Hydrogen Sensor Based on Surface Activated WO3 Films by Pd Nanoclusters
Tungsten trioxide has been prepared by using P-PTA
as a precursor on alumina substrates by spin coating method.
Palladium introduced on WO3 film via electrolysis deposition by
using palladium chloride as catalytic precursor. The catalytic
precursor was introduced on the series of films with different
morphologies. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and XPS were applied to analyze structure and
morphology of the fabricated thin films. Then we measured variation
of samples- electrical conductivity of pure and Pd added films in air
and diluted hydrogen. Addition of Pd resulted in a remarkable
improvement of the hydrogen sensing properties of WO3 by detection
of Hydrogen below 1% at room temperature. Also variation of the
electrical conductivity in the presence of diluted hydrogen revealed
that response of samples depends rather strongly on the palladium
configuration on the surface.
[1] Higuchi T, Nakagomi Sh, Kokubun Y. Field effect hydrogen sensor
device with simple structure based on GaN. Sens Actuators B Chem
2009;140:79-85.
[2] Huang H, Luan W, Zhang JS, Qi YS, Tu ST. Thermoelectric hydrogen
sensor working at room temperature prepared by bismuth-telluride P-N
couples and Pt/g-Al2O3. Sens Actuators B Chem 2008;128:581-5.
[3] Ippolito SJ, Kandasamy S, Kalantar-Zadeh K,Wlodarski W. Layered
SAWhydrogen sensor withmodified tungsten trioxide selective layer.
Sens Actuators B Chem 2005a;108:553-7.
[4] Ippolito SJ, Kandasamy S, Kalantar-zadeh K, Wlodarski W. Hydrogen
sensing characteristics of WO3 thin film conductometric activated by Pt
and Au catalysts. Sens Actuators B Chem 2005b;108:154-8.
[5] Ito K, Kojima K. Hydrogen detection by Schottky diodes. Int J
Hydrogen Energy 1982;7:495-7.
[6] Jakubik WP. Investigations of thin film structures of WO3 and WO3
with Pd for hydrogen detection in a surface acoustic wave sensor
system. Thin Solid Films 2007;515:8345-50.
[7] Korotcenkov G. Metal oxides for solid-state gas sensors: what
determines our choice? Mater Sci Eng B 2007;139:1-23.
[8] Kudo T, Okamoto H, Matsumoto K, Sasaki Y. Peroxopolytungstic acids
synthesized by direct reaction of tungsten or tungsten carbide with
hydrogen peroxide. Inorg Chim Acta 1986;111:L27-8.
[9] Luo Sh, Fu G, Chen H. Gas-sensing properties and complex impedance
analysis of Ce-added WO3 nanoparticles to VOC gases. Solid-State
Electron 2007;51:913-9.
[10] Malyshev VV, Pislyakov AV. Investigation of gas-sensitivity of sensor
structures to hydrogen in a wide range of temperature, concentration and
humidity of gas medium. Sens Actuators B Chem 2008;134:913-21.
[11] Moreno DL, Herna'ndez DM. Effect of the Pd-Au thin film thickness
uniformity on the performance of an optical fiber hydrogen sensor. Appl
Surf Sci 2007;253:8615-9.
[12] Nishibori M, Shin W, Izu N, Itoh T, Matsubara I, Yasuda S,et al. Robust
hydrogen detection system with a thermoelectric hydrogen sensor for
hydrogen station application. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009;34:2834-41.
[13] Opara U, Ovec K, Orel B, Georg A, Wittwer V. The gasochromic
properties of sol-gel WO3 films with sputtered Pt catalyst. Solar Energy
2000;68:541-51.
[14] Orel B, Gros elj N, Opara U. Gasochromic effect of palladium doped
peroxopolytungstic acid films prepared by the sol-gel route. Sens
Actuators B Chem 1998;50:234-45.
[15] Penza M, Martucci C, Cassano G. NOx gas sensing characteristics of
WO3 thin films activated by noble metals (Pd, Pt, Au) layers. Sens
Actuators B Chem 1998;50:52-9.
[16] Ruiz A, Arbiol J, Cirera A, Cornet A, Morante JR. Surface activation
by Pt-nanoclusters on titania for gas sensing applications. Mater Sci Eng
C 2002;19:105-9.
[17] Sakai G, Matsunaga N, Shimanoe K. Theory of gas-diffusion controlled
sensitivity for thin film semiconductor gas sensor. Sens Actuators B
Chem 2001;80:125-31.
[18] Sekimoto S, Nakagawa H, Okazaki S. A fiber-optic evanescent-wave
hydrogen gas sensor using palladiumsupported tungsten oxide. Sens
Actuators B Chem 2000;66:142-5.
[19] Shi J, Wu G, Shen J, Gao G, Zhou B, Ni X, et al. Preparation of Pd
doped WO3 films via sol-gel method and their gasochromic properties.
Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt EngProceedings 2008;6984. 69843A-69843A-5.
[20] Slaman M, Dam B, Schreuders H, Griessen R. Optimization of Mgbased
fiber optic hydrogen detectors by alloying the catalyst. Int J
Hydrogen Energy 2008;33:1084-9.
[21] Tang WM, Lai PT, Xu JP, Chan CL. Enhanced hydrogensensing
characteristics of MI SiC Schottky-diode hydrogen sensor by
trichloroethylene oxidation. Sens Actuators A Phys 2005;119:63-7.
[22] Tsai TH, Chen HI, Lin KW, Hung CW, Hsu CH, Chen LY, et
al.Comprehensive study on hydrogen sensing properties of a Pd-
AlGaN-based Schottky diode. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008;33:2986-92.
[23] Veith GM, Lupini AR. Magnetron sputtering of gold nanoparticles onto
WO3 and activated carbon. Catal Today 2007;122:248-53.
[24] Villatoro J, Moreno DL, Herna'ndez DM. Optical fiber hydrogen sensor
for concentrations below the lower explosive limit. Sens Actuators B
Chem 2005;110:23-7.
[25] Wu G, Chen S, Xiao K, Shi J, Shen J, Zhou B, et al. Gasochromic
windows coated with Pd doped nanostructured WO3 films. J Vac Sci
Technol 2006;26:1-5.
[26] Yamaguchi T, Kiwa T, Tsukada K, Yokosawa K. Oxygen interference
mechanism of platinum-FET hydrogen gas sensor. Sens Actuators A
Phys 2007;136:244-8.
[27] T.Kudo, H.Okamoto, K.Matsumoto and Y.Sasaki, Peroxopolytungstic
acids synthesized by direct reaction of tungsten or tungsten carbide with
hydrogen peroxide ,Inorg.Chim Acta 111,L27-L28,1986.
[28] M.J.Madou, S.Roy Morrisson, Chemical Sensing with Solid State
Devices,chap3:Solid/Gas Interfaces,Academic Press,1989,pp.67-72.
[29] M.Bendahan, J. Guerin, R. Boulmani, K.Aguir, WO3 sensor response
according to operating temperature: Experiment and modeling, Sensors
and Actuators B ,124, 24-29, (2007).
[1] Higuchi T, Nakagomi Sh, Kokubun Y. Field effect hydrogen sensor
device with simple structure based on GaN. Sens Actuators B Chem
2009;140:79-85.
[2] Huang H, Luan W, Zhang JS, Qi YS, Tu ST. Thermoelectric hydrogen
sensor working at room temperature prepared by bismuth-telluride P-N
couples and Pt/g-Al2O3. Sens Actuators B Chem 2008;128:581-5.
[3] Ippolito SJ, Kandasamy S, Kalantar-Zadeh K,Wlodarski W. Layered
SAWhydrogen sensor withmodified tungsten trioxide selective layer.
Sens Actuators B Chem 2005a;108:553-7.
[4] Ippolito SJ, Kandasamy S, Kalantar-zadeh K, Wlodarski W. Hydrogen
sensing characteristics of WO3 thin film conductometric activated by Pt
and Au catalysts. Sens Actuators B Chem 2005b;108:154-8.
[5] Ito K, Kojima K. Hydrogen detection by Schottky diodes. Int J
Hydrogen Energy 1982;7:495-7.
[6] Jakubik WP. Investigations of thin film structures of WO3 and WO3
with Pd for hydrogen detection in a surface acoustic wave sensor
system. Thin Solid Films 2007;515:8345-50.
[7] Korotcenkov G. Metal oxides for solid-state gas sensors: what
determines our choice? Mater Sci Eng B 2007;139:1-23.
[8] Kudo T, Okamoto H, Matsumoto K, Sasaki Y. Peroxopolytungstic acids
synthesized by direct reaction of tungsten or tungsten carbide with
hydrogen peroxide. Inorg Chim Acta 1986;111:L27-8.
[9] Luo Sh, Fu G, Chen H. Gas-sensing properties and complex impedance
analysis of Ce-added WO3 nanoparticles to VOC gases. Solid-State
Electron 2007;51:913-9.
[10] Malyshev VV, Pislyakov AV. Investigation of gas-sensitivity of sensor
structures to hydrogen in a wide range of temperature, concentration and
humidity of gas medium. Sens Actuators B Chem 2008;134:913-21.
[11] Moreno DL, Herna'ndez DM. Effect of the Pd-Au thin film thickness
uniformity on the performance of an optical fiber hydrogen sensor. Appl
Surf Sci 2007;253:8615-9.
[12] Nishibori M, Shin W, Izu N, Itoh T, Matsubara I, Yasuda S,et al. Robust
hydrogen detection system with a thermoelectric hydrogen sensor for
hydrogen station application. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009;34:2834-41.
[13] Opara U, Ovec K, Orel B, Georg A, Wittwer V. The gasochromic
properties of sol-gel WO3 films with sputtered Pt catalyst. Solar Energy
2000;68:541-51.
[14] Orel B, Gros elj N, Opara U. Gasochromic effect of palladium doped
peroxopolytungstic acid films prepared by the sol-gel route. Sens
Actuators B Chem 1998;50:234-45.
[15] Penza M, Martucci C, Cassano G. NOx gas sensing characteristics of
WO3 thin films activated by noble metals (Pd, Pt, Au) layers. Sens
Actuators B Chem 1998;50:52-9.
[16] Ruiz A, Arbiol J, Cirera A, Cornet A, Morante JR. Surface activation
by Pt-nanoclusters on titania for gas sensing applications. Mater Sci Eng
C 2002;19:105-9.
[17] Sakai G, Matsunaga N, Shimanoe K. Theory of gas-diffusion controlled
sensitivity for thin film semiconductor gas sensor. Sens Actuators B
Chem 2001;80:125-31.
[18] Sekimoto S, Nakagawa H, Okazaki S. A fiber-optic evanescent-wave
hydrogen gas sensor using palladiumsupported tungsten oxide. Sens
Actuators B Chem 2000;66:142-5.
[19] Shi J, Wu G, Shen J, Gao G, Zhou B, Ni X, et al. Preparation of Pd
doped WO3 films via sol-gel method and their gasochromic properties.
Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt EngProceedings 2008;6984. 69843A-69843A-5.
[20] Slaman M, Dam B, Schreuders H, Griessen R. Optimization of Mgbased
fiber optic hydrogen detectors by alloying the catalyst. Int J
Hydrogen Energy 2008;33:1084-9.
[21] Tang WM, Lai PT, Xu JP, Chan CL. Enhanced hydrogensensing
characteristics of MI SiC Schottky-diode hydrogen sensor by
trichloroethylene oxidation. Sens Actuators A Phys 2005;119:63-7.
[22] Tsai TH, Chen HI, Lin KW, Hung CW, Hsu CH, Chen LY, et
al.Comprehensive study on hydrogen sensing properties of a Pd-
AlGaN-based Schottky diode. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008;33:2986-92.
[23] Veith GM, Lupini AR. Magnetron sputtering of gold nanoparticles onto
WO3 and activated carbon. Catal Today 2007;122:248-53.
[24] Villatoro J, Moreno DL, Herna'ndez DM. Optical fiber hydrogen sensor
for concentrations below the lower explosive limit. Sens Actuators B
Chem 2005;110:23-7.
[25] Wu G, Chen S, Xiao K, Shi J, Shen J, Zhou B, et al. Gasochromic
windows coated with Pd doped nanostructured WO3 films. J Vac Sci
Technol 2006;26:1-5.
[26] Yamaguchi T, Kiwa T, Tsukada K, Yokosawa K. Oxygen interference
mechanism of platinum-FET hydrogen gas sensor. Sens Actuators A
Phys 2007;136:244-8.
[27] T.Kudo, H.Okamoto, K.Matsumoto and Y.Sasaki, Peroxopolytungstic
acids synthesized by direct reaction of tungsten or tungsten carbide with
hydrogen peroxide ,Inorg.Chim Acta 111,L27-L28,1986.
[28] M.J.Madou, S.Roy Morrisson, Chemical Sensing with Solid State
Devices,chap3:Solid/Gas Interfaces,Academic Press,1989,pp.67-72.
[29] M.Bendahan, J. Guerin, R. Boulmani, K.Aguir, WO3 sensor response
according to operating temperature: Experiment and modeling, Sensors
and Actuators B ,124, 24-29, (2007).
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:49988", author = "S.Fardindoost and A. Iraji Zad and S.M.Mahdavi", title = "Hydrogen Sensor Based on Surface Activated WO3 Films by Pd Nanoclusters", abstract = "Tungsten trioxide has been prepared by using P-PTA
as a precursor on alumina substrates by spin coating method.
Palladium introduced on WO3 film via electrolysis deposition by
using palladium chloride as catalytic precursor. The catalytic
precursor was introduced on the series of films with different
morphologies. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and XPS were applied to analyze structure and
morphology of the fabricated thin films. Then we measured variation
of samples- electrical conductivity of pure and Pd added films in air
and diluted hydrogen. Addition of Pd resulted in a remarkable
improvement of the hydrogen sensing properties of WO3 by detection
of Hydrogen below 1% at room temperature. Also variation of the
electrical conductivity in the presence of diluted hydrogen revealed
that response of samples depends rather strongly on the palladium
configuration on the surface.", keywords = "Electrolysis, Hydrogen sensing, Palladium, WO3", volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "256-4", }
