Objectivity, Reliability and Validity of the 90º
Push-Ups Test Protocol Among Male and
Female Students of Sports Science Program
This study was conducted to determine the
objectivity, reliability and validity of the 90º push-ups test protocol
among male and female students of Sports Science Program, Faculty
of Sports Science and Coaching Sultan Idris University of Education.
Samples (n = 300), consisted of males (n = 168) and females (n =
132) students were randomly selected for this study. Researchers
tested the 90º push-ups on the sample twice in a single trial, test and
re-test protocol in the bench press test. Pearson-Product Moment
Correlation method's was used to determine the value of objectivity,
reliability and validity testing. The findings showed that the 900 pushups
test protocol showed high consistency between the two testers
with a value of r = .99. Likewise, The reliability value between test
and re-test for the 90º push-ups test for the male (r=.93) and female
(r=.93) students was also high. The results showed a correlation
between 90º push-ups test and bench press test for boys was r = .64
and girls was r = .28. This finding indicates that the use of the 90º
push-ups to test muscular strength and endurance in the upper body
of males has a higher validity values than female students.
[1] Baumgartner, T. A., & Chung, H. Confidence limits form intraclass
reliability coefficients. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise
Science, 2000, vol 5, pp. 179-188.
[2] Baumgartner, T. A., Jackson, A. S., Mahar, M. T., & Rowe,D. A.
Measurement for evaluation in physical education and exercise science
(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.pp 79-115,
[3] Baumgartner, T. A., Strong, C. H.,&Hensley, L. D. Conducting and
reading research in health and human performance (3rd ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill. 2002.
[4] Baumgartner, T. A., Oh, S., Chung, H.,&Hales, D Objectivity,
reliability, and validity for a revised push-up test protocol. Measurement
in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2002, vol 6, pp. 225-242.
[5] Baumgartner, T. A., & Wood, H.M. Objectivity, reliability, and validity
of the bent-knee push-up for college age women. Measurement in
Physical Education and Exercise Science, 2004, vol 6, pp. 225-242.
[6] Fitnessgram / Activitygram Test Administration Manual (4thed) (2007).
The Cooper Institute Dallas, Texas.pp 25-56.
[7] Jackson, A. W., Fromme, C., Plitt, H., & Mercer, J Reliability and
validity of a 1-minute push-up test for young adults. Research Quarterly
for Exercise and Sport, .1994. vol 65, A-57 (Abstract).
[8] McManis, B. G., Baumgartner, T. A., & Wuest, D. A. Objetivity and
reliability of the 90┬░ push-up test. Measurement in Physical Education
and Exercise Science, 2000, vol 4, pp 57-67.
[9] Pate, R. R., Burgess, M. L.,Woods, J. A., Ross, J. G.,&Baumgartner, T.
Validity of field tests of upper body strength. Research Quarterly for
Exercise and Sport, 199, vol 64, pp. 17-24.
[10] Safrit, M J., & Wood, T. M.. Introduction to measurement in physical
education and exercise science (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
1995.pp. 297-303.
[11] Tritschler, K.. Barrow & McGee-s practical measurement and
assessment (5th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott. 2000.
[12] Wood, H. M & Baumgartner, T. A. Objectivity, reliability and validity
of the bent-knee push-up for college-age women. Measurement in
physical education and exercise science, 2004, vol 8(4), pp 203-212.
[1] Baumgartner, T. A., & Chung, H. Confidence limits form intraclass
reliability coefficients. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise
Science, 2000, vol 5, pp. 179-188.
[2] Baumgartner, T. A., Jackson, A. S., Mahar, M. T., & Rowe,D. A.
Measurement for evaluation in physical education and exercise science
(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.pp 79-115,
[3] Baumgartner, T. A., Strong, C. H.,&Hensley, L. D. Conducting and
reading research in health and human performance (3rd ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill. 2002.
[4] Baumgartner, T. A., Oh, S., Chung, H.,&Hales, D Objectivity,
reliability, and validity for a revised push-up test protocol. Measurement
in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2002, vol 6, pp. 225-242.
[5] Baumgartner, T. A., & Wood, H.M. Objectivity, reliability, and validity
of the bent-knee push-up for college age women. Measurement in
Physical Education and Exercise Science, 2004, vol 6, pp. 225-242.
[6] Fitnessgram / Activitygram Test Administration Manual (4thed) (2007).
The Cooper Institute Dallas, Texas.pp 25-56.
[7] Jackson, A. W., Fromme, C., Plitt, H., & Mercer, J Reliability and
validity of a 1-minute push-up test for young adults. Research Quarterly
for Exercise and Sport, .1994. vol 65, A-57 (Abstract).
[8] McManis, B. G., Baumgartner, T. A., & Wuest, D. A. Objetivity and
reliability of the 90┬░ push-up test. Measurement in Physical Education
and Exercise Science, 2000, vol 4, pp 57-67.
[9] Pate, R. R., Burgess, M. L.,Woods, J. A., Ross, J. G.,&Baumgartner, T.
Validity of field tests of upper body strength. Research Quarterly for
Exercise and Sport, 199, vol 64, pp. 17-24.
[10] Safrit, M J., & Wood, T. M.. Introduction to measurement in physical
education and exercise science (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
1995.pp. 297-303.
[11] Tritschler, K.. Barrow & McGee-s practical measurement and
assessment (5th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott. 2000.
[12] Wood, H. M & Baumgartner, T. A. Objectivity, reliability and validity
of the bent-knee push-up for college-age women. Measurement in
physical education and exercise science, 2004, vol 8(4), pp 203-212.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:52533", author = "Ahmad Hashim and Mohd Sani Madon", title = "Objectivity, Reliability and Validity of the 90º
Push-Ups Test Protocol Among Male and
Female Students of Sports Science Program", abstract = "This study was conducted to determine the
objectivity, reliability and validity of the 90º push-ups test protocol
among male and female students of Sports Science Program, Faculty
of Sports Science and Coaching Sultan Idris University of Education.
Samples (n = 300), consisted of males (n = 168) and females (n =
132) students were randomly selected for this study. Researchers
tested the 90º push-ups on the sample twice in a single trial, test and
re-test protocol in the bench press test. Pearson-Product Moment
Correlation method's was used to determine the value of objectivity,
reliability and validity testing. The findings showed that the 900 pushups
test protocol showed high consistency between the two testers
with a value of r = .99. Likewise, The reliability value between test
and re-test for the 90º push-ups test for the male (r=.93) and female
(r=.93) students was also high. The results showed a correlation
between 90º push-ups test and bench press test for boys was r = .64
and girls was r = .28. This finding indicates that the use of the 90º
push-ups to test muscular strength and endurance in the upper body
of males has a higher validity values than female students.", keywords = "Arm and shoulder girdle strength and endurance,
900 push-ups, bench press", volume = "6", number = "6", pages = "1164-4", }