“Post-Industrial” Journalism as a Creative Industry
The context of post-industrial journalism is one in which the material circumstances of mechanical publication have been displaced by digital technologies, increasing the distance between the orthodoxy of the newsroom and the culture of journalistic writing. Content is, with growing frequency, created for delivery via the internet, publication on web-based ‘platforms’ and consumption on screen media. In this environment, the question is not ‘who is a journalist?’ but ‘what is journalism?’ today. The changes bring into sharp relief new distinctions between journalistic work and journalistic labor, providing a key insight into the current transition between the industrial journalism of the 20th century, and the post-industrial journalism of the present. In the 20th century, the work of journalists and journalistic labor went hand-in-hand as most journalists were employees of news organizations, whilst in the 21st century evidence of a decoupling of ‘acts of journalism’ (work) and journalistic employment (labor) is beginning to appear. This 'decoupling' of the work and labor that underpins journalism practice is far reaching in its implications, not least for institutional structures. Under these conditions we are witnessing the emergence of expanded ‘entrepreneurial’ journalism, based on smaller, more independent and agile - if less stable - enterprise constructs that are a feature of creative industries. Entrepreneurial journalism is realized in a range of organizational forms from social enterprise, through to profit driven start-ups and hybrids of the two. In all instances, however, the primary motif of the organization is an ideological definition of journalism. An example is the Scoop Foundation for Public Interest Journalism in New Zealand, which owns and operates Scoop Publishing Limited, a not for profit company and social enterprise that publishes an independent news site that claims to have over 500,000 monthly users. Our paper demonstrates that this journalistic work meets the ideological definition of journalism; conducted within the creative industries using an innovative organizational structure that offers a new, viable post-industrial future for journalism.
[1] S. Jobs, “Introduction of iPhone” at Macworld 2007 Conference, San Francisco. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7qPAY9JqE4, 2007.
[2] J. Lighterman, “Swipe to unlock: Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone 10 years ago today, changing journalism forever”, in Neiman Lab retrieved from http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/01/swipe-to-unlock-steve-jobs-introduced-the-iphone-10-years-ago-today-changing-journalism-forever/, 2017.
[3] D. Seifert, “Apple announces iOS 9, release later this year” in The Verge, 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2017, from http://www.theverge.com/2015/6/8/8730557/apple-ios9-release-wwdc-2015.
[4] O. Raymundo, “Get to know iOS 10's updated Apple News app with breaking news notifications” in Macworld. Retrieved from http://www.macworld.com/article/3094344/software-news/get-to-know-ios-10s-updated-apple-news-app-with-breaking-news-notifications.html, 2016.
[5] C. Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organising without Organisations, New York: Penguin Press, 2008.
[6] N. S Cohen, N. S. Entrepreneurial journalism and the precarious state of media work. South Atlantic Quarterly 114(3), 2015, pp513–533.
[7] M. Briggs Entrepreneurial Journalism: How to Build What's Next for News, Washington: CQ Press, 2011.
[8] J. B. Singer J. B “Out of Bounds: Professional Norms as Boundary Markers” in M. Carlson and S. C. Lewis Ed. Boundaries of Journalism: Professionalism, Practices and Participation New York: Routledge. 2015 pp.
[9] J. Peters and E. C Tandoc Jr., “People who aren't really reporters at all, who have no professional qualifications: Defining a Journalist and Deciding Who May Claim The Privileges” in Legislation and Public Policy QUORUM, New York, 2013, 34pp34-63.
[10] T. Kent, “Who’s a Journalist? Closing in on a Definition”, in Huffington Post, retrieved from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomas-kent/whos-a-journalist-closing_b_4033856.html, December 3, 2013.
[11] S. Spichal and C. Sparks, Journalists for the 21st Century, Norwood NJ: Ablex Publications, 1994.
[12] Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance, Code of Ethics for Australian Journalists, Sydney: MEAA.
[13] M. Deuze, “What is Journalism” in Journalism, Vol. 6(4): 442–464 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10.1177/1464884905056815, London: Sage Publications, 2005.
[14] T. Koch, Journalism for the 21st Century, New York: Praeger, 1991.
[15] D. Underwood, When MBA’s Rule the Newsroom: How Markets and Managers are Shaping Today’s Media, New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
[16] J. McManus, Market Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications, 1994.
[17] I. Marshall and D. Kingsbury, Media Realities: The News Media and Power in Australian Society, Melbourne: Longman, 1996.
[18] D. L. Paletz and R. M. Entman, Media*Power*Politics, New York: The Free Press, 1982.
[19] L. Sheridan Burns Understanding Journalism, 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications.
[20] M. Deuze, Media work, Cambridge: Polity, 2011.
[21] M. Deuze and T. Witschge, “Beyond journalism: Theorizing the transformation of journalism” in Journalism, 146488491668855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916688550, London: Sage Publications, 2017, pp1-17.
[22] C.W Anderson, E. Bell, and C. Shirky, C. Post-Industrial Journalism: Adapting to the Present. Retrieved from http://towcenter.org/research/post-industrial-journalism-adapting-to-the-present-2/ ,2014.
[23] D. Searls, “Post-Industrial Journalism” in Doc Searls’ Weblog, October 2, 2001. Retrieved February 9, 2017. http://doc.weblogs.com/2001/10/02#postindustrialJournalism.
[24] P. Rottwilm, The Future of Journalistic Work: Its Changing Nature and Implications, New York: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2014.
[25] B. Creech and A. Nadler, “Post-industrial fog: Reconsidering innovation in visions of journalism's future” in Journalism, London: Sage Publications http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916689573, 2017, pp1-18.
[26] P. Lee-Wright, “The Return of Hephaestus: Journalists’ Work Recrafted.” In Changing Journalism, edited by P. Lee-Wright, A. Phillips, and T. Witschge, London, Routledge, 2011, pp21-40.
[27] A. Phillips, “Faster and Shallower: Homogenization, Cannibalization and the Death of Reporting” in Changing Journalism, edited by P. Lee-Wright, A. Phillips, and T. Witschge, Ed. London: Routledge. 2011, pp81–98.
[28] M. Schudson, M. The sociology of news. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2012.
[29] C. Sparks, J. Tulloch and B. Zelizer, B. Tabloid tales. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006.
[30] J. Väliverronen, K. Koljonen, H. Hellman, M. Jaakkola, “Liquid modern journalism with a difference” in Journalism Practice, 9(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1051361 London: Routledge 2015, pp811-828.
[31] Scoop Foundation, “About us – Scoop Foundation” Retrieved from https://foundation.scoop.co.nz/about-us 19 March 2017.
[32] Scoop News, “About Scoop - Scoop News” Retrieved from http://www.scoop.co.nz/about/about.html?Source=Ftr 19 March 2017.
[33] Enspiral, “Scoop - Enspiral Handbook” from https://handbook.enspiral.com/ventures/scoop.html Retrieved 19 March 2017.
[34] Pledgeme, “Help Scoop 'Open the Election': The Open News Project” Retrieved from https://www.pledgeme.co.nz/projects/5084-help-scoop-to-open-the-2017-election-the-open-news-project 19 March 2017.
[1] S. Jobs, “Introduction of iPhone” at Macworld 2007 Conference, San Francisco. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7qPAY9JqE4, 2007.
[2] J. Lighterman, “Swipe to unlock: Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone 10 years ago today, changing journalism forever”, in Neiman Lab retrieved from http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/01/swipe-to-unlock-steve-jobs-introduced-the-iphone-10-years-ago-today-changing-journalism-forever/, 2017.
[3] D. Seifert, “Apple announces iOS 9, release later this year” in The Verge, 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2017, from http://www.theverge.com/2015/6/8/8730557/apple-ios9-release-wwdc-2015.
[4] O. Raymundo, “Get to know iOS 10's updated Apple News app with breaking news notifications” in Macworld. Retrieved from http://www.macworld.com/article/3094344/software-news/get-to-know-ios-10s-updated-apple-news-app-with-breaking-news-notifications.html, 2016.
[5] C. Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organising without Organisations, New York: Penguin Press, 2008.
[6] N. S Cohen, N. S. Entrepreneurial journalism and the precarious state of media work. South Atlantic Quarterly 114(3), 2015, pp513–533.
[7] M. Briggs Entrepreneurial Journalism: How to Build What's Next for News, Washington: CQ Press, 2011.
[8] J. B. Singer J. B “Out of Bounds: Professional Norms as Boundary Markers” in M. Carlson and S. C. Lewis Ed. Boundaries of Journalism: Professionalism, Practices and Participation New York: Routledge. 2015 pp.
[9] J. Peters and E. C Tandoc Jr., “People who aren't really reporters at all, who have no professional qualifications: Defining a Journalist and Deciding Who May Claim The Privileges” in Legislation and Public Policy QUORUM, New York, 2013, 34pp34-63.
[10] T. Kent, “Who’s a Journalist? Closing in on a Definition”, in Huffington Post, retrieved from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomas-kent/whos-a-journalist-closing_b_4033856.html, December 3, 2013.
[11] S. Spichal and C. Sparks, Journalists for the 21st Century, Norwood NJ: Ablex Publications, 1994.
[12] Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance, Code of Ethics for Australian Journalists, Sydney: MEAA.
[13] M. Deuze, “What is Journalism” in Journalism, Vol. 6(4): 442–464 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10.1177/1464884905056815, London: Sage Publications, 2005.
[14] T. Koch, Journalism for the 21st Century, New York: Praeger, 1991.
[15] D. Underwood, When MBA’s Rule the Newsroom: How Markets and Managers are Shaping Today’s Media, New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
[16] J. McManus, Market Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications, 1994.
[17] I. Marshall and D. Kingsbury, Media Realities: The News Media and Power in Australian Society, Melbourne: Longman, 1996.
[18] D. L. Paletz and R. M. Entman, Media*Power*Politics, New York: The Free Press, 1982.
[19] L. Sheridan Burns Understanding Journalism, 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications.
[20] M. Deuze, Media work, Cambridge: Polity, 2011.
[21] M. Deuze and T. Witschge, “Beyond journalism: Theorizing the transformation of journalism” in Journalism, 146488491668855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916688550, London: Sage Publications, 2017, pp1-17.
[22] C.W Anderson, E. Bell, and C. Shirky, C. Post-Industrial Journalism: Adapting to the Present. Retrieved from http://towcenter.org/research/post-industrial-journalism-adapting-to-the-present-2/ ,2014.
[23] D. Searls, “Post-Industrial Journalism” in Doc Searls’ Weblog, October 2, 2001. Retrieved February 9, 2017. http://doc.weblogs.com/2001/10/02#postindustrialJournalism.
[24] P. Rottwilm, The Future of Journalistic Work: Its Changing Nature and Implications, New York: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2014.
[25] B. Creech and A. Nadler, “Post-industrial fog: Reconsidering innovation in visions of journalism's future” in Journalism, London: Sage Publications http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916689573, 2017, pp1-18.
[26] P. Lee-Wright, “The Return of Hephaestus: Journalists’ Work Recrafted.” In Changing Journalism, edited by P. Lee-Wright, A. Phillips, and T. Witschge, London, Routledge, 2011, pp21-40.
[27] A. Phillips, “Faster and Shallower: Homogenization, Cannibalization and the Death of Reporting” in Changing Journalism, edited by P. Lee-Wright, A. Phillips, and T. Witschge, Ed. London: Routledge. 2011, pp81–98.
[28] M. Schudson, M. The sociology of news. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2012.
[29] C. Sparks, J. Tulloch and B. Zelizer, B. Tabloid tales. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006.
[30] J. Väliverronen, K. Koljonen, H. Hellman, M. Jaakkola, “Liquid modern journalism with a difference” in Journalism Practice, 9(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1051361 London: Routledge 2015, pp811-828.
[31] Scoop Foundation, “About us – Scoop Foundation” Retrieved from https://foundation.scoop.co.nz/about-us 19 March 2017.
[32] Scoop News, “About Scoop - Scoop News” Retrieved from http://www.scoop.co.nz/about/about.html?Source=Ftr 19 March 2017.
[33] Enspiral, “Scoop - Enspiral Handbook” from https://handbook.enspiral.com/ventures/scoop.html Retrieved 19 March 2017.
[34] Pledgeme, “Help Scoop 'Open the Election': The Open News Project” Retrieved from https://www.pledgeme.co.nz/projects/5084-help-scoop-to-open-the-2017-election-the-open-news-project 19 March 2017.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:76037", author = "Lynette Sheridan Burns and Benjamin J. Matthews", title = "“Post-Industrial” Journalism as a Creative Industry", abstract = "The context of post-industrial journalism is one in which the material circumstances of mechanical publication have been displaced by digital technologies, increasing the distance between the orthodoxy of the newsroom and the culture of journalistic writing. Content is, with growing frequency, created for delivery via the internet, publication on web-based ‘platforms’ and consumption on screen media. In this environment, the question is not ‘who is a journalist?’ but ‘what is journalism?’ today. The changes bring into sharp relief new distinctions between journalistic work and journalistic labor, providing a key insight into the current transition between the industrial journalism of the 20th century, and the post-industrial journalism of the present. In the 20th century, the work of journalists and journalistic labor went hand-in-hand as most journalists were employees of news organizations, whilst in the 21st century evidence of a decoupling of ‘acts of journalism’ (work) and journalistic employment (labor) is beginning to appear. This 'decoupling' of the work and labor that underpins journalism practice is far reaching in its implications, not least for institutional structures. Under these conditions we are witnessing the emergence of expanded ‘entrepreneurial’ journalism, based on smaller, more independent and agile - if less stable - enterprise constructs that are a feature of creative industries. Entrepreneurial journalism is realized in a range of organizational forms from social enterprise, through to profit driven start-ups and hybrids of the two. In all instances, however, the primary motif of the organization is an ideological definition of journalism. An example is the Scoop Foundation for Public Interest Journalism in New Zealand, which owns and operates Scoop Publishing Limited, a not for profit company and social enterprise that publishes an independent news site that claims to have over 500,000 monthly users. Our paper demonstrates that this journalistic work meets the ideological definition of journalism; conducted within the creative industries using an innovative organizational structure that offers a new, viable post-industrial future for journalism.
", keywords = "Creative industries, digital communication, journalism, post-industrial.", volume = "11", number = "6", pages = "1579-9", }
