.Bachem and C.I.Reed, "The penetration of light through human skin,"
Amer.J.Physiol., vol.97, pp.86-91,1931.
[14] J.D.Hardy, H.T.Hammel, and D.Murgatroyd, "Spectral transmittance
and reflectance of excised human skin," J.Appl.Physiol. vol.9, pp.257-
264,1956.
[15] R.L.Longini and R.Zdrojkowski, "A note on the theory of backscattering
of light by living tissue," IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng., vol.BME-15,
pp.4-10, Jan.1968.
[16] S.Rothman, Physiology and Biochemistry of the Skin. Chicago, IL:
University of Chicago Press,1954.
[17] R.V.Edwards, J.C.Angus, M.J.K.French, and J.W.Dunning, Jr, "Spectral
analysis of the signal from the laser Doppler flowmeter: Timeindependent
systems," J.Appl.Phys., vol.42,no.2, pp.837-850,1971.
[18] L.Mandel, "Fluctuations of light beams," in Progress in Optics, vol.II,
E.Wolf, Ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:North-Holland,1963, pp.181-
248.
[19] H.Z.Cummins and H.L.Swinney, "Light beating spectroscopy," in
progress in Optics, vol.VIII, E. Wolf, Ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:
North-Holland,1970, pp.133-200.
[20] M. V. Klein, Optics. Newyork : Wiley, 1970.
[21] B.J.Berne and R.Pecora, Dynamic Light Scattering. New York:
Wiely,1976.
[22] F.Durst, A.Melling, and J.H.Whitelaw, Principles and Practice of Laser-
Doppler Anemometry. London, England: Academic, 1976.
[23] R.Nossal, J.Kiefer, G.H.Weiss, R.Bonner, H.Taitelbaum, and S.Halvin,
"Photo migration in layered media," Appl.Opt., vol.27, pp.3382-
3391,1988.
[24] D.kumar, S.Chacko, and M.Singh," Monte Carlo simulation of photon
scattering in biological tissue model, Ind.J.Biochem.Biophys," vol.36,
pp.336, 1999.
[25] Tuan Vo-Dinh, "Biomedical Photonics- Handbook," CRC Press., pp.2-
58, 2003.
[26] Flock ST, Patterson M, Wilson B, Wyman DR. Monte Carlomodeling of
light propagation in highly scattering tissue. I. Model prediction and
comparison with diffusion theory. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng
1989;36:1162-8.
[27] Flock ST, Wilson B, Patterson M. Monte Carlo modeling of light
propagation in highly scattering tissue. II. Comparison with
measurements in phantoms. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1989;36: 1169-73.
[28] Wilson B. Measurement of tissue optical properties: methods and
theories. In: Welch AJ, Van Gemert MCC, eds. Opticalthermal response
of laser-irradiated tissue. New York: Plenum Press, 1995:233-61.
[29] Groenhuis RAJ, Ten Bosch JJ, Ferwerda HA. Scattering and absorption
of turbid materials from reflection measurement. 1. Theory. Appl Opt
1983;22:2456-62.
[30] Groenhuis RAJ, Ten Bosch JJ, Ferwerda HA. Scattering and absorption
of turbid materials from reflection measurement. 2. Measuring method
and calibration. Appl Opt 1983;22:2463-7.
[31] Kienle A, Lilge L, Patterson M, Hibst R, Steiner R, Wilson B. Spatially
resolved absolute diffuse reflectance measurements for noninvasive
determination of optical scattering and absorption coefficients of
biological tissue. Appl Opt 1996;35:2304-14.
[32] Farrell T, Patterson M, Wilson B. A diffusion theory model for the noninvasive
determination of tissue optical properties in-vivo. Med Phys
1992; 19:879-88.
[33] Farrell T, Wilson B, Patterson M. The use of neural network to
determine tissue optical properties from diffuse reflectance
measurements. Phys Med Biol 1992; 37:2281-6.
[34] Patterson M, Moulton JD, Wilson B, Berndt KW, Lakowicz JR.
Frequency-domain reflectance for the determination of the scattering
and absorption properties of tissues. Appl Opt 1991;30: 4474-6.
[35] Patterson M. Frequency domain measurements of light propagation. In:
Welch AJ, Van Gemert MCC, eds. Optical-thermal response of laserirradiated
tissue. New York: Plenum Press, 1995:333-64.
[36] Maier J, Walker S, Fantini S, Franceschini M, Gratton E. Noninvasive
glucose determination by measuring variations of the reduced scattering
coefficient of tissues in the near-infrared. Opt Lett 1994;19:2062-4.
[37] Kohl M, Cope M, Essenpreis M, Boecker D. Influence of glucose
concentration on light scattering in tissue simulating phantoms. Opt Lett
1994; 19:2170-2.
[38] Kohl M, Essenpreis M, Cope M. The influence of glucose concentration
upon the transport of light in tissue-simulating phantoms. Phys Med Biol
1995;40:1267-87.
[39] Liu H, Beauvoit B, Kimura M, Chance B. Dependence of tissue optical
properties on solute-induced changes in refractive index and osmolality.
J Biomed Opt 1996;1:200-11.
[40] Chance B, Liu H, Kitai T, Zhang Y. Effect of solutes on optical
properties of biological materials: models, cells, and tissues. Anal
Biochem 1995;227:351-62.
[41] Fantini S, Franceschini-Fantini MA, Maier JS, Walker SA, Barbieri B,
Gratton E. Frequency-domain multichannel optical detector for noninvasive
tissue spectroscopy and oximetry. Opt Eng 1995;34:32-42.
[42] S.B. Colak, M.B. Vander Mark, G.W. Hooft, J.H. Hoogenraad, E.S.
Vander Linden, and F.A. Kuijpers, " Clinical optical tomography and
NIR spectroscopy for breast cancer detection," IEEE J.Select. Topics
Quantum Electron, vol.5,pp. 1143-1158, July/ Aug.1999.
[43] A.Kienie, L.Lilge, M.S.Paterson, R.Hibst, R.Steiner, and B.C.Wison,
"Spatially resolved absolute diffuse reflectance measurements for
noninvasive determination of optical scattering and absorption
coefficient of biological tissues," Appl. Opt., vol.35, pp.2304-2314,
1996.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:53839", author = "V.Ashok and A.Nirmalkumar and N.Jeyashanthi", title = "A Novel Method for Blood Glucose Measurement by Noninvasive Technique Using Laser", abstract = "A method and apparatus for noninvasive measurement
of blood glucose concentration based on transilluminated laser beam
via the Index Finger has been reported in this paper. This method
depends on atomic gas (He-Ne) laser operating at 632.8nm
wavelength. During measurement, the index finger is inserted into the
glucose sensing unit, the transilluminated optical signal is converted
into an electrical signal, compared with the reference electrical
signal, and the obtained difference signal is processed by signal
processing unit which presents the results in the form of blood
glucose concentration. This method would enable the monitoring
blood glucose level of the diabetic patient continuously, safely and
noninvasively.", keywords = "Anisotropy factor, Blood glucose, Diabetes Mellitus,Noninvasive method, Photo detectors.", volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "102-7", }
