Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to develop a policy and associated regulatory actions together with legislations that could help in sustainable energy development in Africa and Nigeria in particular. As a result of depletion of fossil fuels in most African countries, renewable energy options such as solar, wind and hydropower biomass are considered to be alternative sources in sustaining the energy security in the continent and particularly Nigeria. Corruption level is another factor that hinders economic growth and development in Nigeria. A review of the past literature on sustainable energy policy from Europe has been carried out. The countries investigated include: The United Kingdom, Germany, Norway and Finland. Their policies have been examined, and this helps suggest new policies on sustainable energy for Nigeria and Africa as a continent. The policies analyzed focused on incentives such as Feed-in-Tariff (FiT). Renewable energy sources potential and renewable have been investigated in Nigeria and that could help in formulating new sustainable energy policy for the country. Some of the proposed policies includes: Renewable Obligation (RO), Cogeneration, FiT, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), Renewable Integration, and Heat Entrepreneurship. These are some the new policies that could help sustain the energy security, reduce the level of poverty and corruption in Nigeria as well as Africa in general. If these policies are well designed and properly implemented as observed in this research, Nigeria can achieve sustainable energy and economic growth and development in the near future. Each proposed policy was assigned a timeframe for it to be achieved.
Abstract: Computer-based optimization techniques can be employed to improve the efficiency of energy conversions processes, including reducing the aerodynamic loss in a thermal power plant turbomachine. In this paper, towards mitigating secondary flow losses, a design optimization workflow is implemented for the casing geometry of a 1.5 stage axial flow turbine that improves the turbine isentropic efficiency. The improved turbine is used in an open thermodynamic gas cycle with regeneration and cogeneration. Performance estimates are obtained by the commercial software Cycle – Tempo. Design and off design conditions are considered as well as variations in inlet air temperature. Reductions in both the natural gas specific fuel consumption and in CO2 emissions are predicted by using the gas turbine cycle fitted with the new casing design. These gains are attractive towards enhancing the competitiveness and reducing the environmental impact of thermal power plant.
Abstract: This paper will explore the influence of energy sector in Arab Republic of Egypt which has shared its responsibilities of many environmental challenges as the second largest economy in the Middle East (after Iran). Air and water pollution, desertification, inadequate disposal of solid waste and damage to coral reefs are serious problems that influence environmental management in Egypt. The intensive reliance of high population density and strong industrial growth are wearing Egypt's resources, and the rapidly-growing population has forced Egypt to breakdown agricultural land to residential and relevant use of commercial ingestion. The depletion effects of natural resources impose the government to apply innovation techniques in emission control and focus on sustainability. The cogeneration will be presented to control thermal losses and increase efficiency of energy power system.
Abstract: This paper presents modern solutions of distributed generation in rural communities aiming at the improvement of energy and environmental security, as well as power supply reliability to important customers (e.g. health care, sensitive consumer required continuity). Distributed sources are mainly gas and biogas cogeneration units, as well as wind and photovoltaic sources. Some examples of their applications in a selected Silesian community are given.
Abstract: This paper presents a curriculum of the subject small power plants and renewable energy sources, dealing with the concept of distributed generation, renewable energy sources, hydropower, wind farms, geothermal power plants, cogeneration plants, biogas plants of agriculture and animal origin, solar power and fuel cells. The course is taught the manner of connecting small power plants to the grid, the impact of small generators on the distribution system, as well as economic, environmental and legal aspects of operation of distributed generators.
Abstract: Growing human population has placed increased
demands on water supplies and spurred a heightened interest in
desalination infrastructure. Key elements of the economics of
desalination projects are thermal and electrical inputs. With growing
concerns over use of fossil fuels to (indirectly) supply these inputs,
coupling of desalination with nuclear power production represents a
significant opportunity. Individually, nuclear and desalination
technologies have a long history and are relatively mature. For
desalination, Reverse Osmosis (RO) has the lowest energy inputs.
However, the economically driven output quality of the water
produced using RO, which uses only electrical inputs, is lower than the
output water quality from thermal desalination plants. Therefore,
modern desalination projects consider that RO should be coupled with
thermal desalination technologies (MSF, MED, or MED-TVC) with
attendant steam inputs to permit blending to produce various qualities
of water. A large nuclear facility is well positioned to dispatch large
quantities of both electrical and thermal power. This paper considers
the supply of thermal energy to a large desalination facility to examine
heat balance impact on the nuclear steam cycle. The APR1400 nuclear
plant is selected as prototypical from both a capacity and turbine cycle
heat balance perspective to examine steam supply and the impact on
electrical output. Extraction points and quantities of steam are
considered parametrically along with various types of thermal
desalination technologies to form the basis for further evaluations of
economically optimal approaches to the interface of nuclear power
production with desalination projects. In our study, the
thermodynamic evaluation will be executed by DE-TOP, an IAEA
sponsored program. DE-TOP has capabilities to analyze power
generation systems coupled to desalination plants through various
steam extraction positions, taking into consideration the isolation loop
between the nuclear and the thermal desalination facilities (i.e., for
radiological isolation).
Abstract: A lower consumption of thermal energy will
contribute not only to a reduction in the running costs, but also in the
reduction of pollutant emissions that contribute to the greenhouse
effect. Cogeneration or CHP (Combined Heat and Power) is the
system that produces power and usable heat simultaneously by
decreasing the pollutant emissions and increasing the efficiency.
Combined production of mechanical or electrical and thermal energy
using a simple energy source, such as oil, coal, natural or liquefied
gas, biomass or the sun; affords remarkable energy savings and
frequently makes it possible to operate with greater efficiency when
compared to a system producing heat and power separately. This
study aims to bring out the contributions of cogeneration systems to
the environment and sustainability by saving the energy and reducing
the emissions. In this way we made a comprehensive investigation in
the literature by focusing on the environmental aspects of the
cogeneration systems. In the light of these studies we reached that,
cogeneration systems must be consider in sustainability and their
benefits on protecting the ecology must be investigated.
Abstract: This paper shows an experimental testing of a small
unit for combustion of solid fuels, such as charcoal and wood logs,
that can provide electricity. One of the concepts is that the unit does
not require qualified personnel for its operation. The unit itself is
composed of two main parts. The design requires a heat producing
stove and electricity producing thermoelectric generator. After the
construction the unit was tested and the results show that the
emission release is within the legislative requirements for emission
production and environmental protection. That qualifies such unit for
indoor application.
Abstract: This paper deals with the issue of biomass and sorted
municipal waste gasification and cogeneration using hot-air turbo-set.
It brings description of designed pilot plant with electrical output 80
kWe. The generated gas is burned in secondary combustion chamber
located beyond the gas generator. Flue gas flows through the heat
exchanger where the compressed air is heated and consequently
brought to a micro turbine. Except description, this paper brings our
basic experiences from operating of pilot plant (operating parameters,
contributions, problems during operating, etc.). The principal
advantage of the given cycle is the fact that there is no contact
between the generated gas and the turbine. So there is no need for
costly and complicated gas cleaning which is the main source of
operating problems in direct use in combustion engines because the
content of impurities in the gas causes operation problems to the units
due to clogging and tarring of working surfaces of engines and
turbines, which may lead as far as serious damage to the equipment
under operation. Another merit is the compact container package
making installation of the facility easier or making it relatively more
mobile. We imagine, this solution of cogeneration from biomass or
waste can be suitable for small industrial or communal applications,
for low output cogeneration.
Abstract: Cogeneration may be defined as a system which
contains electricity production and regain of the thermo value of
exhaust gases simultaneously. The examination is based on the data-s
of an active cogeneration plant. This study, it is aimed to determine
which component of the system should be revised first to raise the
efficiency and decrease the loss of exergy. For this purpose, second
law analysis of thermodynamics is applied to each component due to
consider the effects of environmental conditions and take the quality
of energy into consideration as well as the quantity of it. The exergy
balance equations are produced and exergy loss is calculated for each
component. 44,44 % loss of exergy in heat exchanger, 29,59 % in
combustion chamber, 18,68 % in steam boiler, 5,25 % in gas turbine
and 2,03 % in compressor is calculated.
Abstract: The rapidly increasing costs of power line extensions
and fossil fuel, combined with the desire to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions pushed the development of hybrid power system suited for
remote locations, the purpose in mind being that of autonomous local
power systems. The paper presents the suggested solution for a “high
penetration" hybrid power system, it being determined by the
location of the settlement and its “zero policy" on carbon dioxide
emissions. The paper focuses on the technical solution and the power
flow management algorithm of the system, taking into consideration
local conditions of development.
Abstract: A co-generation system in automobile can improve
thermal efficiency of vehicle in some degree. The waste heat from the
engine exhaust and coolant is still attractive energy source that reaches
around 60% of the total energy converted from fuel. To maximize the
effectiveness of heat exchangers for recovering the waste heat, it is
vital to select the most suitable working fluid for the system, not to
mention that it is important to find the optimum design for the heat
exchangers. The design of heat exchanger is out of scoop of this study;
rather, the main focus has been on the right selection of working fluid
for the co-generation system. Simulation study was carried out to find
the most suitable working fluid that can allow the system to achieve
the optimum efficiency in terms of the heat recovery rate and thermal
efficiency.