Novel Dual Stage Membrane Bioreactor for the Continuous Remediation of Electroplating Wastewater
In this study, the designed dual stage membrane
bioreactor (MBR) system was conceptualized for the treatment of
cyanide and heavy metals in electroplating wastewater. The design
consisted of a primary treatment stage to reduce the impact of
fluctuations and the secondary treatment stage to remove the residual
cyanide and heavy metal contaminants in the wastewater under
alkaline pH conditions. The primary treatment stage contained
hydrolyzed Citrus sinensis (C. sinensis) pomace and the secondary
treatment stage contained active Aspergillus awamori (A. awamori)
biomass, supplemented solely with C. sinensis pomace extract from
the hydrolysis process. An average of 76.37%, 95.37%, 93.26 and
94.76% and 99.55%, 99.91%, 99.92% and 99.92% degradation
efficiency for total cyanide (T-CN), including the sorption of nickel
(Ni), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were observed after the first and
second treatment stages, respectively. Furthermore, cyanide
conversion by-products degradation was 99.81% and 99.75 for both
formate (CHOO-) and ammonium (NH4
+) after the second treatment
stage. After the first, second and third regeneration cycles of the C.
sinensis pomace in the first treatment stage, Ni, Zn and Cu removal
achieved was 99.13%, 99.12% and 99.04% (first regeneration cycle),
98.94%, 98.92% and 98.41% (second regeneration cycle) and 98.46
%, 98.44% and 97.91% (third regeneration cycle), respectively.
There was relatively insignificant standard deviation detected in all
the measured parameters in the system which indicated
reproducibility of the remediation efficiency in this continuous
system.
<p>[1] G. C. Cushnie and CAI Resources, Inc. Pollution Prevention and
Control Technologies for Plating Operations. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor:
NCMS, Inc., 2009, ch. 5.4.
[2] A. B. Nesbitt, Recovery of Metal Cyanides Using a Fluidized Bed of
Resin. Cape Town: Cape Tech., 1996.
[3] E. B. Nsimba, Cyanide and Cyanide Complexes in the Goldmine
Polluted Land in the East and Central Rand Goldfields, South Africa.
Johannesburg: WITS, 2009.
[4] J. Wang and C. Chen, “Biosorbents for Heavy Metals Removed and
their Future,” Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 195-226, Dec. 2009.
[5] D. Sud, G. Mahajan and M. P. Kaur, “Agricultural Waste Material as
Potential Adsorbent for Sequestering Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous
Solutions - A Review,” Bioresourc. Technol., vol. 99, no. 14, pp. 6017-
6027, Feb. 2008.
[6] N. Gupta, C. Balomajumder and V. K. Agarwal, “Enzymatic
Mechanism and Biochemistry for Cyanide Degradation: A Review,” J.
hazard. Mater, vol. 176, no. 1-3, pp. 1-13, Nov. 2010.
[7] M. A. Rao, R. Scelza, R. Scotti and L. Gianfreda, “Role of Enzymes in
the Remediation of Polluted Environments,” J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., vol.
10, no. 3, pp. 333-353, Jul. 2010.
[8] X. Li, Y. Tang, X. Cao, D. Lu, L. Fang and W. Shao, “Preparation and
Evaluation of Orange Peel Cellulose Adsorbents for Effective Removal
of Cadmium, Zinc, Cobalt and Nickel,” Colloids and Surf. A, vol. 317,
no. 1-3, pp. 512-521, Mar. 2008.
[9] A. Jarrell, “Researchers Propose an ‘Appealing’ Solution for Juicing's
Leftovers,” Inside Science, 06 Jul. 2012.
[10] K. Grohmann, R. G. Cameron and B. S. Buslig, “Fractionation and
Pretreatment of Orange Peel by Dilute Acid Hydrolysis,” Bioresourc.
Technol, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 129-141, Jul. 1995.
[11] D.A. Mitchell, N. Krieger and M. Berovic, Solid-state Fermentation
Bioreactors: Fundamentals of Design and Operation. Berlin: Springer,
2006, ch. 1.
[12] M. Papagianni, “Advances in Citric Acid Fermentation by Aspergillus
niger: Biochemical Aspects, Membrane Transport and Modeling,”
Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 244-263, Jan. 2007.
[13] B. Godongwana. Momentum Transfer inside a Single Fibre Capillary
Membrane Bioreactor. Cape Town: CPUT, 2007.
[14] H. S. Fogler. Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering. 4th ed. New
Jersey: Person Education International, 2006, pp. 207-215.
[15] B. A. Q. Santos, S. K. O. Ntwampe and J. H. Doughari. “Continuous
Biotechnological Treatment of Cyanide Contaminated Waters by using
a Cyanide Resistant Species of Aspergillus awamori,” in Environmental
Biotechnology – New Approaches and Prospective Applications, M.
Petre, Ed. Croatia: InTech, 2013, pp. 123-146.
[16] J. Varga, J. C. Frisvad, S. Kocsubé, B. Brankovics, B. Tóth, G. Szigeti
and R. A. Samson, “New and Revisited Species in Aspergillus Section
Nigri,” Studies in Mycology, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 1-17, Jun. 2011.
[17] A. M. Torrado, S. Cortés, J. M. Salgado, B. Max, N. Rodríguez, B. P.
Bibbins, A. Converti and J. M. Domínguez, “Citric Acid Production
from Orange Peel Waste by Solid-state Fermentation,” Braz. J.
Microbiol., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 394-409, 2011.
[18] F. Talebnia, M. Pourbafrani, M. Lundin, M. and M. J. Taherzadeh,
“Optimisation Study of Citrus Wastes Saccharification by Dilute-acid
Hydrolysis,” BioResource, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 108-122, Mar. 2008.
[19] D. de Jager, Streptomyces coelicolor Biofilm Growth Kinetics and
Oxygen Mass Transfer within a Membrane Gradostat Bioreactor. Cape
Town: CPUT, 2010.
[20] A. M. Awwad and N. M. Salem, N.M. 2012. “Biosorption of Copper
(II) and Lead (II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Loquat
(Eriobotrya japonica) Leaves (MLL),” J. Chem. Eng. Mater. Sci., vol. 3,
no. 1, pp. 7-17, Feb. 2012.
[21] G. L. Miller, “Use of Dinitrosalicylic Acid Reagent for Determination of
Reducing Sugars,” Anal. Chem., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 426-428, Mar. 1959
[22] T. M. C. C. Filisetti-Cozzi, and N. C. Carpita, “Measurement of Uronic
Acids without Interference from Neutral Sugars,” Anal. Biochem., vol.
197, no. 1, pp. 157-162, Feb. 1991.
[23] K. A. Taylor and J. G. Buchanan-Smith, “A Colorimetric Method for
the Quantification of Uronic Acids and Specific Assay for Galacturonic
Acid,” Anal. Biochem., vol. 201, no. 1, pp. 190-196, Nov. 1992
[24] R. Sleat and R. A. Mah, “Quantitative Method for Colorimetric
Determination of Formate in Fermentation Media,” Applied and
Environmental Microbiology, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 884-885, Apr. 1984.
[25] J. R. Marier and M. Boulet, “Direct Determination of Citric Acid in
Milk with an Improved Pyridine-acetic Anhydride Method,” J. Dairy
Sci., vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 1683-1692, Apr. Jun. 1958.
[26] South Africa, “City of Cape Town: Wastewater and Industrial Effluent
By-law,” Province of Western Cape Provincial Gazette, 6378(18366):
1558-1577, 01 Sep. 2006.
[27] B. A. Q. Santos, S. K. O. Ntwampe, J. H. Doughari and G.
Muchatibaya. 2013. “Application of Citrus sinensis Solid Waste as a
Pseudo-catalyst for Free Cyanide Conversion under Alkaline
Conditions,Bioresourc” vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 3461-3467, Jul. 2013.</p>
<p>[1] G. C. Cushnie and CAI Resources, Inc. Pollution Prevention and
Control Technologies for Plating Operations. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor:
NCMS, Inc., 2009, ch. 5.4.
[2] A. B. Nesbitt, Recovery of Metal Cyanides Using a Fluidized Bed of
Resin. Cape Town: Cape Tech., 1996.
[3] E. B. Nsimba, Cyanide and Cyanide Complexes in the Goldmine
Polluted Land in the East and Central Rand Goldfields, South Africa.
Johannesburg: WITS, 2009.
[4] J. Wang and C. Chen, “Biosorbents for Heavy Metals Removed and
their Future,” Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 195-226, Dec. 2009.
[5] D. Sud, G. Mahajan and M. P. Kaur, “Agricultural Waste Material as
Potential Adsorbent for Sequestering Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous
Solutions - A Review,” Bioresourc. Technol., vol. 99, no. 14, pp. 6017-
6027, Feb. 2008.
[6] N. Gupta, C. Balomajumder and V. K. Agarwal, “Enzymatic
Mechanism and Biochemistry for Cyanide Degradation: A Review,” J.
hazard. Mater, vol. 176, no. 1-3, pp. 1-13, Nov. 2010.
[7] M. A. Rao, R. Scelza, R. Scotti and L. Gianfreda, “Role of Enzymes in
the Remediation of Polluted Environments,” J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., vol.
10, no. 3, pp. 333-353, Jul. 2010.
[8] X. Li, Y. Tang, X. Cao, D. Lu, L. Fang and W. Shao, “Preparation and
Evaluation of Orange Peel Cellulose Adsorbents for Effective Removal
of Cadmium, Zinc, Cobalt and Nickel,” Colloids and Surf. A, vol. 317,
no. 1-3, pp. 512-521, Mar. 2008.
[9] A. Jarrell, “Researchers Propose an ‘Appealing’ Solution for Juicing's
Leftovers,” Inside Science, 06 Jul. 2012.
[10] K. Grohmann, R. G. Cameron and B. S. Buslig, “Fractionation and
Pretreatment of Orange Peel by Dilute Acid Hydrolysis,” Bioresourc.
Technol, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 129-141, Jul. 1995.
[11] D.A. Mitchell, N. Krieger and M. Berovic, Solid-state Fermentation
Bioreactors: Fundamentals of Design and Operation. Berlin: Springer,
2006, ch. 1.
[12] M. Papagianni, “Advances in Citric Acid Fermentation by Aspergillus
niger: Biochemical Aspects, Membrane Transport and Modeling,”
Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 244-263, Jan. 2007.
[13] B. Godongwana. Momentum Transfer inside a Single Fibre Capillary
Membrane Bioreactor. Cape Town: CPUT, 2007.
[14] H. S. Fogler. Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering. 4th ed. New
Jersey: Person Education International, 2006, pp. 207-215.
[15] B. A. Q. Santos, S. K. O. Ntwampe and J. H. Doughari. “Continuous
Biotechnological Treatment of Cyanide Contaminated Waters by using
a Cyanide Resistant Species of Aspergillus awamori,” in Environmental
Biotechnology – New Approaches and Prospective Applications, M.
Petre, Ed. Croatia: InTech, 2013, pp. 123-146.
[16] J. Varga, J. C. Frisvad, S. Kocsubé, B. Brankovics, B. Tóth, G. Szigeti
and R. A. Samson, “New and Revisited Species in Aspergillus Section
Nigri,” Studies in Mycology, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 1-17, Jun. 2011.
[17] A. M. Torrado, S. Cortés, J. M. Salgado, B. Max, N. Rodríguez, B. P.
Bibbins, A. Converti and J. M. Domínguez, “Citric Acid Production
from Orange Peel Waste by Solid-state Fermentation,” Braz. J.
Microbiol., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 394-409, 2011.
[18] F. Talebnia, M. Pourbafrani, M. Lundin, M. and M. J. Taherzadeh,
“Optimisation Study of Citrus Wastes Saccharification by Dilute-acid
Hydrolysis,” BioResource, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 108-122, Mar. 2008.
[19] D. de Jager, Streptomyces coelicolor Biofilm Growth Kinetics and
Oxygen Mass Transfer within a Membrane Gradostat Bioreactor. Cape
Town: CPUT, 2010.
[20] A. M. Awwad and N. M. Salem, N.M. 2012. “Biosorption of Copper
(II) and Lead (II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Loquat
(Eriobotrya japonica) Leaves (MLL),” J. Chem. Eng. Mater. Sci., vol. 3,
no. 1, pp. 7-17, Feb. 2012.
[21] G. L. Miller, “Use of Dinitrosalicylic Acid Reagent for Determination of
Reducing Sugars,” Anal. Chem., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 426-428, Mar. 1959
[22] T. M. C. C. Filisetti-Cozzi, and N. C. Carpita, “Measurement of Uronic
Acids without Interference from Neutral Sugars,” Anal. Biochem., vol.
197, no. 1, pp. 157-162, Feb. 1991.
[23] K. A. Taylor and J. G. Buchanan-Smith, “A Colorimetric Method for
the Quantification of Uronic Acids and Specific Assay for Galacturonic
Acid,” Anal. Biochem., vol. 201, no. 1, pp. 190-196, Nov. 1992
[24] R. Sleat and R. A. Mah, “Quantitative Method for Colorimetric
Determination of Formate in Fermentation Media,” Applied and
Environmental Microbiology, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 884-885, Apr. 1984.
[25] J. R. Marier and M. Boulet, “Direct Determination of Citric Acid in
Milk with an Improved Pyridine-acetic Anhydride Method,” J. Dairy
Sci., vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 1683-1692, Apr. Jun. 1958.
[26] South Africa, “City of Cape Town: Wastewater and Industrial Effluent
By-law,” Province of Western Cape Provincial Gazette, 6378(18366):
1558-1577, 01 Sep. 2006.
[27] B. A. Q. Santos, S. K. O. Ntwampe, J. H. Doughari and G.
Muchatibaya. 2013. “Application of Citrus sinensis Solid Waste as a
Pseudo-catalyst for Free Cyanide Conversion under Alkaline
Conditions,Bioresourc” vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 3461-3467, Jul. 2013.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:50044", author = "B. A. Q. Santos and S. K. O. Ntwampe and G. Muchatibaya", title = "Novel Dual Stage Membrane Bioreactor for the Continuous Remediation of Electroplating Wastewater", abstract = "In this study, the designed dual stage membrane
bioreactor (MBR) system was conceptualized for the treatment of
cyanide and heavy metals in electroplating wastewater. The design
consisted of a primary treatment stage to reduce the impact of
fluctuations and the secondary treatment stage to remove the residual
cyanide and heavy metal contaminants in the wastewater under
alkaline pH conditions. The primary treatment stage contained
hydrolyzed Citrus sinensis (C. sinensis) pomace and the secondary
treatment stage contained active Aspergillus awamori (A. awamori)
biomass, supplemented solely with C. sinensis pomace extract from
the hydrolysis process. An average of 76.37%, 95.37%, 93.26 and
94.76% and 99.55%, 99.91%, 99.92% and 99.92% degradation
efficiency for total cyanide (T-CN), including the sorption of nickel
(Ni), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were observed after the first and
second treatment stages, respectively. Furthermore, cyanide
conversion by-products degradation was 99.81% and 99.75 for both
formate (CHOO-) and ammonium (NH4
+) after the second treatment
stage. After the first, second and third regeneration cycles of the C.
sinensis pomace in the first treatment stage, Ni, Zn and Cu removal
achieved was 99.13%, 99.12% and 99.04% (first regeneration cycle),
98.94%, 98.92% and 98.41% (second regeneration cycle) and 98.46
%, 98.44% and 97.91% (third regeneration cycle), respectively.
There was relatively insignificant standard deviation detected in all
the measured parameters in the system which indicated
reproducibility of the remediation efficiency in this continuous
system.
", keywords = "Aspergillus awamori, Citrus sinensis pomace,
electroplating wastewater remediation, membrane bioreactor.", volume = "7", number = "7", pages = "481-8", }
