3D Locomotion and Fractal Analysis of Goldfish for Acute Toxicity Bioassay
Biological reactions of individuals of a testing animal
to toxic substance are unique and can be used as an indication of the
existing of toxic substance. However, to distinguish such phenomenon
need a very complicate system and even more complicate to analyze
data in 3 dimensional. In this paper, a system to evaluate in vitro
biological activities to acute toxicity of stochastic self-affine
non-stationary signal of 3D goldfish swimming by using fractal
analysis is introduced. Regular digital camcorders are utilized by
proposed algorithm 3DCCPC to effectively capture and construct 3D
movements of the fish. A Critical Exponent Method (CEM) has been
adopted as a fractal estimator. The hypothesis was that the swimming
of goldfish to acute toxic would show the fractal property which
related to the toxic concentration. The experimental results supported
the hypothesis by showing that the swimming of goldfish under the
different toxic concentration has fractal properties. It also shows that
the fractal dimension of the swimming related to the pH value of FD Ôëê
0.26pH + 0.05. With the proposed system, the fish is allowed to swim
freely in all direction to react to the toxic. In addition, the trajectories
are precisely evaluated by fractal analysis with critical exponent
method and hence the results exhibit with much higher degree of
confidence.
[1] D. J. Ecobichon, "Acute toxicity studies," in The Basis of Toxicity
Testing, 2nd ed., D. J. Ecobichon, Ed. Florida: CRC Press, 1997.
[2] F. A. Barile, Clinical Toxicology, Principles and Mechanisms. Florida:
CRC Press, 2003, ch. 2.
[3] T. Madsen, H. B. Boyd, D. Nylén, A. R. Pedersen, G. I. Petersen, and F.
Simonsen: Environmental and health assessment of substances in
household detergents and cosmetic detergent products. Danish
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Project No. 615, 2001.
Available: http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2001/87-7944-596-9
/pdf/87-7944-597-7.pdf
[4] L. Chalmers and P. Bathe, in Household and industrial chemical
specialties, 2nd ed., P. Bathe, Rev. New York: Chemical Pub. Co. Inc.,
1978.
[5] H. Lambert, J. Manel, and I. Gabrion, "Poisoning by household products,"
Rev. Prat., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 365, Feb. 2000.
[6] N. Agabitia, C. Anconaa, F. Forastierea, A. Di Napolia, E. Lo Prestia, G.
M. Corbob, F. D'Orsic, and C. A. Peruccia, "Short term respiratory effects
of acute exposure to chlorine due to a swimming pool accident," Occup.
Environ. Med., vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 399-404, Jun. 2001.
[7] S. Frais, Y. L. Ng, and K. Gulabivala, "Some factors affecting the
concentration of available chlorine in commercial sources of sodium
hypochlorite," Int. Endod. J., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 206-215, Apr. 2001.
[8] E. B. Powers, "The goldfish (Carassius auratus) as a test animal in the
study of toxicity," Illinois Biol. Monog., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1-73, 1917.
[9] W. A. Gersdorff, "A method for the study of toxicity using goldfish," J.
Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 52, pp. 3440-3445, Aug. 1930.
[10] C. G. Wilber, "A Mathematical Description of the toxicity of "Sernyl" to
goldfish," Ohio J. Sci., vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 43-46, Jan. 1965.
[11] Goldfish Society of America, The Official Guide to Goldfish. Neptune,
NJ: T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1996.
[12] A. G. Heath, "Toxicology, water pollution and fish physiology," in 1994
Int. Cong. Biol. Fish., pp. 16-20.
[13] B. B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature. San Francisco: W. H.
Freeman, 1983.
[14] H. O. Peitgen, H. J├╝rgens, and D. Saupe, Chaos and Fractals: New
Frontiers of Science. Oxford, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992, ch. 4.
[15] J. C. Sprott, Chaos and Time-Series Analysis. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2003, Ch. 11.
[16] P. Grassberger, "Generalized Dimensions of Strange Attractors," Phys.
Lett. A., vol. 97, pp. 227-230, Sept. 1983.
[17] M. Nakagawa, "A critical exponent method to evaluate fractal dimensions
of self-affine data," J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 4233-4239,
Dec. 1993.
[18] H. Koga and M. Nakagawa, "Method of evaluation of fractal dimensions
in terms of fractional integro-differential equations," Electron Commun.
Jpn., part 3. vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 30-39, Apr. 2004.
[19] S. Sabanal and M. Nakagawa, "The fractal properties of vocal sounds and
their application in the speech recognition model," Chaos Solitons
Fractals, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1825-1843, Nov. 1996.
[20] M. Phothisonothai and M. Nakagawa, "EEG-Based Fractal Analysis of
Different Motor Imagery Tasks using Critical Exponent Method" Int. J.
Biomed. Sci., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 175-180, 2006.
[21] H. Neumeister, C. J. Cellucci, P. E. Rapp, H. Korn, and D. S. Faber,
"Dynamical analysis reveals individuality of locomotion in goldfish," J.
Exp. Biol., vol. 207, pp. 697- 708, Nov. 2004.
[22] E. E. Little and S. E. Finger, "Swimming behavior as an indicator of
sublethal toxicity in fish," Environ. Toxicol. Chem., vol. 9, no. 1, pp.
13-19, 1990.
[23] L. Seuront, F. G. Schmitt, M. C. Brewer, J. R. Strickler, and S. Souissi,
"From Random Walk to Multifractal Random Walk in Zooplankton
Swimming Behavior," Zool. Stud. vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 498-510, 2004.
[24] A. S. Kane, J. D. Salierno, G. T. Gipson, T. Molteno, and C. Hunter, "A
video-based movement analysis system to quantify behavioral responses
of fish," Water Research. vol. 38, pp. 3998-4001, 2004.
[25] S. B. Gokturk, H. Yalcin, and C. Bamji, "A Time-Of-Flight Depth Sensor
- System Description, Issues and Solutions," in 2004 Proc. Conf.
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop, IEEE Comp. Soc.
vol. 3, p. 35.
[26] G.W. Klontz, "Care of fish in biological research," J. Anim. Sci., vol. 73,
no. 11, pp. 3485-3492, 1995.
[27] National Research Council, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory
Animals. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996, Chap. 2.
[28] R. Johansen, J. R. Needham, D. J. Colquhoun, T. T. Poppe, and A. J.
Smith, "Guidelines for health and welfare monitoring of fish used in
research," Laboratory Animals., vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 323-340, May 2006.
[29] M. Amano, M. Iigo, and K. Yamamori, "Effects of feeding time on
approaching behavior to food odor in goldfish," Fish. Sci., vol. 71, no. 1,
pp.183-186, 2005.
[30] Fishdoc. Salt. Available: http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/treatments/salt.htm.
[31] D. M. Tieman and A. E. Goodwin, "Treatments for Ich Infestations in
Channel Catfish Evaluated under Static and Flow-Through Water
Conditions," N. Am. J. Aquac., vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 293-299, Apr. 2001.
[32] M. McEwan. Water Chemistry.Available: http://www.aquariacentral.
com/articles/chem.shtml.
[33] H. S. Rogers and L, Backer, "Fish Bioassay and Toxin Induction
Experiments for Research on Pfiesteria piscicida and Other Toxic
Dinoflagellates: Workshop Summary," Environ. Health Perspect., vol.
109, suppl. 5. pp. 769-774. 2001.
[34] J. P. Kahane, Some Random Series of Functions, 2nd ed. London:
Cambridge University Press, 1985, ch. 18.
[35] J. Beran, Statistics for Long-memory Processes. New York: Chapman &
Hall/CRC, 1994, ch. 2.
[36] H. E. Hurst, "Long-term storage capacity of reservoirs," Trans. Am. Soc.
Civil Eng., vol. 116, pp. 770-808, 1951.
[1] D. J. Ecobichon, "Acute toxicity studies," in The Basis of Toxicity
Testing, 2nd ed., D. J. Ecobichon, Ed. Florida: CRC Press, 1997.
[2] F. A. Barile, Clinical Toxicology, Principles and Mechanisms. Florida:
CRC Press, 2003, ch. 2.
[3] T. Madsen, H. B. Boyd, D. Nylén, A. R. Pedersen, G. I. Petersen, and F.
Simonsen: Environmental and health assessment of substances in
household detergents and cosmetic detergent products. Danish
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Project No. 615, 2001.
Available: http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2001/87-7944-596-9
/pdf/87-7944-597-7.pdf
[4] L. Chalmers and P. Bathe, in Household and industrial chemical
specialties, 2nd ed., P. Bathe, Rev. New York: Chemical Pub. Co. Inc.,
1978.
[5] H. Lambert, J. Manel, and I. Gabrion, "Poisoning by household products,"
Rev. Prat., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 365, Feb. 2000.
[6] N. Agabitia, C. Anconaa, F. Forastierea, A. Di Napolia, E. Lo Prestia, G.
M. Corbob, F. D'Orsic, and C. A. Peruccia, "Short term respiratory effects
of acute exposure to chlorine due to a swimming pool accident," Occup.
Environ. Med., vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 399-404, Jun. 2001.
[7] S. Frais, Y. L. Ng, and K. Gulabivala, "Some factors affecting the
concentration of available chlorine in commercial sources of sodium
hypochlorite," Int. Endod. J., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 206-215, Apr. 2001.
[8] E. B. Powers, "The goldfish (Carassius auratus) as a test animal in the
study of toxicity," Illinois Biol. Monog., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1-73, 1917.
[9] W. A. Gersdorff, "A method for the study of toxicity using goldfish," J.
Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 52, pp. 3440-3445, Aug. 1930.
[10] C. G. Wilber, "A Mathematical Description of the toxicity of "Sernyl" to
goldfish," Ohio J. Sci., vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 43-46, Jan. 1965.
[11] Goldfish Society of America, The Official Guide to Goldfish. Neptune,
NJ: T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1996.
[12] A. G. Heath, "Toxicology, water pollution and fish physiology," in 1994
Int. Cong. Biol. Fish., pp. 16-20.
[13] B. B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature. San Francisco: W. H.
Freeman, 1983.
[14] H. O. Peitgen, H. J├╝rgens, and D. Saupe, Chaos and Fractals: New
Frontiers of Science. Oxford, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992, ch. 4.
[15] J. C. Sprott, Chaos and Time-Series Analysis. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2003, Ch. 11.
[16] P. Grassberger, "Generalized Dimensions of Strange Attractors," Phys.
Lett. A., vol. 97, pp. 227-230, Sept. 1983.
[17] M. Nakagawa, "A critical exponent method to evaluate fractal dimensions
of self-affine data," J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 4233-4239,
Dec. 1993.
[18] H. Koga and M. Nakagawa, "Method of evaluation of fractal dimensions
in terms of fractional integro-differential equations," Electron Commun.
Jpn., part 3. vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 30-39, Apr. 2004.
[19] S. Sabanal and M. Nakagawa, "The fractal properties of vocal sounds and
their application in the speech recognition model," Chaos Solitons
Fractals, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1825-1843, Nov. 1996.
[20] M. Phothisonothai and M. Nakagawa, "EEG-Based Fractal Analysis of
Different Motor Imagery Tasks using Critical Exponent Method" Int. J.
Biomed. Sci., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 175-180, 2006.
[21] H. Neumeister, C. J. Cellucci, P. E. Rapp, H. Korn, and D. S. Faber,
"Dynamical analysis reveals individuality of locomotion in goldfish," J.
Exp. Biol., vol. 207, pp. 697- 708, Nov. 2004.
[22] E. E. Little and S. E. Finger, "Swimming behavior as an indicator of
sublethal toxicity in fish," Environ. Toxicol. Chem., vol. 9, no. 1, pp.
13-19, 1990.
[23] L. Seuront, F. G. Schmitt, M. C. Brewer, J. R. Strickler, and S. Souissi,
"From Random Walk to Multifractal Random Walk in Zooplankton
Swimming Behavior," Zool. Stud. vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 498-510, 2004.
[24] A. S. Kane, J. D. Salierno, G. T. Gipson, T. Molteno, and C. Hunter, "A
video-based movement analysis system to quantify behavioral responses
of fish," Water Research. vol. 38, pp. 3998-4001, 2004.
[25] S. B. Gokturk, H. Yalcin, and C. Bamji, "A Time-Of-Flight Depth Sensor
- System Description, Issues and Solutions," in 2004 Proc. Conf.
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop, IEEE Comp. Soc.
vol. 3, p. 35.
[26] G.W. Klontz, "Care of fish in biological research," J. Anim. Sci., vol. 73,
no. 11, pp. 3485-3492, 1995.
[27] National Research Council, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory
Animals. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996, Chap. 2.
[28] R. Johansen, J. R. Needham, D. J. Colquhoun, T. T. Poppe, and A. J.
Smith, "Guidelines for health and welfare monitoring of fish used in
research," Laboratory Animals., vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 323-340, May 2006.
[29] M. Amano, M. Iigo, and K. Yamamori, "Effects of feeding time on
approaching behavior to food odor in goldfish," Fish. Sci., vol. 71, no. 1,
pp.183-186, 2005.
[30] Fishdoc. Salt. Available: http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/treatments/salt.htm.
[31] D. M. Tieman and A. E. Goodwin, "Treatments for Ich Infestations in
Channel Catfish Evaluated under Static and Flow-Through Water
Conditions," N. Am. J. Aquac., vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 293-299, Apr. 2001.
[32] M. McEwan. Water Chemistry.Available: http://www.aquariacentral.
com/articles/chem.shtml.
[33] H. S. Rogers and L, Backer, "Fish Bioassay and Toxin Induction
Experiments for Research on Pfiesteria piscicida and Other Toxic
Dinoflagellates: Workshop Summary," Environ. Health Perspect., vol.
109, suppl. 5. pp. 769-774. 2001.
[34] J. P. Kahane, Some Random Series of Functions, 2nd ed. London:
Cambridge University Press, 1985, ch. 18.
[35] J. Beran, Statistics for Long-memory Processes. New York: Chapman &
Hall/CRC, 1994, ch. 2.
[36] H. E. Hurst, "Long-term storage capacity of reservoirs," Trans. Am. Soc.
Civil Eng., vol. 116, pp. 770-808, 1951.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:56925", author = "Kittiwann Nimkerdphol and Masahiro Nakagawa", title = "3D Locomotion and Fractal Analysis of Goldfish for Acute Toxicity Bioassay", abstract = "Biological reactions of individuals of a testing animal
to toxic substance are unique and can be used as an indication of the
existing of toxic substance. However, to distinguish such phenomenon
need a very complicate system and even more complicate to analyze
data in 3 dimensional. In this paper, a system to evaluate in vitro
biological activities to acute toxicity of stochastic self-affine
non-stationary signal of 3D goldfish swimming by using fractal
analysis is introduced. Regular digital camcorders are utilized by
proposed algorithm 3DCCPC to effectively capture and construct 3D
movements of the fish. A Critical Exponent Method (CEM) has been
adopted as a fractal estimator. The hypothesis was that the swimming
of goldfish to acute toxic would show the fractal property which
related to the toxic concentration. The experimental results supported
the hypothesis by showing that the swimming of goldfish under the
different toxic concentration has fractal properties. It also shows that
the fractal dimension of the swimming related to the pH value of FD Ôëê
0.26pH + 0.05. With the proposed system, the fish is allowed to swim
freely in all direction to react to the toxic. In addition, the trajectories
are precisely evaluated by fractal analysis with critical exponent
method and hence the results exhibit with much higher degree of
confidence.", keywords = "3D locomotion, bioassay, critical exponent method,CEM, fractal analysis, goldfish.", volume = "2", number = "1", pages = "27-6", }
