Abstract: In any communication, security is the most important issue in today’s world. In this paper, steganography is the process of hiding the important data into other data, such as text, audio, video, and image. The interest in this topic is to provide availability, confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data. The steganographic technique that embeds hides content with unremarkable cover media so as not to provoke eavesdropper’s suspicion or third party and hackers. In which many applications of compression, encryption, decryption, and embedding methods are used for digital image steganography. Due to compression, the nose produces in the image. To sustain noise in the image, the LSB insertion technique is used. The performance of the proposed embedding system with respect to providing security to secret message and robustness is discussed. We also demonstrate the maximum steganography capacity and visual distortion.
Abstract: Image steganography is the best aspect of information hiding. In this, the information is hidden within an image and the image travels openly on the Internet. The Least Significant Bit (LSB) is one of the most popular methods of image steganography. In this method, the information bit is hidden at the LSB of the image pixel. In one bit LSB steganography method, the total numbers of the pixels and the total number of message bits are equal to each other. In this paper, the LSB method of image steganography is used for watermarking. The watermarking is an application of the steganography. The watermark contains 80*88 pixels and each pixel requirs 8 bits for its binary equivalent form so, the total number of bits required to hide the watermark are 80*88*8(56320). The experiment was performed on standard 256*256 and 512*512 size images. After the watermark insertion, histogram analysis was performed. A noise factor (salt and pepper) of 0.02 was added to the stego image in order to evaluate the robustness of the method. The watermark was successfully retrieved after insertion of noise. An experiment was performed in order to know the imperceptibility of stego and the retrieved watermark. It is clear that the LSB watermarking scheme is robust to the salt and pepper noise.
Abstract: ‘Steganalysis’ is one of the challenging and attractive interests for the researchers with the development of information hiding techniques. It is the procedure to detect the hidden information from the stego created by known steganographic algorithm. In this paper, a novel feature based image steganalysis technique is proposed. Various statistical moments have been used along with some similarity metric. The proposed steganalysis technique has been designed based on transformation in four wavelet domains, which include Haar, Daubechies, Symlets and Biorthogonal. Each domain is being subjected to various classifiers, namely K-nearest-neighbor, K* Classifier, Locally weighted learning, Naive Bayes classifier, Neural networks, Decision trees and Support vector machines. The experiments are performed on a large set of pictures which are available freely in image database. The system also predicts the different message length definitions.
Abstract: Recent growth in digital multimedia technologies has presented a lot of facilities in information transmission, reproduction and manipulation. Therefore, the concept of information security is one of the superior articles in the present day situation. The biometric information security is one of the information security mechanisms. It has the advantages as well as disadvantages. The biometric system is at risk to a range of attacks. These attacks are anticipated to bypass the security system or to suspend the normal functioning. Various hazards have been discovered while using biometric system. Proper use of steganography greatly reduces the risks in biometric systems from the hackers. Steganography is one of the fashionable information hiding technique. The goal of steganography is to hide information inside a cover medium like text, image, audio, video etc. through which it is not possible to detect the existence of the secret information. Here in this paper a new security concept has been established by making the system more secure with the help of steganography along with biometric security. Here the biometric information has been embedded to a skin tone portion of an image with the help of proposed steganographic technique.
Abstract: In high bitrate information hiding techniques, 1 bit is
embedded within each 4 x 4 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
coefficient block by means of vector quantization, then the hidden bit
can be effectively extracted in terminal end. In this paper high bitrate
information hiding algorithms are summarized, and the scheme of
video in video is implemented. Experimental result shows that the host
video which is embedded numerous auxiliary information have little
visually quality decline. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR)Y of host
video only degrades 0.22dB in average, while the hidden information
has a high percentage of survives and keeps a high robustness in
H.264/AVC compression, the average Bit Error Rate(BER) of hiding
information is 0.015%.
Abstract: In this study, a novel approach of image embedding is introduced. The proposed method consists of three main steps. First, the edge of the image is detected using Sobel mask filters. Second, the least significant bit LSB of each pixel is used. Finally, a gray level connectivity is applied using a fuzzy approach and the ASCII code is used for information hiding. The prior bit of the LSB represents the edged image after gray level connectivity, and the remaining six bits represent the original image with very little difference in contrast. The proposed method embeds three images in one image and includes, as a special case of data embedding, information hiding, identifying and authenticating text embedded within the digital images. Image embedding method is considered to be one of the good compression methods, in terms of reserving memory space. Moreover, information hiding within digital image can be used for security information transfer. The creation and extraction of three embedded images, and hiding text information is discussed and illustrated, in the following sections.
Abstract: In this work we propose a novel Steganographic
method for hiding information within the spatial domain of the gray
scale image. The proposed approach works by dividing the cover into
blocks of equal sizes and then embeds the message in the edge of the
block depending on the number of ones in left four bits of the pixel.
The proposed approach is tested on a database consists of 100
different images. Experimental results, compared with other
methods, showed that the proposed approach hide more large
information and gave a good visual quality stego-image that can be
seen by human eyes.
Abstract: The goal of steganography is to avoid drawing
suspicion to the transmission of a hidden message. If suspicion is
raised, steganography may fail. The success of steganography
depends on the secrecy of the action. If steganography is detected,
the system will fail but data security depends on the robustness of the
applied algorithm. In this paper, we propose a novel plausible
deniability scheme in steganography by using a diversionary message
and encrypt it with a DES-based algorithm. Then, we compress the
secret message and encrypt it by the receiver-s public key along with
the stego key and embed both messages in a carrier using an
embedding algorithm. It will be demonstrated how this method can
support plausible deniability and is robust against steganalysis.
Abstract: Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of
the Internet and telecommunication techniques. Information security
is becoming more and more important. Applications such as covert
communication, copyright protection, etc, stimulate the research of
information hiding techniques. Traditionally, encryption is used to
realize the communication security. However, important information
is not protected once decoded. Steganography is the art and science
of communicating in a way which hides the existence of the communication.
Important information is firstly hidden in a host data, such
as digital image, video or audio, etc, and then transmitted secretly
to the receiver.In this paper a data hiding model with high security
features combining both cryptography using finite state sequential
machine and image based steganography technique for communicating
information more securely between two locations is proposed.
The authors incorporated the idea of secret key for authentication
at both ends in order to achieve high level of security. Before the
embedding operation the secret information has been encrypted with
the help of finite-state sequential machine and segmented in different
parts. The cover image is also segmented in different objects through
normalized cut.Each part of the encoded secret information has been
embedded with the help of a novel image steganographic method
(PMM) on different cuts of the cover image to form different stego
objects. Finally stego image is formed by combining different stego
objects and transmit to the receiver side. At the receiving end different
opposite processes should run to get the back the original secret
message.
Abstract: A study of the obtainable watermark data rate for information hiding algorithms is presented in this paper. As the perceptual entropy for wideband monophonic audio signals is in the range of four to five bits per sample, a significant amount of additional information can be inserted into signal without causing any perceptual distortion. Experimental results showed that transform domain watermark embedding outperforms considerably watermark embedding in time domain and that signal decompositions with a high gain of transform coding, like the wavelet transform, are the most suitable for high data rate information hiding. Keywords?Digital watermarking, information hiding, audio watermarking, watermark data rate.
Abstract: Game theory could be used to analyze the conflicted
issues in the field of information hiding. In this paper, 2-phase game
can be used to build the embedder-attacker system to analyze the
limits of hiding capacity of embedding algorithms: the embedder
minimizes the expected damage and the attacker maximizes it. In the
system, the embedder first consumes its resource to build embedded
units (EU) and insert the secret information into EU. Then the attacker
distributes its resource evenly to the attacked EU. The expected
equilibrium damage, which is maximum damage in value from the
point of view of the attacker and minimum from the embedder against
the attacker, is evaluated by the case when the attacker attacks a
subset from all the EU. Furthermore, the optimal equilibrium capacity
of hiding information is calculated through the optimal number of EU
with the embedded secret information. Finally, illustrative examples
of the optimal equilibrium capacity are presented.
Abstract: Over last two decades, due to hostilities of environment
over the internet the concerns about confidentiality of information
have increased at phenomenal rate. Therefore to safeguard the information
from attacks, number of data/information hiding methods have
evolved mostly in spatial and transformation domain.In spatial domain
data hiding techniques,the information is embedded directly on
the image plane itself. In transform domain data hiding techniques the
image is first changed from spatial domain to some other domain and
then the secret information is embedded so that the secret information
remains more secure from any attack. Information hiding algorithms
in time domain or spatial domain have high capacity and relatively
lower robustness. In contrast, the algorithms in transform domain,
such as DCT, DWT have certain robustness against some multimedia
processing.In this work the authors propose a novel steganographic
method for hiding information in the transform domain of the gray
scale image.The proposed approach works by converting the gray
level image in transform domain using discrete integer wavelet
technique through lifting scheme.This approach performs a 2-D
lifting wavelet decomposition through Haar lifted wavelet of the cover
image and computes the approximation coefficients matrix CA and
detail coefficients matrices CH, CV, and CD.Next step is to apply the
PMM technique in those coefficients to form the stego image. The
aim of this paper is to propose a high-capacity image steganography
technique that uses pixel mapping method in integer wavelet domain
with acceptable levels of imperceptibility and distortion in the cover
image and high level of overall security. This solution is independent
of the nature of the data to be hidden and produces a stego image
with minimum degradation.
Abstract: Information hiding for authenticating and verifying the content integrity of the multimedia has been exploited extensively in the last decade. We propose the idea of using genetic algorithm and non-deterministic dependence by involving the un-watermarkable coefficients for digital image authentication. Genetic algorithm is used to intelligently select coefficients for watermarking in a DCT based image authentication scheme, which implicitly watermark all the un-watermarkable coefficients also, in order to thwart different attacks. Experimental results show that such intelligent selection results in improvement of imperceptibility of the watermarked image, and implicit watermarking of all the coefficients improves security against attacks such as cover-up, vector quantization and transplantation.
Abstract: Steganography, derived from Greek, literally means
“covered writing". It includes a vast array of secret communications
methods that conceal the message-s very existence. These methods
include invisible inks, microdots, character arrangement, digital
signatures, covert channels, and spread spectrum communications.
This paper proposes a new improved version of Least Significant Bit
(LSB) method. The approach proposed is simple for implementation
when compared to Pixel value Differencing (PVD) method and yet
achieves a High embedding capacity and imperceptibility. The
proposed method can also be applied to 24 bit color images and
achieve embedding capacity much higher than PVD.
Abstract: Information hiding, especially watermarking is a
promising technique for the protection of intellectual property rights.
This technology is mainly advanced for multimedia but the same has
not been done for text. Web pages, like other documents, need a
protection against piracy. In this paper, some techniques are
proposed to show how to hide information in web pages using some
features of the markup language used to describe these pages. Most
of the techniques proposed here use the white space to hide
information or some varieties of the language in representing
elements. Experiments on a very small page and analysis of five
thousands web pages show that these techniques have a wide
bandwidth available for information hiding, and they might form a
solid base to develop a robust algorithm for web page watermarking.
Abstract: Random Oracle Model (ROM) is an effective method
for measuring the practical security of cryptograph. In this paper, we
try to use it into information hiding system (IHS). Because IHS has its
own properties, the ROM must be modified if it is used into IHS.
Firstly, we fully discuss why and how to modify each part of ROM
respectively. The main changes include: 1) Divide the attacks that IHS
may be suffered into two phases and divide the attacks of each phase
into several kinds. 2) Distinguish Oracles and Black-boxes clearly. 3)
Define Oracle and four Black-boxes that IHS used. 4) Propose the
formalized adversary model. And 5) Give the definition of judge.
Secondly, based on ROM of IHS, the security against known original
cover attack (KOCA-KOCA-security) is defined. Then, we give an
actual information hiding scheme and prove that it is
KOCA-KOCA-secure. Finally, we conclude the paper and propose the
open problems of further research.
Abstract: Many researchers are working on information hiding
techniques using different ideas and areas to hide their secrete data.
This paper introduces a robust technique of hiding secret data in
image based on LSB insertion and RSA encryption technique. The
key of the proposed technique is to encrypt the secret data. Then the
encrypted data will be converted into a bit stream and divided it into
number of segments. However, the cover image will also be divided
into the same number of segments. Each segment of data will be
compared with each segment of image to find the best match
segment, in order to create a new random sequence of segments to be
inserted then in a cover image. Experimental results show that the
proposed technique has a high security level and produced better
stego-image quality.
Abstract: Nowadays, the rapid development of multimedia
and internet allows for wide distribution of digital media data.
It becomes much easier to edit, modify and duplicate digital
information Besides that, digital documents are also easy to
copy and distribute, therefore it will be faced by many
threatens. It-s a big security and privacy issue with the large
flood of information and the development of the digital
format, it become necessary to find appropriate protection
because of the significance, accuracy and sensitivity of the
information. Nowadays protection system classified with more
specific as hiding information, encryption information, and
combination between hiding and encryption to increase information
security, the strength of the information hiding science is due to the
non-existence of standard algorithms to be used in hiding secret
messages. Also there is randomness in hiding methods such as
combining several media (covers) with different methods to pass a
secret message. In addition, there are no formal methods to be
followed to discover the hidden data. For this reason, the task of this
research becomes difficult. In this paper, a new system of information
hiding is presented. The proposed system aim to hidden information
(data file) in any execution file (EXE) and to detect the hidden file
and we will see implementation of steganography system which
embeds information in an execution file. (EXE) files have been
investigated. The system tries to find a solution to the size of the
cover file and making it undetectable by anti-virus software. The
system includes two main functions; first is the hiding of the
information in a Portable Executable File (EXE), through the
execution of four process (specify the cover file, specify the
information file, encryption of the information, and hiding the
information) and the second function is the extraction of the hiding
information through three process (specify the steno file, extract the
information, and decryption of the information). The system has
achieved the main goals, such as make the relation of the size of the
cover file and the size of information independent and the result file
does not make any conflict with anti-virus software.