Abstract: The following assumptions of the Big Bang theory are challenged and found to be false: the cosmological principle, the assumption that all matter formed at the same time and the assumption regarding the cause of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The evolution of the universe is described based on the conclusion that the universe is finite with a space boundary. This conclusion is reached by ruling out the possibility of an infinite universe or a universe which is finite with no boundary. In a finite universe, the centre of the universe can be located with reference to our home galaxy (The Milky Way) using the speed relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) rest frame and Hubble's law. This places our home galaxy at a distance of approximately 26 million light years from the centre of the universe. Because we are making observations from a point relatively close to the centre of the universe, the universe appears to be isotropic and homogeneous but this is not the case. The CMB is coming from a source located within the event horizon of the universe. There is sufficient mass in the universe to create an event horizon at the Schwarzschild radius. Galaxies form over time due to the energy released by the expansion of space. Conservation of energy must consider total energy which is mass (+ve) plus energy (+ve) plus spacetime curvature (-ve) so that the total energy of the universe is always zero. The predominant position of galaxy formation moves over time from the centre of the universe towards the boundary so that today the majority of new galaxy formation is taking place beyond our horizon of observation at 14 billion light years.
Abstract: As the continuation to the previous studies of gravitational frequency shift, gravitational time dilation, gravitational light bending, gravitational waves, dark matter, and dark energy are explained in the context of Newtonian mechanics. The photon is treated as the particle with mass of hν/C2 under the gravitational field of much larger mass of M. Hence the quantum mechanics theory could be applied to gravitational field on cosmology scale. The obtained results are the same as those obtained by general relativity considering weak gravitational field approximation; however, the results are different when the gravitational field is substantially strong.
Abstract: In the context of large volume Big Divisor (nearly)
SLagy D3/D7 μ-Split SUSY [1], after an explicit identification
of first generation of SM leptons and quarks with fermionic superpartners
of four Wilson line moduli, we discuss the identification of
gravitino as a potential dark matter candidate by explicitly calculating
the decay life times of gravitino (LSP) to be greater than age of
universe and lifetimes of decays of the co-NLSPs (the first generation
squark/slepton and a neutralino) to the LSP (the gravitino) to be
very small to respect BBN constraints. Interested in non-thermal
production mechanism of gravitino, we evaluate the relic abundance
of gravitino LSP in terms of that of the co-NLSP-s by evaluating
their (co-)annihilation cross sections and hence show that the former
satisfies the requirement for a potential Dark Matter candidate. We
also show that it is possible to obtain a 125 GeV light Higgs in our
setup.