Sustainability Analysis and Quality Assessment of Rainwater Harvested from Green Roofs: A Review
Most people today are aware that global climate
change is not just a scientific theory but also a fact with worldwide
consequences. Global climate change is due to rapid urbanization,
industrialization, high population growth and current vulnerability of
the climatic condition. Water is becoming scarce as a result of global
climate change. To mitigate the problem arising due to global climate
change and its drought effect, harvesting rainwater from green roofs,
an environmentally-friendly and versatile technology, is becoming
one of the best assessment criteria and gaining attention in Malaysia.
This paper addresses the sustainability of green roofs and examines
the quality of water harvested from green roofs in comparison to
rainwater. The factors that affect the quality of such water, taking
into account, for example, roofing materials, climatic conditions, the
frequency of rainfall frequency and the first flush. A green roof was
installed on the Humid Tropic Centre (HTC) is a place of the study
on monitoring program for urban Stormwater Management Manual
for Malaysia (MSMA), Eco-Hydrological Project in Kuala Lumpur,
and the rainwater was harvested and evaluated on the basis of four
parameters i.e., conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and
temperature. These parameters were found to fall between Class I and
Class III of the Interim National Water Quality Standards (INWQS)
and the Water Quality Index (WQI). Some preliminary treatment
such as disinfection and filtration could likely to improve the value of
these parameters to class I. This review paper clearly indicates that
there is a need for more research to address other microbiological and
chemical quality parameters to ensure that the harvested water is
suitable for use potable water for domestic purposes. The change in
all physical, chemical and microbiological parameters with respect to
storage time will be a major focus of future studies in this field.
[1] H. F.Castleton, V. Stovin, S. B. M. Beck, J. B. Daviso.Green roofs;
building energy savings and the potential for retrofit. Energy and
Buildings, 2010. 42(10): p. 1582-1591.
[2] Lee Xia Sheng,Tamil Salvi Mari, Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin
Hussein.Integrated sustainable roof design. Procedia Engineering, 2011.
21: p. 846-852.
[3] Kolb, W. and T. Schwarz, Dachbegrünung: intensiv und extensiv; 25
Tabellen. 1999: Ulmer.
[4] Vialle, C., et al., Water quality monitoring and hydraulic evaluation of a
household roof runoff harvesting system in France. Water resources
management, 2012. 26(8): p. 2233-2241.
[5] Fletcher TD, Deletic A,Mitchell VG, Hatt BE, Reuse of urban runoff in
Australia: a review of recent advances and remaining challenges.
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2008. 37(5_Supplement): p. S-116-S-
127.
[6] Lye, D.J., Rooftop runoff as a source of contamination: A review.
Science of the total environment, 2009. 407(21):p. 5429-5434
[7] Gonçalves, F., et al., Preliminary estimation of the rainfall chemical
composition evaluated through the scavenging modeling for northeastern
Amazonian region (Amapa State, Brazil). Environmental
Pollution, 2003. 121(1): p. 63-73.
[8] Chang, M., M.W. McBroom, and R. Scott Beasley, Roofing as a source
of nonpoint water pollution. Journal of environmental management,
2004. 73(4): p. 307-315.
[9] Ju Young Lee, Jung-Seok Yang, Mooyoung Han, Jaeyoung choi,
Comparison of the microbiological and chemical characterization of
harvested rainwater and reservoir water as alternative water resources.
Science of the total environment, 2010. 408(4): p. 896-905.
[10] Kok, K., et al. Evaluation of green roof as green technology for urban
storm water quantity and quality controls. InIOP Conference Series:
Earth and Environmental Science. 2013. IOP Publishing.
[11] Smet, J. and P. Moriarty, Rooftop rainwater haverting, in DGIS policy
supporting paper. 2001, IRC.
[12] Nicholson, N., et al. Rainwater harvesting for non-potable use in
gardens: a comparison of runoff water quality from green vs. traditional
roofs. in Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources
Congress. 2009.
[13] Despins, C., K. Farahbakhsh, and C. Leidl, Assessment of rainwater
quality from rainwater harvesting systems in Ontario, Canada. Aqua,
2009. 58(2): p. 117.
[14] Mendez, C.B, JB Klenzendrof,BR Afshar, MT Simmons, The effect of
roofing material on the quality of harvested rainwater. water research,
2011. 45(5): p. 2049-2059.
[15] Sultana, N., Akib, S., Aqeel Ashraf, M., & Roseli Zainal Abidin, M..
Quality assessment of harvested rainwater from green roofs under
tropical climate, Desalination and water treatment, (DOI:
10.1080/19443994.2015.1015307 (2015), 1-8.
[16] Farreny, R., Morales-Pinzon, T., Guisasola, A., Taya, C., Rieradevall, J.,
& Gabarrell, X. (2011). Roof selection for rainwater harvesting: quantity
and quality assessments in Spain. Water research, 45(10), 3245-3254.
[17] Antrop, M., Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe.
Landscape and urban planning, 2004. 67(1): p. 9-26.
[18] Zhang, Q., et al., Quality and seasonal variation of rainwater harvested
from concrete, asphalt, ceramic tile and green roofs in Chongqing,
China. Journal of environmental management, 2014. 132: p. 178-187.
[19] Walsh, C.J., et al., The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and
the search for a cure. Journal of the North American Benthological
Society, 2005. 24(3): p. 706-723.
[20] Akbari, H., M. Pomerantz, and H. Taha, Cool surfaces and shade trees
to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas. Solar
energy, 2001. 70(3): p. 295-310
[21] Dunnett, N. and N. Kingsbury, Planting green roofs and living walls.
Vol. 254. 2004: Timber Press Portland, OR.
[22] Vanuytrecht, E., et al., Runoff and vegetation stress of green roofs under
different climate change scenarios. Landscape and Urban Planning,
2014. 122(2): p. 68-77.
[23] Berndtsson, J., L. Bengtsson, and K. Jinno, First flush effect from
vegetated roofs during simulated rain events. 2008.
[24] Che-Ani, A.I, Shaari N, A. Sairi, M.F.M. Zain,Rainwater harvesting as
an alternative water supply in the future. European Journal of Scientific
Research, 2009. 34(1): p. 132-140.
[25] HO, M.S., et al., Policies and Incentives for Rainwater Harvesting in
Malaysia.
[26] Mohammed, T.A., M.J.M.M. Noor, and A.H. Ghazali, Study on
Potential Uses of Rainwater Harvesting in Urban Areas. University
Putra Malaysia, 2006.
[27] Weng, C.N., et al. Incorporating Rainfall Harvesting Mechanisms into
Building Designs for Water Resources Management: Examples from
Malaysia. in Proceedings: Regional Conference on Urban Water and
Sanitation in Southeast Asian Cities. 2006.
[28] Final Report Monitoring Program for MSMA Storm water Management
Eco-Hydrology Project at Humid Tropic Centre Kualalumpur (DEC-
2012).
[29] Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG) (2008). Guidelines
for Installing a Rainwater Collection and Utilization System, 1999.
Edited by: Ministry of Housing and Local Government. Unpublished
article.
[1] H. F.Castleton, V. Stovin, S. B. M. Beck, J. B. Daviso.Green roofs;
building energy savings and the potential for retrofit. Energy and
Buildings, 2010. 42(10): p. 1582-1591.
[2] Lee Xia Sheng,Tamil Salvi Mari, Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin
Hussein.Integrated sustainable roof design. Procedia Engineering, 2011.
21: p. 846-852.
[3] Kolb, W. and T. Schwarz, Dachbegrünung: intensiv und extensiv; 25
Tabellen. 1999: Ulmer.
[4] Vialle, C., et al., Water quality monitoring and hydraulic evaluation of a
household roof runoff harvesting system in France. Water resources
management, 2012. 26(8): p. 2233-2241.
[5] Fletcher TD, Deletic A,Mitchell VG, Hatt BE, Reuse of urban runoff in
Australia: a review of recent advances and remaining challenges.
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2008. 37(5_Supplement): p. S-116-S-
127.
[6] Lye, D.J., Rooftop runoff as a source of contamination: A review.
Science of the total environment, 2009. 407(21):p. 5429-5434
[7] Gonçalves, F., et al., Preliminary estimation of the rainfall chemical
composition evaluated through the scavenging modeling for northeastern
Amazonian region (Amapa State, Brazil). Environmental
Pollution, 2003. 121(1): p. 63-73.
[8] Chang, M., M.W. McBroom, and R. Scott Beasley, Roofing as a source
of nonpoint water pollution. Journal of environmental management,
2004. 73(4): p. 307-315.
[9] Ju Young Lee, Jung-Seok Yang, Mooyoung Han, Jaeyoung choi,
Comparison of the microbiological and chemical characterization of
harvested rainwater and reservoir water as alternative water resources.
Science of the total environment, 2010. 408(4): p. 896-905.
[10] Kok, K., et al. Evaluation of green roof as green technology for urban
storm water quantity and quality controls. InIOP Conference Series:
Earth and Environmental Science. 2013. IOP Publishing.
[11] Smet, J. and P. Moriarty, Rooftop rainwater haverting, in DGIS policy
supporting paper. 2001, IRC.
[12] Nicholson, N., et al. Rainwater harvesting for non-potable use in
gardens: a comparison of runoff water quality from green vs. traditional
roofs. in Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources
Congress. 2009.
[13] Despins, C., K. Farahbakhsh, and C. Leidl, Assessment of rainwater
quality from rainwater harvesting systems in Ontario, Canada. Aqua,
2009. 58(2): p. 117.
[14] Mendez, C.B, JB Klenzendrof,BR Afshar, MT Simmons, The effect of
roofing material on the quality of harvested rainwater. water research,
2011. 45(5): p. 2049-2059.
[15] Sultana, N., Akib, S., Aqeel Ashraf, M., & Roseli Zainal Abidin, M..
Quality assessment of harvested rainwater from green roofs under
tropical climate, Desalination and water treatment, (DOI:
10.1080/19443994.2015.1015307 (2015), 1-8.
[16] Farreny, R., Morales-Pinzon, T., Guisasola, A., Taya, C., Rieradevall, J.,
& Gabarrell, X. (2011). Roof selection for rainwater harvesting: quantity
and quality assessments in Spain. Water research, 45(10), 3245-3254.
[17] Antrop, M., Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe.
Landscape and urban planning, 2004. 67(1): p. 9-26.
[18] Zhang, Q., et al., Quality and seasonal variation of rainwater harvested
from concrete, asphalt, ceramic tile and green roofs in Chongqing,
China. Journal of environmental management, 2014. 132: p. 178-187.
[19] Walsh, C.J., et al., The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and
the search for a cure. Journal of the North American Benthological
Society, 2005. 24(3): p. 706-723.
[20] Akbari, H., M. Pomerantz, and H. Taha, Cool surfaces and shade trees
to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas. Solar
energy, 2001. 70(3): p. 295-310
[21] Dunnett, N. and N. Kingsbury, Planting green roofs and living walls.
Vol. 254. 2004: Timber Press Portland, OR.
[22] Vanuytrecht, E., et al., Runoff and vegetation stress of green roofs under
different climate change scenarios. Landscape and Urban Planning,
2014. 122(2): p. 68-77.
[23] Berndtsson, J., L. Bengtsson, and K. Jinno, First flush effect from
vegetated roofs during simulated rain events. 2008.
[24] Che-Ani, A.I, Shaari N, A. Sairi, M.F.M. Zain,Rainwater harvesting as
an alternative water supply in the future. European Journal of Scientific
Research, 2009. 34(1): p. 132-140.
[25] HO, M.S., et al., Policies and Incentives for Rainwater Harvesting in
Malaysia.
[26] Mohammed, T.A., M.J.M.M. Noor, and A.H. Ghazali, Study on
Potential Uses of Rainwater Harvesting in Urban Areas. University
Putra Malaysia, 2006.
[27] Weng, C.N., et al. Incorporating Rainfall Harvesting Mechanisms into
Building Designs for Water Resources Management: Examples from
Malaysia. in Proceedings: Regional Conference on Urban Water and
Sanitation in Southeast Asian Cities. 2006.
[28] Final Report Monitoring Program for MSMA Storm water Management
Eco-Hydrology Project at Humid Tropic Centre Kualalumpur (DEC-
2012).
[29] Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG) (2008). Guidelines
for Installing a Rainwater Collection and Utilization System, 1999.
Edited by: Ministry of Housing and Local Government. Unpublished
article.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:69546", author = "Mst. Nilufa Sultana and Shatirah Akib and Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf and Mohamed Roseli Zainal Abidin", title = "Sustainability Analysis and Quality Assessment of Rainwater Harvested from Green Roofs: A Review", abstract = "Most people today are aware that global climate
change is not just a scientific theory but also a fact with worldwide
consequences. Global climate change is due to rapid urbanization,
industrialization, high population growth and current vulnerability of
the climatic condition. Water is becoming scarce as a result of global
climate change. To mitigate the problem arising due to global climate
change and its drought effect, harvesting rainwater from green roofs,
an environmentally-friendly and versatile technology, is becoming
one of the best assessment criteria and gaining attention in Malaysia.
This paper addresses the sustainability of green roofs and examines
the quality of water harvested from green roofs in comparison to
rainwater. The factors that affect the quality of such water, taking
into account, for example, roofing materials, climatic conditions, the
frequency of rainfall frequency and the first flush. A green roof was
installed on the Humid Tropic Centre (HTC) is a place of the study
on monitoring program for urban Stormwater Management Manual
for Malaysia (MSMA), Eco-Hydrological Project in Kuala Lumpur,
and the rainwater was harvested and evaluated on the basis of four
parameters i.e., conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and
temperature. These parameters were found to fall between Class I and
Class III of the Interim National Water Quality Standards (INWQS)
and the Water Quality Index (WQI). Some preliminary treatment
such as disinfection and filtration could likely to improve the value of
these parameters to class I. This review paper clearly indicates that
there is a need for more research to address other microbiological and
chemical quality parameters to ensure that the harvested water is
suitable for use potable water for domestic purposes. The change in
all physical, chemical and microbiological parameters with respect to
storage time will be a major focus of future studies in this field.
", keywords = "Green roofs, INWQS, MSMA-SME, Rainwater
harvesting.", volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "92-4", }
