Evaluation of Green Roof System for Green Building Projects in Malaysia
The implementations of green roof have been widely
used in the developed countries such as Germany, United Kingdom,
United States and Canada. Green roof have many benefits such as
aesthetic and economic value, ecological gain which are optimization
of storm water management, urban heat island mitigation and energy
conservation. In term of pollution, green roof can control the air and
noise pollution in urban cities. The application of green roof in
Malaysian building has been studied with the previous work of green
roof either in Malaysia or other Asian region as like Indonesia,
Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan and several other countries that have
similar climate and environment as in Malaysia. These technologies
of adapting green roof have been compared to the Green Building
Index (GBI) of Malaysian buildings. The study has concentrated on
the technical aspect of green roof system having focused on i) waste
& recyclable materials ii) types of plants and method of planting and
iii) green roof as tool to reduce storm water runoff. The finding of
these areas will be compared to the suitability in achieving good
practice of the GBI in Malaysia. Results show that most of the
method are based on the countries own climate and environment.
This suggests that the method of using green roof must adhere to the
tropical climate of Malaysia. Suggestion of this research will be
viewed in term of the sustainability of the green roof. Further
research can be developed to implement the best method and
application in Malaysian climate especially in urban cities and
township.
[1] KeTTHA. (2012) KementerianTenagaTeknologiHijaudan Air
http://www.kettha.gov.my/default.asp; Retrieved 07.08.12, 2012.
[2] Sheng, L.X., Mari, T.S., Ariffin, A.R.M., Hussein, H. (2011). Integrated
sustainable roof design. International conference on green buildings and
sustainable cities. Procedia Engineering, 2, 846 - 852
[3] Ting, K. H. (2012). Tropical green building rating systems: A
comparison between green building index and bca green mark. IEEE
Business, Engineering & Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC,
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
[4] Ismail, A., Samad, M.H.A., Rahman, A.M.A. (2008). Using green roof
concept as a passive design technology to minimize the impact of global
warming 2nd International conference on built environment in
developing countries (ICBEDC 2008), Kuala Lumpur.
[5] Hewage, K., Bianchini, F. (2012). "How "green" are the green roofs?
Lifecycle analysis of green roof materials." Building and Environment
48: 57-65.
[6] Whittinghill, L. J., Rowe, D.B. (2011). "The role of green roof
technology in urban agriculture." Renewable Agriculture and Food
Systems.doi:10.1017/S174217051100038X
[7] Molineux, C. J., Fentiman, C.H., Gange, A.C. (2009). "Characterising
alternative recycled waste materials for use as green roof growing media
in the U.K." Ecological Engineering 35: 1507-1513.
[8] Ismail, A., Samad, M.H.A., Rahman, A.M.A. (2010). "Potted Plants on
Flat Roof as a Strategy to Reduce Indoor Temperature in Malaysian
Climate." American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 3(3):
534-539.
[9] Hermy, M., Mentens, J., Raes, D. (2006). "Green roofs as a tool for
solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century?"
Landscape and Urban Planning 77: 217-226.
[10] Aziz, H. A., Ismail, Z. (2011). Design Guideline For Sustainable Green
Roof System. 2011 International Symposium on Business, Engineering
& Industrial Applications (ISBEIA2011), Langkawi, Malaysia.
[11] Ismail, W. Z. W., lsmaill, F., Hashim, A.Z., Irfan, A., Ramele,R.
(2009). Potentiality of ecological friendly effect on human behavior of
green building design. 1st National Conference on Environment-
Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying
(FSPU), UniversitiTeknologi MARA (UiTM), Shall Alam.
[12] Ting, K. H. (2012). Tropical green building rating systems: A
comparison between green building index and bca green mark. IEEE
Business, Engineering & Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC,
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
[13] FLL, 2002. Guidelines for the Planning, Execution and Upkeep of
Green-Roof Sites (English version).
ForschungsgesellschaftLandschaftsentwicklungLandschaftsbau English
version, Troisdorf, Germany
[14] Castro-Lacouture, D., Sefair, J.A., Flo'rez , L., Medaglia, A.L. (2009).
"Optimization model for the selection of materials using a LEED-based
green building rating system in Colombia" Building and Environment
44: 1162-1170.
[15] Cabeza, L. F., Vilaa, A., Péreza, G., Solé, C., Fern├índez, A.I.(2012).
"Use of rubber crumbs as drainage layer in experimental green roofs."
Building and Environment 48: 101-106.
[16] Hewage, K., Bianchini, F. (2012). "Probabilistic social cost-benefit
analysis for green roofs: A lifecycle approach." Building and
Environment 58: 152-162.
[17] Peri, G., Traverso, M., Finkbeiner, M., Rizzo, G. (2012). "The cost of
green roofs disposal in a life cycle perspective: Covering the gap "
Energy: doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.02.045
[18] Palla, A., Gnecco, I., Lanza, L.G. (2009). "Unsaturated 2D modelling of
subsurface water flow in the coarse-grained porous matrix of a green
roof." Journal of Hydrology 379: 193-204.
[19] Oberndorfer, E., Lundholm, J., Bass, B. (2007)."Green Roofs as Urban
Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services."
BioScience 57(10): 823-833.
[20] Lundholm, J., MacIvor, J.S., MacDougall, Z.,Ranalli, M. (2010). "Plant
Species and Functional Group Combinations Affect Green Roof
Ecosystem Functions." plosone 5(3): 11.
[21] Spolek, G., Buccola, N.(2011). "A Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Green roof
Runoff Retention, Detention, and Quality." Water Air Soil Pollution
216: 83-92.
[22] Rowe, D. B., Getter, K.L. (2006). "The role of extensive green roofs in
sustainable development." Horticulture science 41(5): 1276-1285.
[23] Getter, K. L., Rowe, D.B (2007). "Effect of Substrate Depth and
Planting Season on Sedum Plug Survival on Green Roofs." J. Environ.
Hort 25(2).
[24] Rowe, D. B. (2011). "Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement."
Environmental Pollution 159: 2100-2110.
[25] Dunnett, N., Nagase, A., Booth, R., Grime, P. (2008a). "Influence of
vegetation composition on runoff in two simulated green roof
experiments." Urban ecosystem 11: 385-398.
[26] Once, O., Celik, S., Retzlaff, W., Morgan, S.(2012). Thermal evaluation
of green roof systems containing bottom ash growth media. Green
Technology Conference, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
[27] Dunnett, N., Nagase, A., Hallam, A. (2008b). "The dynamics of planted
and colonising species on a green roof over six growing seasons 2001-
2006: influence of substrate depth." Urban ecosystem 11: 373-384.
[28] Brenneisen, S. (2006). "Space for Urban Wildlife: Designing Green
Roofs as Habitats in Switzerland." Urban Habitats 4(1).
[29] Lee, M.F., Hsieh, W. F., Ou, S.J. (2010). Roof Greening Technique
Analysis. ICRM2010-Green Manufacturing, Ningbo, China.
[30] Cook-Patton, S. C., Bauerle, T.L. (2012). "Potential benefits of plant
diversity on vegetated roofs: A literature review." Journal of
Environmental Management 106: 85-92.
[31] MacIvor, J. S., Ranalli, M.A., Lundholm, J.T. (2011). "Performance of
dry land and wetland plant species on extensive green roofs." Annals of
Botany 107: 671-679.
[32] Lundholm, J. T., Wolf, D. (2008). "Water uptake in green roof
microcosms: Effects of plant species and water availability." Ecological
Engineering 33.
[33] Teeri, J. A., Turner, M., Gurevitch, J. (1986). "The Response of Leaf
Water Potential and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism to Prolonged
Drought in Sedum rubrotinctum'." Plant Physiol 81: 678-680.
[34] Johari, J., Rasidi, M.H., Said, I. (2011). Planting Technology of Green
Roof for Building in Tropical Cities: A Review on Plant Selection. 5th
South East Asian Technical University Consortium Symposium. Hanoi.
[35] Ismail, A., Samad, M.H.A., Rahman, A.M.A. (2011). The Investigation
of Green Roof and White Roof Cooling Potential on Single Storey
Residential Building in the Malaysian Climate. World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology 76.
[36] Getter, K. L., Rowe, D.B., Andresen, J.A. (2007). "Quantifying the
effect of slope on extensive green roof storm water retention."
Ecological Engineering 31: 225-231.
[37] Rowe, D. B., VanWoert, N.D., JAndresen, J.A.,Rugh, C.L. (2005).
"Green Roof Storm water Retention: Effects of Roof Surface, Slope, and
Media Depth." Journal Environment Quality 34: 1036-1044
[38] Huang, E. N., Liaw, C.H., Lai, C.T., Lin, S.C. (2011). The Effects of a
Green Roof on Rainwater Runoff. Consumer Electronics,
Communications and Networks (CECNet), 2011 International
Conference Xianning University in Xianning, China.
[39] Gregoire, B. G., Clausen, J.C. (2011). "Effect of a modular extensive
green roof on stormwater runoff and water quality "Ecological
Engineering 37: 963-969.
[40] Schroll, E., Lambrinos, J., Righetti, T., Sandrock, D. (2011). "The role
of vegetation in regulating stormwater runoff from green roofs in a
winter rainfall climate." Ecological Engineering 37: 595-600.
[41] Stovin, V., Vesuviano, G., Kasmin, H. (2012). "The hydrological
performance of a green roof test bed under UK climatic conditions."
Journal of Hydrology 414-415: 148-161.
[42] Hilten, R. N., Lawrence, T.M., Tollner, E.W. (2008). "Modeling
stormwater runoff from green roofs with HYDRUS-1D." Journal of
Hydrology 358: 288-293.
[43] Balasubramanian, R., Vijayaraghavan, K., Joshi, U.M (2012). "A field
study to evaluate runoff quality from green roofs." water research 46:
1337-1345.
[44] Hanisah M. H., Hitchmough, J.D., Muda, A. (2012 ). The Perception of
Kuala Lumpur Publics- on Tree Retention and Urban Development. 1st
National Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies, 14-15
November 2009, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying,
UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, Procedia -
Social and Behavioral Sciences.
[45] Juneng, L., Sow, K.S., Tangang, F.T., Hussin, A.G.,Mahmud, M.
(2011). "Numerical simulation of a severe late afternoon thunderstorm
over Peninsular Malaysia" Atmospheric Research 99: 248-262.
[1] KeTTHA. (2012) KementerianTenagaTeknologiHijaudan Air
http://www.kettha.gov.my/default.asp; Retrieved 07.08.12, 2012.
[2] Sheng, L.X., Mari, T.S., Ariffin, A.R.M., Hussein, H. (2011). Integrated
sustainable roof design. International conference on green buildings and
sustainable cities. Procedia Engineering, 2, 846 - 852
[3] Ting, K. H. (2012). Tropical green building rating systems: A
comparison between green building index and bca green mark. IEEE
Business, Engineering & Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC,
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
[4] Ismail, A., Samad, M.H.A., Rahman, A.M.A. (2008). Using green roof
concept as a passive design technology to minimize the impact of global
warming 2nd International conference on built environment in
developing countries (ICBEDC 2008), Kuala Lumpur.
[5] Hewage, K., Bianchini, F. (2012). "How "green" are the green roofs?
Lifecycle analysis of green roof materials." Building and Environment
48: 57-65.
[6] Whittinghill, L. J., Rowe, D.B. (2011). "The role of green roof
technology in urban agriculture." Renewable Agriculture and Food
Systems.doi:10.1017/S174217051100038X
[7] Molineux, C. J., Fentiman, C.H., Gange, A.C. (2009). "Characterising
alternative recycled waste materials for use as green roof growing media
in the U.K." Ecological Engineering 35: 1507-1513.
[8] Ismail, A., Samad, M.H.A., Rahman, A.M.A. (2010). "Potted Plants on
Flat Roof as a Strategy to Reduce Indoor Temperature in Malaysian
Climate." American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 3(3):
534-539.
[9] Hermy, M., Mentens, J., Raes, D. (2006). "Green roofs as a tool for
solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century?"
Landscape and Urban Planning 77: 217-226.
[10] Aziz, H. A., Ismail, Z. (2011). Design Guideline For Sustainable Green
Roof System. 2011 International Symposium on Business, Engineering
& Industrial Applications (ISBEIA2011), Langkawi, Malaysia.
[11] Ismail, W. Z. W., lsmaill, F., Hashim, A.Z., Irfan, A., Ramele,R.
(2009). Potentiality of ecological friendly effect on human behavior of
green building design. 1st National Conference on Environment-
Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying
(FSPU), UniversitiTeknologi MARA (UiTM), Shall Alam.
[12] Ting, K. H. (2012). Tropical green building rating systems: A
comparison between green building index and bca green mark. IEEE
Business, Engineering & Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC,
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
[13] FLL, 2002. Guidelines for the Planning, Execution and Upkeep of
Green-Roof Sites (English version).
ForschungsgesellschaftLandschaftsentwicklungLandschaftsbau English
version, Troisdorf, Germany
[14] Castro-Lacouture, D., Sefair, J.A., Flo'rez , L., Medaglia, A.L. (2009).
"Optimization model for the selection of materials using a LEED-based
green building rating system in Colombia" Building and Environment
44: 1162-1170.
[15] Cabeza, L. F., Vilaa, A., Péreza, G., Solé, C., Fern├índez, A.I.(2012).
"Use of rubber crumbs as drainage layer in experimental green roofs."
Building and Environment 48: 101-106.
[16] Hewage, K., Bianchini, F. (2012). "Probabilistic social cost-benefit
analysis for green roofs: A lifecycle approach." Building and
Environment 58: 152-162.
[17] Peri, G., Traverso, M., Finkbeiner, M., Rizzo, G. (2012). "The cost of
green roofs disposal in a life cycle perspective: Covering the gap "
Energy: doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.02.045
[18] Palla, A., Gnecco, I., Lanza, L.G. (2009). "Unsaturated 2D modelling of
subsurface water flow in the coarse-grained porous matrix of a green
roof." Journal of Hydrology 379: 193-204.
[19] Oberndorfer, E., Lundholm, J., Bass, B. (2007)."Green Roofs as Urban
Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services."
BioScience 57(10): 823-833.
[20] Lundholm, J., MacIvor, J.S., MacDougall, Z.,Ranalli, M. (2010). "Plant
Species and Functional Group Combinations Affect Green Roof
Ecosystem Functions." plosone 5(3): 11.
[21] Spolek, G., Buccola, N.(2011). "A Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Green roof
Runoff Retention, Detention, and Quality." Water Air Soil Pollution
216: 83-92.
[22] Rowe, D. B., Getter, K.L. (2006). "The role of extensive green roofs in
sustainable development." Horticulture science 41(5): 1276-1285.
[23] Getter, K. L., Rowe, D.B (2007). "Effect of Substrate Depth and
Planting Season on Sedum Plug Survival on Green Roofs." J. Environ.
Hort 25(2).
[24] Rowe, D. B. (2011). "Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement."
Environmental Pollution 159: 2100-2110.
[25] Dunnett, N., Nagase, A., Booth, R., Grime, P. (2008a). "Influence of
vegetation composition on runoff in two simulated green roof
experiments." Urban ecosystem 11: 385-398.
[26] Once, O., Celik, S., Retzlaff, W., Morgan, S.(2012). Thermal evaluation
of green roof systems containing bottom ash growth media. Green
Technology Conference, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
[27] Dunnett, N., Nagase, A., Hallam, A. (2008b). "The dynamics of planted
and colonising species on a green roof over six growing seasons 2001-
2006: influence of substrate depth." Urban ecosystem 11: 373-384.
[28] Brenneisen, S. (2006). "Space for Urban Wildlife: Designing Green
Roofs as Habitats in Switzerland." Urban Habitats 4(1).
[29] Lee, M.F., Hsieh, W. F., Ou, S.J. (2010). Roof Greening Technique
Analysis. ICRM2010-Green Manufacturing, Ningbo, China.
[30] Cook-Patton, S. C., Bauerle, T.L. (2012). "Potential benefits of plant
diversity on vegetated roofs: A literature review." Journal of
Environmental Management 106: 85-92.
[31] MacIvor, J. S., Ranalli, M.A., Lundholm, J.T. (2011). "Performance of
dry land and wetland plant species on extensive green roofs." Annals of
Botany 107: 671-679.
[32] Lundholm, J. T., Wolf, D. (2008). "Water uptake in green roof
microcosms: Effects of plant species and water availability." Ecological
Engineering 33.
[33] Teeri, J. A., Turner, M., Gurevitch, J. (1986). "The Response of Leaf
Water Potential and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism to Prolonged
Drought in Sedum rubrotinctum'." Plant Physiol 81: 678-680.
[34] Johari, J., Rasidi, M.H., Said, I. (2011). Planting Technology of Green
Roof for Building in Tropical Cities: A Review on Plant Selection. 5th
South East Asian Technical University Consortium Symposium. Hanoi.
[35] Ismail, A., Samad, M.H.A., Rahman, A.M.A. (2011). The Investigation
of Green Roof and White Roof Cooling Potential on Single Storey
Residential Building in the Malaysian Climate. World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology 76.
[36] Getter, K. L., Rowe, D.B., Andresen, J.A. (2007). "Quantifying the
effect of slope on extensive green roof storm water retention."
Ecological Engineering 31: 225-231.
[37] Rowe, D. B., VanWoert, N.D., JAndresen, J.A.,Rugh, C.L. (2005).
"Green Roof Storm water Retention: Effects of Roof Surface, Slope, and
Media Depth." Journal Environment Quality 34: 1036-1044
[38] Huang, E. N., Liaw, C.H., Lai, C.T., Lin, S.C. (2011). The Effects of a
Green Roof on Rainwater Runoff. Consumer Electronics,
Communications and Networks (CECNet), 2011 International
Conference Xianning University in Xianning, China.
[39] Gregoire, B. G., Clausen, J.C. (2011). "Effect of a modular extensive
green roof on stormwater runoff and water quality "Ecological
Engineering 37: 963-969.
[40] Schroll, E., Lambrinos, J., Righetti, T., Sandrock, D. (2011). "The role
of vegetation in regulating stormwater runoff from green roofs in a
winter rainfall climate." Ecological Engineering 37: 595-600.
[41] Stovin, V., Vesuviano, G., Kasmin, H. (2012). "The hydrological
performance of a green roof test bed under UK climatic conditions."
Journal of Hydrology 414-415: 148-161.
[42] Hilten, R. N., Lawrence, T.M., Tollner, E.W. (2008). "Modeling
stormwater runoff from green roofs with HYDRUS-1D." Journal of
Hydrology 358: 288-293.
[43] Balasubramanian, R., Vijayaraghavan, K., Joshi, U.M (2012). "A field
study to evaluate runoff quality from green roofs." water research 46:
1337-1345.
[44] Hanisah M. H., Hitchmough, J.D., Muda, A. (2012 ). The Perception of
Kuala Lumpur Publics- on Tree Retention and Urban Development. 1st
National Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies, 14-15
November 2009, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying,
UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, Procedia -
Social and Behavioral Sciences.
[45] Juneng, L., Sow, K.S., Tangang, F.T., Hussin, A.G.,Mahmud, M.
(2011). "Numerical simulation of a severe late afternoon thunderstorm
over Peninsular Malaysia" Atmospheric Research 99: 248-262.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:50524", author = "Muhammad Ashraf Fauzi and Nurhayati Abdul Malek and Jamilah Othman", title = "Evaluation of Green Roof System for Green Building Projects in Malaysia", abstract = "The implementations of green roof have been widely
used in the developed countries such as Germany, United Kingdom,
United States and Canada. Green roof have many benefits such as
aesthetic and economic value, ecological gain which are optimization
of storm water management, urban heat island mitigation and energy
conservation. In term of pollution, green roof can control the air and
noise pollution in urban cities. The application of green roof in
Malaysian building has been studied with the previous work of green
roof either in Malaysia or other Asian region as like Indonesia,
Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan and several other countries that have
similar climate and environment as in Malaysia. These technologies
of adapting green roof have been compared to the Green Building
Index (GBI) of Malaysian buildings. The study has concentrated on
the technical aspect of green roof system having focused on i) waste
& recyclable materials ii) types of plants and method of planting and
iii) green roof as tool to reduce storm water runoff. The finding of
these areas will be compared to the suitability in achieving good
practice of the GBI in Malaysia. Results show that most of the
method are based on the countries own climate and environment.
This suggests that the method of using green roof must adhere to the
tropical climate of Malaysia. Suggestion of this research will be
viewed in term of the sustainability of the green roof. Further
research can be developed to implement the best method and
application in Malaysian climate especially in urban cities and
township.", keywords = "Green roofs, vegetation, plants, material, stormwater.", volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "80-7", }
