A Study on Flammability of Bio Oil Combustible Vapour Mixtures
Study of fire and explosion is very important mainly
in oil and gas industries due to several accidents which have been
reported in the past and present. In this work, we have investigated
the flammability of bio oil vapour mixtures. This mixture may
contribute to fire during the storage and transportation process. Bio
oil sample derived from Palm Kernell shell was analysed using Gas
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to examine the
composition of the sample. Mole fractions of 12 selected
components in the liquid phase were obtained from the GC-FID data
and used to calculate mole fractions of components in the gas phase
via modified Raoult-s law. Lower Flammability Limits (LFLs) and
Upper Flammability Limits (UFLs) for individual components were
obtained from published literature. However, stoichiometric
concentration method was used to calculate the flammability limits
of some components which their flammability limit values are not
available in the literature. The LFL and UFL values for the mixture
were calculated using the Le Chatelier equation. The LFLmix and
UFLmix values were used to construct a flammability diagram and
subsequently used to determine the flammability of the mixture. The
findings of this study can be used to propose suitable inherently
safer method to prevent the flammable mixture from occurring and
to minimizing the loss of properties, business, and life due to fire
accidents in bio oil productions.
[1] O. Y.C. Sharma & B. Singh, Development of biodiesel: Current
scenario, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 2009, 1646-
1651.
[2] S. D. Alexandrovich, Economics of combined power plant and
pyrolysis bio-oil production, Master thesis. Lappeenranta University of
Technology (2011).
[3] T.A. Milne, F. Agblevor, M. Davis, S. Deutch, & D. Johnson, A
Review of the Chemical Composition of Fast Pyrolysis Oils, in
Developments in Thermal Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater and
D.G.B. Boocock, eds., Blackie Academic and Professional, London,
pp. 409-424 (1997).
[4] C. Lindfors, Production of bio-oil from forest residue, The 2nd Nordic
wood Biorefinery Conference, 2 to 4 September, 2009, Helsinki,
Finland.
[5] Y. Tian, W. Zuoa, Z. Rena & D. Chen, Estimation of a Novel Method
to produce bio-oil from sewage sludge by microwave pyrolysis with
the consideration of efficiency and safety, Bioresource Technology,
102 (2), 2011, 2053-2061.
[6] M. G. Zabetakis, Flammability Characteristics of Combustible Gases
and Vapors, Bulletin 627 (1965), Bureau of Mines.
[7] D. Crowl, & J. F., Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: fundamentals
with applications (Prentice-Hall, 2002).
[8] H. F. Coward, & G. W. Jones, Limits of Flammability of Gases and
Vapors, Bulletin 503(1952), Bureau of Mines.
[9] N. I. Sax, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1984.
[10] J. M., Kuchta, Investigation of Fire and Explosion Accidents in the
Chemical, Mining, and Fuel-related Industries-A manual, Bulletin, 680
(1985) Bureau of Mines.
[11] H. Ohtani, S. G. Lee & Y. Uehara, Combustion Characteristics of
Several Flammable Gases with Chlorine Trifluoride, Proceedings of
the Fourth International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Ottawa,
Canada, 1994.
[12] M. Brooks & D. Crowl, Flammability Envelopes for Methanol,
Ethanol, Acetonitrile and Toluene, Journal of Loss Prevention in the
Process Industries 20 (2007): 144-150.
[13] DIPPR® Project 801, Evaluated Standard Thermophysical Property
Values, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Design Institute for
Physical Properties (2010).
[14] NFPA 325M, Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and
Volatile Solids, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, M. A.
(1984).
[15] I. Zlochower & G. Green, The Limiting Oxygen Concentration and
Flammability Limits of Gases and Gas mixtures, Journal of Loss
Prevention in the Process Industries 22, (2009), 499-505.
[16] D. S. Burgess, A. L. Furno, J. M. Kuchta & K. E. Mura, Flammability
of mixed gases, Report of Investigations RI-8709 (1982).
[17] D. A. Crowl, Understanding Explosions (Wiley-AIChE, 2003).
[18] C. V. Mashuga & D. A. Crowl, Application of the flammability
diagram for evaluation of fire and explosion hazards of flammable
vapors, Process Safety Progress, 17 (3), 1998, 176-183.
[19] N. Ali, & U. Yoshimitsu, Bio-Oil Production by Oil Palm Residue by
Fluidized Bed Fast Pyrolisis and Its Characterization, Postgrad
Symposium, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, (2011).
[20] D. Y. Peng, & D. B. Robinson, A New Two-Constant Equation of
State. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 15 (1), 1976, 59-64.
[21] C. Antoine, Tensions des vapeurs; nouvelle relation entre les tensions
et les temperatures. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des
Sciences, 107 (1888): 681-684, 778-780, 836-837.
[22] C. L. Yaws, Handbook of Thermodynamic Diagrams, Organic
Compound C8 to C28, Vol. 3 (Library of Physico-Chemical Property
Data). Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992.
[23] C. L. Yaws, P. K. Narasimhan, & G. Chaitanya, Yaws' Handbook of
Antoine Coefficients for Vapor Pressure. Knovel library, 2009.
[24] G. W. Jones, Inflammation Limits and their Practical Application in
Hazardous Industrial Operations, Chemical Reviews, 22 (1), 1938, 1-
26.
[25] H., Le Chatelier Estimation of Firedamp by Flammability Limits, Ann.
Mines, ser. 8 (19), 1891, 388-395.
[1] O. Y.C. Sharma & B. Singh, Development of biodiesel: Current
scenario, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 2009, 1646-
1651.
[2] S. D. Alexandrovich, Economics of combined power plant and
pyrolysis bio-oil production, Master thesis. Lappeenranta University of
Technology (2011).
[3] T.A. Milne, F. Agblevor, M. Davis, S. Deutch, & D. Johnson, A
Review of the Chemical Composition of Fast Pyrolysis Oils, in
Developments in Thermal Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater and
D.G.B. Boocock, eds., Blackie Academic and Professional, London,
pp. 409-424 (1997).
[4] C. Lindfors, Production of bio-oil from forest residue, The 2nd Nordic
wood Biorefinery Conference, 2 to 4 September, 2009, Helsinki,
Finland.
[5] Y. Tian, W. Zuoa, Z. Rena & D. Chen, Estimation of a Novel Method
to produce bio-oil from sewage sludge by microwave pyrolysis with
the consideration of efficiency and safety, Bioresource Technology,
102 (2), 2011, 2053-2061.
[6] M. G. Zabetakis, Flammability Characteristics of Combustible Gases
and Vapors, Bulletin 627 (1965), Bureau of Mines.
[7] D. Crowl, & J. F., Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: fundamentals
with applications (Prentice-Hall, 2002).
[8] H. F. Coward, & G. W. Jones, Limits of Flammability of Gases and
Vapors, Bulletin 503(1952), Bureau of Mines.
[9] N. I. Sax, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1984.
[10] J. M., Kuchta, Investigation of Fire and Explosion Accidents in the
Chemical, Mining, and Fuel-related Industries-A manual, Bulletin, 680
(1985) Bureau of Mines.
[11] H. Ohtani, S. G. Lee & Y. Uehara, Combustion Characteristics of
Several Flammable Gases with Chlorine Trifluoride, Proceedings of
the Fourth International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Ottawa,
Canada, 1994.
[12] M. Brooks & D. Crowl, Flammability Envelopes for Methanol,
Ethanol, Acetonitrile and Toluene, Journal of Loss Prevention in the
Process Industries 20 (2007): 144-150.
[13] DIPPR® Project 801, Evaluated Standard Thermophysical Property
Values, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Design Institute for
Physical Properties (2010).
[14] NFPA 325M, Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and
Volatile Solids, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, M. A.
(1984).
[15] I. Zlochower & G. Green, The Limiting Oxygen Concentration and
Flammability Limits of Gases and Gas mixtures, Journal of Loss
Prevention in the Process Industries 22, (2009), 499-505.
[16] D. S. Burgess, A. L. Furno, J. M. Kuchta & K. E. Mura, Flammability
of mixed gases, Report of Investigations RI-8709 (1982).
[17] D. A. Crowl, Understanding Explosions (Wiley-AIChE, 2003).
[18] C. V. Mashuga & D. A. Crowl, Application of the flammability
diagram for evaluation of fire and explosion hazards of flammable
vapors, Process Safety Progress, 17 (3), 1998, 176-183.
[19] N. Ali, & U. Yoshimitsu, Bio-Oil Production by Oil Palm Residue by
Fluidized Bed Fast Pyrolisis and Its Characterization, Postgrad
Symposium, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, (2011).
[20] D. Y. Peng, & D. B. Robinson, A New Two-Constant Equation of
State. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 15 (1), 1976, 59-64.
[21] C. Antoine, Tensions des vapeurs; nouvelle relation entre les tensions
et les temperatures. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des
Sciences, 107 (1888): 681-684, 778-780, 836-837.
[22] C. L. Yaws, Handbook of Thermodynamic Diagrams, Organic
Compound C8 to C28, Vol. 3 (Library of Physico-Chemical Property
Data). Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992.
[23] C. L. Yaws, P. K. Narasimhan, & G. Chaitanya, Yaws' Handbook of
Antoine Coefficients for Vapor Pressure. Knovel library, 2009.
[24] G. W. Jones, Inflammation Limits and their Practical Application in
Hazardous Industrial Operations, Chemical Reviews, 22 (1), 1938, 1-
26.
[25] H., Le Chatelier Estimation of Firedamp by Flammability Limits, Ann.
Mines, ser. 8 (19), 1891, 388-395.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:62391", author = "Mohanad El-Harbawi and Nurul Amirah Hanim Bt. Umar and Norizan Ali and Yoshimitsu Uemura", title = "A Study on Flammability of Bio Oil Combustible Vapour Mixtures", abstract = "Study of fire and explosion is very important mainly
in oil and gas industries due to several accidents which have been
reported in the past and present. In this work, we have investigated
the flammability of bio oil vapour mixtures. This mixture may
contribute to fire during the storage and transportation process. Bio
oil sample derived from Palm Kernell shell was analysed using Gas
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to examine the
composition of the sample. Mole fractions of 12 selected
components in the liquid phase were obtained from the GC-FID data
and used to calculate mole fractions of components in the gas phase
via modified Raoult-s law. Lower Flammability Limits (LFLs) and
Upper Flammability Limits (UFLs) for individual components were
obtained from published literature. However, stoichiometric
concentration method was used to calculate the flammability limits
of some components which their flammability limit values are not
available in the literature. The LFL and UFL values for the mixture
were calculated using the Le Chatelier equation. The LFLmix and
UFLmix values were used to construct a flammability diagram and
subsequently used to determine the flammability of the mixture. The
findings of this study can be used to propose suitable inherently
safer method to prevent the flammable mixture from occurring and
to minimizing the loss of properties, business, and life due to fire
accidents in bio oil productions.", keywords = "Gas chromatography, compositions, lower and
upper flammability limits (LFL & UFL), flammability diagram.", volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "232-7", }
