CFD Simulations to Study the Cooling Effects of Different Greening Modifications
The objective of this study is to conduct computational
fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations for evaluating the cooling efficacy
from vegetation implanted in a public park in the Taipei, Taiwan. To
probe the impacts of park renewal by means of adding three pavilions
and supplementary green areas on urban microclimates, the simulated
results have revealed that the park having a higher percentage of green
coverage ratio (GCR) tended to experience a better cooling effect.
These findings can be used to explore the effects of different greening
modifications on urban environments for achieving an effective
thermal comfort in urban public spaces.
[1] E. Ng, L. Chen, Y. Wang, C. Yuan, A study on the cooling effects of
greening in a high-density city: An experience from Hong Kong, Building
and Environment, 47 (2012), 256-271.
[2] A.H. Rosenfeld, H. Akbari, S. Bretz, B.L. Fishman, D.M. Kurn, D. Sailor,
H. Taha, Mitigation of urban heat islands: Materials, utility programs,
updates. Journal of Energy and Buildings, 22 (1995) 255–265.
[3] H. Taha, Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and
anthropogenic heat, Energy and Buildings, 25 (1997) 99-103.
[4] M. Bruse, H. Fleer, Simulating surface–plant–air interactions inside
urban environments with a three dimensional numerical model,
Environmental Modelling & Software, 13 (1998) 373-384.
[5] A.Dimoudi, M. Nikolopoulou, Vegetation in the urban environment:
microclimatic analysis and benefits, Energy and Buildings, 35 (2003)
69-76.
[6] E. Alexandri, P. Jones, Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to
green walls and green roofs in diverse climates, Building and
Environment, 43 (2008) 4810-493.
[7] D. Fröhlich, A. Matzarakis , Modeling of changes in thermal bioclimate:
examples based on urban spaces in Freiburg, Germany. Theoretical and
Applied Climatology. 111 (2013) 547-558.
[8] B. Vidrih, S. Medved, Multiparametric model of urban park cooling
island, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (2013) 220-229.
[9] M. Srivanit, K. Hokao, Evaluating the cooling effects of greening for
improving the outdoor thermal environment at an institutional campus in
the summer, Building and Environment, 66 (2013) 158-172.
[10] H. T. Lin, K. P. Lee, K. T. Chen, L. J. Lin, H. C. Kuo, T. C. Chen,
Experimental analyses of urban heat island effects of the four
metropolitan cities in Taiwan (I) - The comparison of the heat island
intensities between Taiwan and the world cities, Journal of Architecture,
31(1999) 51-73.
[11] M. Z.I. Bangalee, J. J. Miau, S. Y. Lin, J. H. Yang, Flow visualization,
PIV measurement and CFD calculation for fluid-driven natural
cross-ventilation in a scale model, Energy and Buildings, 66 (2013)
306-314.
[12] T. H. Shin, W. W. Liou, A. Shabbir, Z. Yang, J. Zhu, A new k-ε eddy
viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows, Computers
Fluids, 24 (1995) 227-238.
[13] P. Karava, C. M. Jubayer, E. Savory, Numerical modelling of forced
convective heat transfer from the inclined windward roof of an isolated
low-rise building with application to photovoltaic/thermal systems,
Applied Thermal Engineering, 31 (2011) 1950-1963.
[14] M. Robitu, M. Musy, C. Inard, D. Groleau, Modeling the influence of
vegetation and water pond on urban microclimate, Solar Energy, 80
(2006) 435-447.
[15] ANSYS Inc., ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 user’s guide. ANSYS, Inc. United
States, 2011.
[16] H. Barden, Simulationsmodell für den Wasser-, Energie- und
Stoffhaushalt in Pflanzenbeständen., Hannover, Inst. für Meteorologie u.
Klimatologie d. Univ, 1982.
[17] Harrison RM. Understanding our environment: an introduction to
environmental chemistry and pollution. Royal Society of Chemistry,
Cambridge, UK; 1992.
[18] Blocken B, Carmeliet J, Stathopoulos T. CFD evaluation of wind speed
conditions in passages between parallel buildings—effect of
wall-function roughness modifications for the atmospheric boundary
layer flow. J Wind Eng Ind Aerod 2007; 95:941-962.
[19] Richards PJ. Computational modelling of wind flows around low rise
buildings using PHOENIX. Report for the ARFC Institute of Engineering
Research Wrest Park, Bedfordshire, UK; 1989.
[20] Wieringa J. Updating the Davenport roughness classification. J Wind Eng
Ind Aerod 1992; 41:357-368.
[21] Chen WF. Handbook of structural engineering. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Fla.; 1997.
[22] Hargreaves DM, Wright NG. On the use of the k– model in commercial
CFD software to model the neutral atmospheric boundary layer. J Wind
Eng Ind Aerod 2007;95:355-369.
[23] Fidaros DK, Baxevanou CA, Bartzanas T, Kittas C. Numerical simulation
of thermal behavior of a ventilated arc greenhouse during a solar day.
Renew Energ 2010;35:1380-1386.
[24] Palyvos JA. A survey of wind convection coefficient correlations for
building envelope energy systems’ modeling. Appl Therm Eng 2008;
28:801-808.
[25] Van Doormaal JP, Raithby GD. Enhancement of the SIMPLE Method for
Predicting Incompressible Fluid Flows. Numer Heat Tr. 1984;7:147-163.
[1] E. Ng, L. Chen, Y. Wang, C. Yuan, A study on the cooling effects of
greening in a high-density city: An experience from Hong Kong, Building
and Environment, 47 (2012), 256-271.
[2] A.H. Rosenfeld, H. Akbari, S. Bretz, B.L. Fishman, D.M. Kurn, D. Sailor,
H. Taha, Mitigation of urban heat islands: Materials, utility programs,
updates. Journal of Energy and Buildings, 22 (1995) 255–265.
[3] H. Taha, Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and
anthropogenic heat, Energy and Buildings, 25 (1997) 99-103.
[4] M. Bruse, H. Fleer, Simulating surface–plant–air interactions inside
urban environments with a three dimensional numerical model,
Environmental Modelling & Software, 13 (1998) 373-384.
[5] A.Dimoudi, M. Nikolopoulou, Vegetation in the urban environment:
microclimatic analysis and benefits, Energy and Buildings, 35 (2003)
69-76.
[6] E. Alexandri, P. Jones, Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to
green walls and green roofs in diverse climates, Building and
Environment, 43 (2008) 4810-493.
[7] D. Fröhlich, A. Matzarakis , Modeling of changes in thermal bioclimate:
examples based on urban spaces in Freiburg, Germany. Theoretical and
Applied Climatology. 111 (2013) 547-558.
[8] B. Vidrih, S. Medved, Multiparametric model of urban park cooling
island, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (2013) 220-229.
[9] M. Srivanit, K. Hokao, Evaluating the cooling effects of greening for
improving the outdoor thermal environment at an institutional campus in
the summer, Building and Environment, 66 (2013) 158-172.
[10] H. T. Lin, K. P. Lee, K. T. Chen, L. J. Lin, H. C. Kuo, T. C. Chen,
Experimental analyses of urban heat island effects of the four
metropolitan cities in Taiwan (I) - The comparison of the heat island
intensities between Taiwan and the world cities, Journal of Architecture,
31(1999) 51-73.
[11] M. Z.I. Bangalee, J. J. Miau, S. Y. Lin, J. H. Yang, Flow visualization,
PIV measurement and CFD calculation for fluid-driven natural
cross-ventilation in a scale model, Energy and Buildings, 66 (2013)
306-314.
[12] T. H. Shin, W. W. Liou, A. Shabbir, Z. Yang, J. Zhu, A new k-ε eddy
viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows, Computers
Fluids, 24 (1995) 227-238.
[13] P. Karava, C. M. Jubayer, E. Savory, Numerical modelling of forced
convective heat transfer from the inclined windward roof of an isolated
low-rise building with application to photovoltaic/thermal systems,
Applied Thermal Engineering, 31 (2011) 1950-1963.
[14] M. Robitu, M. Musy, C. Inard, D. Groleau, Modeling the influence of
vegetation and water pond on urban microclimate, Solar Energy, 80
(2006) 435-447.
[15] ANSYS Inc., ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 user’s guide. ANSYS, Inc. United
States, 2011.
[16] H. Barden, Simulationsmodell für den Wasser-, Energie- und
Stoffhaushalt in Pflanzenbeständen., Hannover, Inst. für Meteorologie u.
Klimatologie d. Univ, 1982.
[17] Harrison RM. Understanding our environment: an introduction to
environmental chemistry and pollution. Royal Society of Chemistry,
Cambridge, UK; 1992.
[18] Blocken B, Carmeliet J, Stathopoulos T. CFD evaluation of wind speed
conditions in passages between parallel buildings—effect of
wall-function roughness modifications for the atmospheric boundary
layer flow. J Wind Eng Ind Aerod 2007; 95:941-962.
[19] Richards PJ. Computational modelling of wind flows around low rise
buildings using PHOENIX. Report for the ARFC Institute of Engineering
Research Wrest Park, Bedfordshire, UK; 1989.
[20] Wieringa J. Updating the Davenport roughness classification. J Wind Eng
Ind Aerod 1992; 41:357-368.
[21] Chen WF. Handbook of structural engineering. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Fla.; 1997.
[22] Hargreaves DM, Wright NG. On the use of the k– model in commercial
CFD software to model the neutral atmospheric boundary layer. J Wind
Eng Ind Aerod 2007;95:355-369.
[23] Fidaros DK, Baxevanou CA, Bartzanas T, Kittas C. Numerical simulation
of thermal behavior of a ventilated arc greenhouse during a solar day.
Renew Energ 2010;35:1380-1386.
[24] Palyvos JA. A survey of wind convection coefficient correlations for
building envelope energy systems’ modeling. Appl Therm Eng 2008;
28:801-808.
[25] Van Doormaal JP, Raithby GD. Enhancement of the SIMPLE Method for
Predicting Incompressible Fluid Flows. Numer Heat Tr. 1984;7:147-163.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:70141", author = "An-Shik Yang and Chih-Yung Wen and Chiang-Ho Cheng and Yu-Hsuan Juan", title = "CFD Simulations to Study the Cooling Effects of Different Greening Modifications", abstract = "The objective of this study is to conduct computational
fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations for evaluating the cooling efficacy
from vegetation implanted in a public park in the Taipei, Taiwan. To
probe the impacts of park renewal by means of adding three pavilions
and supplementary green areas on urban microclimates, the simulated
results have revealed that the park having a higher percentage of green
coverage ratio (GCR) tended to experience a better cooling effect.
These findings can be used to explore the effects of different greening
modifications on urban environments for achieving an effective
thermal comfort in urban public spaces.", keywords = "CFD simulations, green coverage ratio, urban heat
island, urban public park.", volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "817-7", }
