Use of Locomotor Activity of Rainbow Trout Juveniles in Identifying Sublethal Concentrations of Landfill Leachate
Landfill waste is a common problem as it has an
economic and environmental impact even if it is closed. Landfill
waste contains a high density of various persistent compounds such
as heavy metals, organic and inorganic materials. As persistent
compounds are slowly-degradable or even non-degradable in the
environment, they often produce sublethal or even lethal effects on
aquatic organisms. The aims of the present study were to estimate
sublethal effects of the Kairiai landfill (WGS: 55°55‘46.74“,
23°23‘28.4“) leachate on the locomotor activity of rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss juveniles using the original system package
developed in our laboratory for automated monitoring, recording and
analysis of aquatic organisms’ activity, and to determine patterns of
fish behavioral response to sublethal effects of leachate. Four
different concentrations of leachate were chosen: 0.125; 0.25; 0.5 and
1.0 mL/L (0.0025; 0.005; 0.01 and 0.002 as part of 96-hour LC50,
respectively). Locomotor activity was measured after 5, 10 and 30
minutes of exposure during 1-minute test-periods of each fish (7 fish
per treatment). The threshold-effect-concentration amounted to 0.18
mL/L (0.0036 parts of 96-hour LC50). This concentration was found
to be even 2.8-fold lower than the concentration generally assumed to
be “safe” for fish. At higher concentrations, the landfill leachate
solution elicited behavioral response of test fish to sublethal levels of
pollutants. The ability of the rainbow trout to detect and avoid
contaminants occurred after 5 minutes of exposure. The intensity of
locomotor activity reached a peak within 10 minutes, evidently
decreasing after 30 minutes. This could be explained by the
physiological and biochemical adaptation of fish to altered
environmental conditions. It has been established that the locomotor
activity of juvenile trout depends on leachate concentration and
exposure duration. Modeling of these parameters showed that the
activity of juveniles increased at higher leachate concentrations, but
slightly decreased with the increasing exposure duration. Experiment
results confirm that the behavior of rainbow trout juveniles is a
sensitive and rapid biomarker that can be used in combination with
the system for fish behavior monitoring, registration and analysis to
determine sublethal concentrations of pollutants in ambient water.
Further research should be focused on software improvement aimed
to include more parameters of aquatic organisms’ behavior and to
investigate the most rapid and appropriate behavioral responses in
different species. In practice, this study could be the basis for the
development and creation of biological early-warning systems
(BEWS).
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Subramanian, “Assessment of the impact of landfill on groundwater
quality: A case study of the Pirana site in western India,” Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 309-321, June 2008.
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contamination in soil due to leachate migration from an open dumping
site,” Applied Water Science, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 193-205, March 2013.
[3] S. Kanmani, R. Gandhimathi, “Investigation of physicochemical
characteristics and heavy metal distribution profile in groundwater
system around the open dump site,” Applied Water Science, vol. 3, no. 2,
pp. 387-399, June 2013.
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effect of landfill leachate in Malaysia on behavior of common carp
(Cyprinus Carpio L., 1758; Pisces, Cyprinidae),” American Journal of
Environmental Sciences, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 209-217, 2009.
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of landfill leachate using plant (Allium cepa) and fish (leporinus
obtusidens) bioassays,” Waste Management and Research, vol. 31 no.
11, pp. 1148–1153, November, 2013.
[6] G. Svecevičius, N. Kazlauskienė, A. Slučkaitė, T. Makaras,
“Toxicological assessment of the effects of closed landfill on neighbouring hydroecosystem,” Fressenius Environmental Bulletin, vol.
23 no.11a, pp. 2926–2932, 2014.
[7] J. Kalka, “Landfill leachate toxicity removal in combined treatment with
municipal wastewater,“ Scientific World Journal, 2012; 2012: 202897,
doi:10.1100/2012/202897.
[8] J. Derco, A. Ž. Gotvajn, J. Zagorc-Končan, B. Almasiova, A. Kassai,
“Pretreatment of landfill leachate by chemical oxidation processes,”
Chemical Papers, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 237-245, April 2010.
[9] Q. B. Gu, S. S. Liu, X. N. Zhuang, X. J. Li, F. S. Li, “Preparation and
performance of inorganic coagulant for landfill Leachate Pretreatment,”
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 76, pp.
98-104, 2006.
[10] B. Jezierska, M. Witeska, “Metal toxicity to fish”, Wydawnictwo
akademii Podlaskiej, University of Podlasie, Siedlce, pp. 12, 2001.
[11] R. Vinodhini, M. Narayanan “Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in
organs of fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio (Common carp),”
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol 5,
no. 2, pp. 179-182, March 2008.
[12] G. J. Atchison, M. G. Henry, M. B. Sandheinrich, ”Effects of metals on
fish behavior: a review,“ Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 18, pp.
11-25, 1987.
[13] J. Y. M. Alkassasbeh, L. Y. Heng, S. Surif, ”Toxicity testing and the
effect of landfill leachate in Malaysia on behavior of Common carp
(Cyprinus Carpio L., 1758; Pisces, Cyprinidae),” American Journal of
Environmental Sciences, vol. 5 no.3, pp. 209-217, 2009.
[14] K. B. Tierney, D. H. Baldwin, T. J. Hara, P. S. Ross, N. L. Scholz, C. J.
Kennedy, “Olfactory toxicity in fishes,” Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 96, pp.
2-26, 2010.
[15] T. J. Hara, “Role of olfaction in fish behaviour,”The Behaviour of
Teleost Fishes, T. J. Pitcher, Ed. Springer, 1986, pp. 152-176.
[16] K. Håkan Olsén, “Effects of pollutants on olfactory detection and
responses to chemical cues including pheromones in fish,” Fish
pheromones and related cues, P. W. Sorensen, B. D. Wisenden, Ed.
Wiley Blackwell, 2015, pp. 217-236.
[17] S. Budi, B. A. Suliasih, M. S. Othman, L Y. Heng, S. Surif, “Toxicity
indetification evaluation of landfill leachate using fish, pawn and seed
plant,” Waste Management, to be published.
[18] Z. B. Salem, N. Capelli, E. Grisey, P. E. Baurand, H. Ayadi, L. Aleya,
“First evidence of fish genotoxicity induced by heavy metals from
landfill leachates: The advantage of using the RAPD-PCR technique,”
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 101, pp. 90-96, March
2014.
[19] D. J. Lawrence Thomas, S. F. Tyrrel, R. Smith, S. Farrow, “Biossays for
the evaluation onf landfill leachate toxicity,” Journal of Toxicology and
Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews, vol. 12, no. 1 pp. 83-
105, 2009.
[20] M. Zaheer Khan, F. C. P. Law, “Adverse effects of pesticides and related
chemicals on enzyme and hormone systems of fish, amphibians and
reptiles: a review,” Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences,
vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 315-323, 2005.
[21] J. K. Beaulieu, “The Melaleuca Wellness Guide” CO: Littleton, RM
Barry Publications, ebook edition, 2015, ch. 3.
[22] B. A. Flerov, Ecological and physiological aspects of toxicology in
fresh-water animals,“ Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 98-104, 1989, (in Russian).
[23] P. M. Chapman, “Whole effluent toxicity testing – usefulness, level of
protection, and risk assessment,” Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 3-13, January 2000.
[24] E. Scherer, „Behavioural responses as indicators of environmental
alterations: approaches, results, developments,“ Journal of Applied
Ichthyology, vol. 8, pp. 122-131, 1992.
[25] G. Svecevičius, “Behavioral responses of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus
mykiss to sublethal toxicity of a model mixture of heavy metals,”
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 74, pp.
845-852, February 2005.
[26] G. Svecevičius, “Avoidance response of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus
mykiss to hexavalent chromium solutions,“ Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 79, pp. 596-600, July 2007.
[27] P. Kavitha, J. Venkateswara Rao, “Oxidative stress and locomotor
behaviour response as biomarkers for assessing recovery status of
mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis after lethal effect of an
organophosphate pesticide, monocrotophos,” Pesticide Biochemistry
and Physiology, vol. 87, pp. 182-188, February 2007.
[28] G. Svecevičius, “Use of behavioral responses of rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss in identifying sublethal exposure to hexavalent
chromium,” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,
vol. 82, pp. 564-568, February 2009.
[29] B. L. Eissa, N. A. Ossana, L. Ferrari, A. Salibián, “Quantative
behavioral parameters as toxicity biomarkers: fish responses to
waterborne cadmium,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1032-1039, May 2010.
[30] C. Vogl, B. Grillitsch, R. Wytek, O. Hunrich Spieser, W. Scholz,
“Qualification of spontaneous undirected locomotor behavior of fish for
sublethal toxicity testing. Part I. Variability of measurement parameters
under general test conditions,” Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2736-2742, December 1999.
[31] A. S. Kane, J. D. Salierno, S. K. Brewer, “Fish models in behavioral
toxicology: automated techniques, updates and perspectives,” In:
Ostrander GK, Ed. Methods in aquatic toxicology, vol. 2, Lewis
Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 559–590, 2005.
[32] C. K. Minns, J. R. M. Kelso, R. G. Randall, “Detecting the response of
fish to habitat alterations in freshwater ecosystems,” Canadian Journal
of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 53, no. S1, pp. 403-414, April
2011.
[33] E. E. Little, R. D. Archeski, B. A. Flerov, V. I. Kozlovskaya,
“Behavioral indicators of sublethal toxicity in rainbow trout,” Archives
of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 19, pp. 380-385,
1990.
[34] J. Hellou, K. Cheeseman, E. Desnoyers, D. Johnston, M. L. Jouvenelle,
J. Leonard, S. Robertson, P. Walker, “A non-lethal chemically based
approach to investigate the quality of harbor sediments,” Science of the
Total Environment, vol. 389, no. 1, pp. 178-187, January 2008.
[35] P. D. Robinson, “Behavioural toxicity of organic chemical contaminants
in fish: application to ecological risk assessments (ERAs),” Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 66, no.7, pp. 1179-1188,
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@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:71837", author = "Tomas Makaras and Gintaras Svecevičius", title = "Use of Locomotor Activity of Rainbow Trout Juveniles in Identifying Sublethal Concentrations of Landfill Leachate", abstract = "Landfill waste is a common problem as it has an
economic and environmental impact even if it is closed. Landfill
waste contains a high density of various persistent compounds such
as heavy metals, organic and inorganic materials. As persistent
compounds are slowly-degradable or even non-degradable in the
environment, they often produce sublethal or even lethal effects on
aquatic organisms. The aims of the present study were to estimate
sublethal effects of the Kairiai landfill (WGS: 55°55‘46.74“,
23°23‘28.4“) leachate on the locomotor activity of rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss juveniles using the original system package
developed in our laboratory for automated monitoring, recording and
analysis of aquatic organisms’ activity, and to determine patterns of
fish behavioral response to sublethal effects of leachate. Four
different concentrations of leachate were chosen: 0.125; 0.25; 0.5 and
1.0 mL/L (0.0025; 0.005; 0.01 and 0.002 as part of 96-hour LC50,
respectively). Locomotor activity was measured after 5, 10 and 30
minutes of exposure during 1-minute test-periods of each fish (7 fish
per treatment). The threshold-effect-concentration amounted to 0.18
mL/L (0.0036 parts of 96-hour LC50). This concentration was found
to be even 2.8-fold lower than the concentration generally assumed to
be “safe” for fish. At higher concentrations, the landfill leachate
solution elicited behavioral response of test fish to sublethal levels of
pollutants. The ability of the rainbow trout to detect and avoid
contaminants occurred after 5 minutes of exposure. The intensity of
locomotor activity reached a peak within 10 minutes, evidently
decreasing after 30 minutes. This could be explained by the
physiological and biochemical adaptation of fish to altered
environmental conditions. It has been established that the locomotor
activity of juvenile trout depends on leachate concentration and
exposure duration. Modeling of these parameters showed that the
activity of juveniles increased at higher leachate concentrations, but
slightly decreased with the increasing exposure duration. Experiment
results confirm that the behavior of rainbow trout juveniles is a
sensitive and rapid biomarker that can be used in combination with
the system for fish behavior monitoring, registration and analysis to
determine sublethal concentrations of pollutants in ambient water.
Further research should be focused on software improvement aimed
to include more parameters of aquatic organisms’ behavior and to
investigate the most rapid and appropriate behavioral responses in
different species. In practice, this study could be the basis for the
development and creation of biological early-warning systems
(BEWS).
", keywords = "Fish behavior biomarker, landfill leachate,
locomotor activity, rainbow trout juveniles, sublethal effects.", volume = "10", number = "1", pages = "15-7", }
