Influence of Driving Strategy on Power and Fuel Consumption of Lightweight PEM Fuel Cell Vehicle Powertrain
In this paper, a prototype PEM fuel cell vehicle
integrated with a 1 kW air-blowing proton exchange membrane fuel
cell (PEMFC) stack as a main power sources has been developed for
a lightweight cruising vehicle. The test vehicle is equipped with a
PEM fuel cell system that provides electric power to a brushed DC
motor. This vehicle was designed to compete with industrial
lightweight vehicle with the target of consuming least amount of
energy and high performance. Individual variations in driving style
have a significant impact on vehicle energy efficiency and it is well
established from the literature. The primary aim of this study was to
assesses the power and fuel consumption of a hydrogen fuel cell
vehicle operating at three difference driving technique (i.e. 25 km/h
constant speed, 22-28 km/h speed range, 20-30 km/h speed range).
The goal is to develop the best driving strategy to maximize
performance and minimize fuel consumption for the vehicle system.
The relationship between power demand and hydrogen consumption
has also been discussed. All the techniques can be evaluated and
compared on broadly similar terms. Automatic intelligent controller
for driving prototype fuel cell vehicle on different obstacle while
maintaining all systems at maximum efficiency was used. The result
showed that 25 km/h constant speed was identified for optimal
driving with less fuel consumption.
[1] Von Helmolt R, Eberle U. Fuel cell vehicles: status 2007. Journal of
Power Sources 2007; 165:833-43.
[2] Wilbanks TJ, Greene DL. The importance of advancing technology to
america’s energy goals. Energy Policy 2010; 38(8).
[3] Corbo P, Migliardini F, Veneri O. PEFC stacks as power sources for
hybrid propulsion systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
2009; 34: 4635-44.
[4] Mora J, Romero L and Ruperez M. Formula zero: Development and
kart’s competition driven by PEM fuel cell. Int. J. Hyg Energ 2011; 36
8008-8016.
[5] Jain M, Desai C, Kharma N, Williamson SS. Optimal powertrain
component sizing of a fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicle using
multi-objective genetic algorithm. IECON, Porto, Portugal; 2009,
November 3–5. p. 3741–6.
[6] Ouyang M, Xu L, Li J, Lu L, Gao D, Xie Q. Performance comparison of
two fuel cell hybrid buses with different powertrain and energy
management strategies. Journal of Power Sources 2006; 163:467-79.
[7] Thounthong P, Chunkag V, Sethakul P, Davat B, Hinaje M.
Comparative study of fuel cell vehicle hybridization with battery or
super capacitor storage device. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 2009;
58(8):3892–904. [8] Xu L, Ouyang M, Li J, et al. Optimal sizing of plug-in fuel cell electric
vehicles using models of vehicle performance and system cost. Appl
Energy 2013; 103:477–87.
[9] Pearre NS, Kempton W, Guensler RL, et al. Electric vehicles: how much
range is required for a day’s driving? Transport Res Part C: Emerg
Technol 2011; 19(6):1171–84.
[10] Kelly JC, Macdonald JS, Keoleian GA. Time-dependent plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle charging based on national driving patterns and
demographics. Appl Energy 2012; 94:395–405.
[11] Shiau, Ching-Shin Norman, Kaushal, Nikhil, Hendrickson, Chris T.,
Peterson, ScottB., Whitacre, JayF., Michalek, Jeremy J. Optimal plug-in
hybrid electric vehicle design and allocation for minimum life cycle
cost, petroleum consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of
Mechanical Design 2010; 132 091013—1 — 11.
[12] Traut. E., Cherng. T.W., Hendrickson. C., Michalek. J. U.S. Residential
Charging Potential for Plug-in Vehicles, Working Paper, Department of
Mechanical Engineering 2013;, Carnegie Mellon University.
[13] Kelly, J.C., MacDonald, J.S., Keoleian, G.A. Time-dependent plug-in
hybrid electric vehicle charging based on national driving patterns and
demographics. Applied Energy 2012; 94,395–40.
[14] Neubauer, Brooker, Wood. Sensitivity of battery electric vehicle
economics to drive patterns, vehicle range, and charge strategies. Journal
of Power Sources 2012; 209, p269–277.
[15] Neubauer, J., Brooker, A., Wood, E. Sensitivity of plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle economics to drive patterns, electric range, energy
management, and charge strategies. Journal of Power Sources 2013; in
press.
[16] Raykin, Leon, Mac Lean, Heather L., Roorda, Matthew J. Implications
of driving patterns on well-to-wheels performance of plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles. Environmental Science and Technology 2013;
46(11),p6363–6370.
[17] C. Cheng, A. McGordon, J. Poxon, R. Jones, P. Jennings, A Model to
Investigate the Effects of Driver Behaviour on Hybrid Vehicle Control.
25th World Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium
and Exhibition, November 5-9, 2010 (Shenzhen, China).
[18] M. Knowles, H. Scott, D. Baglee, The effect of driving style on electric
vehicle performance, economy, and perception, Int. J. Electr. Hybrid
Veh. 4 (3) (2012) 228-247.
[19] C. Bingham, C. Walsh, S. Carroll, Impact of driving characteristics on
electric vehicle energy consumption and range, IET Intell. Transp. Syst.
6 (1) (2012) 29-35.
[20] Fiat Eco: Drive, Eco-Driving Uncovered: the Benefits and Challenges of
Eco- Driving based on the First Study using Real Journey Data, 2010.
Available at: http://www.lowcvp.org.uk/assets/reports/Fiat_Eco-
Driving%20Uncovered.pdf (accessed September 2015).
[21] D.W. Gao, C. Mi, A. Emadi, Modeling and simulation of electric and
hybrid vehicles, Proc. IEEE 95 (4) (2007) 729-745.
[22] J. Larminie, “Electric Vehicle Technology Explained”, John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd, 2003.
[1] Von Helmolt R, Eberle U. Fuel cell vehicles: status 2007. Journal of
Power Sources 2007; 165:833-43.
[2] Wilbanks TJ, Greene DL. The importance of advancing technology to
america’s energy goals. Energy Policy 2010; 38(8).
[3] Corbo P, Migliardini F, Veneri O. PEFC stacks as power sources for
hybrid propulsion systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
2009; 34: 4635-44.
[4] Mora J, Romero L and Ruperez M. Formula zero: Development and
kart’s competition driven by PEM fuel cell. Int. J. Hyg Energ 2011; 36
8008-8016.
[5] Jain M, Desai C, Kharma N, Williamson SS. Optimal powertrain
component sizing of a fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicle using
multi-objective genetic algorithm. IECON, Porto, Portugal; 2009,
November 3–5. p. 3741–6.
[6] Ouyang M, Xu L, Li J, Lu L, Gao D, Xie Q. Performance comparison of
two fuel cell hybrid buses with different powertrain and energy
management strategies. Journal of Power Sources 2006; 163:467-79.
[7] Thounthong P, Chunkag V, Sethakul P, Davat B, Hinaje M.
Comparative study of fuel cell vehicle hybridization with battery or
super capacitor storage device. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 2009;
58(8):3892–904. [8] Xu L, Ouyang M, Li J, et al. Optimal sizing of plug-in fuel cell electric
vehicles using models of vehicle performance and system cost. Appl
Energy 2013; 103:477–87.
[9] Pearre NS, Kempton W, Guensler RL, et al. Electric vehicles: how much
range is required for a day’s driving? Transport Res Part C: Emerg
Technol 2011; 19(6):1171–84.
[10] Kelly JC, Macdonald JS, Keoleian GA. Time-dependent plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle charging based on national driving patterns and
demographics. Appl Energy 2012; 94:395–405.
[11] Shiau, Ching-Shin Norman, Kaushal, Nikhil, Hendrickson, Chris T.,
Peterson, ScottB., Whitacre, JayF., Michalek, Jeremy J. Optimal plug-in
hybrid electric vehicle design and allocation for minimum life cycle
cost, petroleum consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of
Mechanical Design 2010; 132 091013—1 — 11.
[12] Traut. E., Cherng. T.W., Hendrickson. C., Michalek. J. U.S. Residential
Charging Potential for Plug-in Vehicles, Working Paper, Department of
Mechanical Engineering 2013;, Carnegie Mellon University.
[13] Kelly, J.C., MacDonald, J.S., Keoleian, G.A. Time-dependent plug-in
hybrid electric vehicle charging based on national driving patterns and
demographics. Applied Energy 2012; 94,395–40.
[14] Neubauer, Brooker, Wood. Sensitivity of battery electric vehicle
economics to drive patterns, vehicle range, and charge strategies. Journal
of Power Sources 2012; 209, p269–277.
[15] Neubauer, J., Brooker, A., Wood, E. Sensitivity of plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle economics to drive patterns, electric range, energy
management, and charge strategies. Journal of Power Sources 2013; in
press.
[16] Raykin, Leon, Mac Lean, Heather L., Roorda, Matthew J. Implications
of driving patterns on well-to-wheels performance of plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles. Environmental Science and Technology 2013;
46(11),p6363–6370.
[17] C. Cheng, A. McGordon, J. Poxon, R. Jones, P. Jennings, A Model to
Investigate the Effects of Driver Behaviour on Hybrid Vehicle Control.
25th World Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium
and Exhibition, November 5-9, 2010 (Shenzhen, China).
[18] M. Knowles, H. Scott, D. Baglee, The effect of driving style on electric
vehicle performance, economy, and perception, Int. J. Electr. Hybrid
Veh. 4 (3) (2012) 228-247.
[19] C. Bingham, C. Walsh, S. Carroll, Impact of driving characteristics on
electric vehicle energy consumption and range, IET Intell. Transp. Syst.
6 (1) (2012) 29-35.
[20] Fiat Eco: Drive, Eco-Driving Uncovered: the Benefits and Challenges of
Eco- Driving based on the First Study using Real Journey Data, 2010.
Available at: http://www.lowcvp.org.uk/assets/reports/Fiat_Eco-
Driving%20Uncovered.pdf (accessed September 2015).
[21] D.W. Gao, C. Mi, A. Emadi, Modeling and simulation of electric and
hybrid vehicles, Proc. IEEE 95 (4) (2007) 729-745.
[22] J. Larminie, “Electric Vehicle Technology Explained”, John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd, 2003.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:71679", author = "Suhadiyana Hanapi and Alhassan Salami Tijani and W. A. N Wan Mohamed", title = "Influence of Driving Strategy on Power and Fuel Consumption of Lightweight PEM Fuel Cell Vehicle Powertrain", abstract = "In this paper, a prototype PEM fuel cell vehicle
integrated with a 1 kW air-blowing proton exchange membrane fuel
cell (PEMFC) stack as a main power sources has been developed for
a lightweight cruising vehicle. The test vehicle is equipped with a
PEM fuel cell system that provides electric power to a brushed DC
motor. This vehicle was designed to compete with industrial
lightweight vehicle with the target of consuming least amount of
energy and high performance. Individual variations in driving style
have a significant impact on vehicle energy efficiency and it is well
established from the literature. The primary aim of this study was to
assesses the power and fuel consumption of a hydrogen fuel cell
vehicle operating at three difference driving technique (i.e. 25 km/h
constant speed, 22-28 km/h speed range, 20-30 km/h speed range).
The goal is to develop the best driving strategy to maximize
performance and minimize fuel consumption for the vehicle system.
The relationship between power demand and hydrogen consumption
has also been discussed. All the techniques can be evaluated and
compared on broadly similar terms. Automatic intelligent controller
for driving prototype fuel cell vehicle on different obstacle while
maintaining all systems at maximum efficiency was used. The result
showed that 25 km/h constant speed was identified for optimal
driving with less fuel consumption.", keywords = "Prototype fuel cell electric vehicles, energy efficient,
control/driving technique, fuel economy.", volume = "10", number = "1", pages = "12-7", }
