Trial of Fecal Microbial Transplantation for the Prevention of Canine Atopic Dermatitis
The skin-gut axis defines the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the development of pathological skin diseases. Low diversity within the gut can predispose to the development of allergic skin conditions, and a greater diversity of the gastrointestinal microflora has been associated with a reduction of skin flares in people with atopic dermatitis. Manipulation of the gut microflora has been used as a treatment option for several conditions in people, but there is limited data available on the use of fecal transplantation as a preventative measure in either people or dogs. Six, 4-month-old pups from a litter of 10 were presented for diarrhea and/or signs of skin disease (chronic scratching, otitis externa). Of these pups, two were given probiotics with a resultant resolution of diarrhea. The other four pups were given fecal transplantation, either as a sole treatment or in combination with other treatments. Follow-up on the litter of 10 pups was performed at 18 months of age. At this stage, three out of the four pups that had received fecal transplantation had resolved all clinical signs and had no recurrence of either skin or gastrointestinal symptoms, the other pup had one episode of Malassezia otitis. Of the remaining six pups from the litter, all had developed at least one episode of Malassezia otitis externa within the period of five to 18 months of age. Two pups had developed two Malassezia otitis infections, and one had developed three Malassezia otitis infections during this period. Favrot’s criteria for the diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis include chronic or recurrent Malassezia infections by the age of three years. Early results from this litter predict a reduction in the development of canine atopic disease in dogs given fecal microbial transplantation. Follow-up studies at three years of age and within a larger population of dogs can enhance understanding of the impact of early fecal transplantation in the prevention of canine atopic dermatitis.
[1] Leung, D.Y.M., Boguniewicz, M., Howell, M.D., Nomura, I., Hamid, Q.A. New insights into atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest. 2004; 113(5):651-657. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI21060
[2] Mark Craig, J. Atopic dermatitis and the intestinal microbiota in humans and dogs. Veterinary Medicine and Science (2016);2,pp95-105
[3] Nutten S. Atopic dermatitis: global epidemiology and risk factors. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66(suppl 1):8-16. doi:10.1159/000370220
[4] Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(2):338-351. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.10.010
[5] Margolis JS, Abuabara K, Bilker W, Hoffstad O, Margolis DJ. Persistence of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(6):593-600. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.10271.
[6] Gedon, N.K.Y., Mueller, R.S. Atopic dermatitis in cats and dogs: a difficult disease for animals and owners. Clin Transl Allergy 8, 41 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-018-0228-5
[7] Harvey, N.D., Shaw, S.C., Blott, S.C. et al. Development and validation of a new standardised data collection tool to aid in the diagnosis of canine skin allergies. Sci Rep 9, 3039 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39630-3
[8] Picco F, Zini E, Nett C, Naegeli C, Bigler B, Rüfenacht S, Roosje P, Gutzwiller ME, Wilhelm S, Pfister J, Meng E, Favrot C. A prospective study on canine atopic dermatitis and food-induced allergic dermatitis in Switzerland. Vet Dermatol. 2008 Jun;19(3):150-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00669.x. PMID: 18477331.
[9] Nuttall T. The genomics revolution: will canine atopic dermatitis be predictable and preventable? Vet Dermatol. 2013 Feb;24(1):10-8.e3-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01094.x. PMID: 23331674.
[10] Nødtvedt A, Bergvall K, Sallander M, Egenvall A, Emanuelson U, Hedhammar A. A case-control study of risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis among boxer, bullterrier and West Highland white terrier dogs in Sweden. Vet Dermatol. 2007 Oct;18(5):309-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00617.x. PMID: 17845618.
[11] Nødtvedt A, Guitian J, Egenvall A, Emanuelson U, Pfeiffer DU. The spatial distribution of atopic dermatitis cases in a population of insured Swedish dogs. Prev Vet Med. 2007 Mar 17;78(3-4):210-22. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.10.007. Epub 2006 Nov 16. PMID: 17112611.
[12] Marsella R. Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2009 Jun;70(6):735-40. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.6.735. PMID: 19496662.
[13] Marsella R., Santoro D. & Ahrens. Early exposure to probiotics in a canine model of atopic dermatitis has long-term clinical and immunological effects. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2012:146, 185-189.
[14] Wernimont SM, Radosevich J, Jackson MI, et al. The Effects of Nutrition on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Cats and Dogs: Impact on Health and Disease. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:1266. Published 2020 Jun 25. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01266
[15] Pascal M., Perez-Gordo M., Caballero T., Escribese M. M., Longo M. N. L., Luengo O., et al. (2018). Microbiome and allergic diseases. Front. Immunol. 9:1594. 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01584
[16] Cahenzli J, Koller Y, Wyss M, Geuking MB, McCoy KD. Intestinal microbial diversity during early-life colonization shapes long-term IgE levels. Cell Host Microbe (2013) 14(5):559–70. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.10.004
[17] Adami AJ, Bracken SJ. Breathing better through bugs: asthma and the microbiome. Yale J Biol Med (2016) 89(3):309–24
[18] Lee SY, Yu J, Ahn KM, Kim KW, Shin YH, Lee KS, et al. Additive effect between IL-13 polymorphism and cesarean section delivery/prenatal antibiotics use on atopic dermatitis: a birth cohort study (COCOA). PLoS One (2014) 9(5):e96603. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096603
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[20] Metsala J, Lundqvist A, Virta LJ, Kaila M, Gissler M, Virtanen SM. Mother’s and offspring’s use of antibiotics and infant allergy to cow’s milk. Epidemiology (2013) 24(2):303–9. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31827f520f
[21] Cuello-Garcia CA, Brozek JL, Fiocchi A, Pawankar R, Yepes-Nunez JJ, Terracciano L, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2015) 136(4):952–61. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.031
[22] Zuccotti G, Meneghin F, Aceti A, Barone G, Callegari ML, Di Mauro A, et al. Probiotics for prevention of atopic diseases in infants: systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy (2015) 70(11):1356–71. doi:10.1111/all.12700
[23] Kalliomäki M, Salminen S., Poussa T., Arvilommi H., Isolauri E. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003; 361:1869-1871: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13490-3
[24] Ferreiro A., Dantas G., Ciorba M. Insights into how probiotics colonize the healthy human gut. Gastroenterology. 2019; 156:820-822. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.022
[25] Ceapa C, Wopereis H, Rezaïki L, Kleerebezem M, Knol J, Oozeer R. Influence of fermented milk products, prebiotics and probiotics on microbiota composition and health. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013 Feb;27(1):139-55. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.04.004. PMID: 23768559.
[26] Borody, T., Khoruts, A. Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 9, 88–96 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2011.244
[27] Aroniadis, Olga C.; Brandt, Lawrence J. Fecal microbiota transplantation: past, present and future, Current Opinion in Gastroenterology: January 2013 - Volume 29 - Issue 1 - p 79-84. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835a4b3e
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[35] Niina A, Kibe R, Suzuki R, Yuchi Y, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Kataoka Y, Koyama H. Improvement in clinical symptoms and fecal microbiome after fecal microbiota transplantation in a dog with inflammatory bowel disease. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports. 2019;10:197.
[36] Weese JS, Costa MC, Webb JA. Preliminary clinical and microbiome assessment of stool transplantation in the dog and cat. In Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2013 May 1 (Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 705-705). 111 River ST, Hoboken 07030-5774, NJ USA: Wiley-Blackwell.
[37] Burton EN, O'Connor E, Ericsson AC, Franklin CL. Evaluation of Fecal Microbiota Transfer as Treatment for Postweaning Diarrhea in Research-Colony Puppies. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2016;55(5):582-7. PMID: 27657714; PMCID: PMC5029830.
[38] Su G, Guldbrandtsen B, Gregersen VR, Lund MS. Preliminary investigation on reliability of genomic estimated breeding values in the Danish Holstein population. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Mar;93(3):1175-83. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2192. PMID: 20172238.
[39] Bizikova P, Pucheu-Haston CM, Eisenschenk MN, Marsella R, Nuttall T, Santoro D. Review: Role of genetics and the environment in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2015 Apr;26(2):95-e26. doi: 10.1111/vde.12198. Epub 2015 Feb 22. PMID: 25703290.
Niederwerder MC. Fecal microbiota transplantation as a tool to treat and reduce susceptibility to disease in animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2018 Dec;206:65-72. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.002. Epub 2018 Nov 3. PMID: 30502914; PMCID: PMC7173282.
[40] Papanicolas LE, Choo JM, Wang Y, Leong LEX, Costello SP, Gordon DL, Wesselingh SL, Rogers GB. Bacterial viability in fecal transplants: Which bacteria survive? EBioMedicine. 2019 Mar;41:509-516. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.023. Epub 2019 Feb 19. PMID: 30796005; PMCID: PMC6444077.
[41] Costello SP, Tucker EC, La Brooy J, Schoeman MN, Andrews JM. Establishing a Fecal Microbiota Transplant Service for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Apr 1;62(7):908-14. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ994. Epub 2015 Nov 30. PMID: 26628567.
[42] Chaitman J, Ziese AL, Pilla R, Minamoto Y, Blake AB, Guard BC, Isaiah A, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Unterer S, Suchodolski JS. Fecal Microbial and Metabolic Profiles in Dogs With Acute Diarrhea Receiving Either Fecal Microbiota Transplantation or Oral Metronidazole. Front Vet Sci. 2020 Apr 16;7:192. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00192. PMID: 32363202; PMCID: PMC7182012.
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[1] Leung, D.Y.M., Boguniewicz, M., Howell, M.D., Nomura, I., Hamid, Q.A. New insights into atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest. 2004; 113(5):651-657. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI21060
[2] Mark Craig, J. Atopic dermatitis and the intestinal microbiota in humans and dogs. Veterinary Medicine and Science (2016);2,pp95-105
[3] Nutten S. Atopic dermatitis: global epidemiology and risk factors. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66(suppl 1):8-16. doi:10.1159/000370220
[4] Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(2):338-351. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.10.010
[5] Margolis JS, Abuabara K, Bilker W, Hoffstad O, Margolis DJ. Persistence of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(6):593-600. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.10271.
[6] Gedon, N.K.Y., Mueller, R.S. Atopic dermatitis in cats and dogs: a difficult disease for animals and owners. Clin Transl Allergy 8, 41 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-018-0228-5
[7] Harvey, N.D., Shaw, S.C., Blott, S.C. et al. Development and validation of a new standardised data collection tool to aid in the diagnosis of canine skin allergies. Sci Rep 9, 3039 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39630-3
[8] Picco F, Zini E, Nett C, Naegeli C, Bigler B, Rüfenacht S, Roosje P, Gutzwiller ME, Wilhelm S, Pfister J, Meng E, Favrot C. A prospective study on canine atopic dermatitis and food-induced allergic dermatitis in Switzerland. Vet Dermatol. 2008 Jun;19(3):150-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00669.x. PMID: 18477331.
[9] Nuttall T. The genomics revolution: will canine atopic dermatitis be predictable and preventable? Vet Dermatol. 2013 Feb;24(1):10-8.e3-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01094.x. PMID: 23331674.
[10] Nødtvedt A, Bergvall K, Sallander M, Egenvall A, Emanuelson U, Hedhammar A. A case-control study of risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis among boxer, bullterrier and West Highland white terrier dogs in Sweden. Vet Dermatol. 2007 Oct;18(5):309-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00617.x. PMID: 17845618.
[11] Nødtvedt A, Guitian J, Egenvall A, Emanuelson U, Pfeiffer DU. The spatial distribution of atopic dermatitis cases in a population of insured Swedish dogs. Prev Vet Med. 2007 Mar 17;78(3-4):210-22. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.10.007. Epub 2006 Nov 16. PMID: 17112611.
[12] Marsella R. Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2009 Jun;70(6):735-40. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.6.735. PMID: 19496662.
[13] Marsella R., Santoro D. & Ahrens. Early exposure to probiotics in a canine model of atopic dermatitis has long-term clinical and immunological effects. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2012:146, 185-189.
[14] Wernimont SM, Radosevich J, Jackson MI, et al. The Effects of Nutrition on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Cats and Dogs: Impact on Health and Disease. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:1266. Published 2020 Jun 25. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01266
[15] Pascal M., Perez-Gordo M., Caballero T., Escribese M. M., Longo M. N. L., Luengo O., et al. (2018). Microbiome and allergic diseases. Front. Immunol. 9:1594. 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01584
[16] Cahenzli J, Koller Y, Wyss M, Geuking MB, McCoy KD. Intestinal microbial diversity during early-life colonization shapes long-term IgE levels. Cell Host Microbe (2013) 14(5):559–70. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.10.004
[17] Adami AJ, Bracken SJ. Breathing better through bugs: asthma and the microbiome. Yale J Biol Med (2016) 89(3):309–24
[18] Lee SY, Yu J, Ahn KM, Kim KW, Shin YH, Lee KS, et al. Additive effect between IL-13 polymorphism and cesarean section delivery/prenatal antibiotics use on atopic dermatitis: a birth cohort study (COCOA). PLoS One (2014) 9(5):e96603. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096603
[19] Metsala J, Lundqvist A, Virta LJ, Kaila M, Gissler M, Virtanen SM. Prenatal and post-natal exposure to antibiotics and risk of asthma in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy (2015) 45(1):137–45. doi:10.1111/cea.12356
[20] Metsala J, Lundqvist A, Virta LJ, Kaila M, Gissler M, Virtanen SM. Mother’s and offspring’s use of antibiotics and infant allergy to cow’s milk. Epidemiology (2013) 24(2):303–9. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31827f520f
[21] Cuello-Garcia CA, Brozek JL, Fiocchi A, Pawankar R, Yepes-Nunez JJ, Terracciano L, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2015) 136(4):952–61. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.031
[22] Zuccotti G, Meneghin F, Aceti A, Barone G, Callegari ML, Di Mauro A, et al. Probiotics for prevention of atopic diseases in infants: systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy (2015) 70(11):1356–71. doi:10.1111/all.12700
[23] Kalliomäki M, Salminen S., Poussa T., Arvilommi H., Isolauri E. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003; 361:1869-1871: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13490-3
[24] Ferreiro A., Dantas G., Ciorba M. Insights into how probiotics colonize the healthy human gut. Gastroenterology. 2019; 156:820-822. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.022
[25] Ceapa C, Wopereis H, Rezaïki L, Kleerebezem M, Knol J, Oozeer R. Influence of fermented milk products, prebiotics and probiotics on microbiota composition and health. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013 Feb;27(1):139-55. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.04.004. PMID: 23768559.
[26] Borody, T., Khoruts, A. Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 9, 88–96 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2011.244
[27] Aroniadis, Olga C.; Brandt, Lawrence J. Fecal microbiota transplantation: past, present and future, Current Opinion in Gastroenterology: January 2013 - Volume 29 - Issue 1 - p 79-84. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835a4b3e
[28] Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile--more difficult than ever. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 30;359(18):1932-40. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0707500. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010 Oct 14;363(16):1585. PMID: 18971494.
[29] Louie T.J., Miller M.A., Mullane K.M. Weiss K., Lentnek A., Golan Y., Gorbach S., Sears P., Shue Y-K. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:422-431. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0910812
[30] Bakken J., Borody T., Brandt L.J., Brill J.V., Demarco D.C., Franzos M.A., Kelly C., Khoruts A., Louie T., Martinelli L.P., Moore T.A., Russell G., Surawicz C. Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2011.08.014
[31] Bakken JS. Fecal bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Anaerobe. 2009 Dec 1;15(6):285-9.
[32] Chaitman J, Gaschen F. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Dogs. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 2021 Jan;51(1):219-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.09.012.
[33] Bottero E, Benvenuti E, Ruggiero P. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in 16 dogs with idiopatic IBD. Veterinaria (Cremona). 2017;31(1):31-45.
[34] Chaitman J, Ziese AL, Pilla R, Minamoto Y, Blake AB, Guard BC, Isaiah A, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Unterer S, Suchodolski JS. Fecal microbial and metabolic profiles in dogs with acute diarrhea receiving either fecal microbiota transplantation or oral metronidazole. Frontiers in veterinary science. 2020 Apr 16;7:192.
[35] Niina A, Kibe R, Suzuki R, Yuchi Y, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Kataoka Y, Koyama H. Improvement in clinical symptoms and fecal microbiome after fecal microbiota transplantation in a dog with inflammatory bowel disease. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports. 2019;10:197.
[36] Weese JS, Costa MC, Webb JA. Preliminary clinical and microbiome assessment of stool transplantation in the dog and cat. In Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2013 May 1 (Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 705-705). 111 River ST, Hoboken 07030-5774, NJ USA: Wiley-Blackwell.
[37] Burton EN, O'Connor E, Ericsson AC, Franklin CL. Evaluation of Fecal Microbiota Transfer as Treatment for Postweaning Diarrhea in Research-Colony Puppies. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2016;55(5):582-7. PMID: 27657714; PMCID: PMC5029830.
[38] Su G, Guldbrandtsen B, Gregersen VR, Lund MS. Preliminary investigation on reliability of genomic estimated breeding values in the Danish Holstein population. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Mar;93(3):1175-83. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2192. PMID: 20172238.
[39] Bizikova P, Pucheu-Haston CM, Eisenschenk MN, Marsella R, Nuttall T, Santoro D. Review: Role of genetics and the environment in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2015 Apr;26(2):95-e26. doi: 10.1111/vde.12198. Epub 2015 Feb 22. PMID: 25703290.
Niederwerder MC. Fecal microbiota transplantation as a tool to treat and reduce susceptibility to disease in animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2018 Dec;206:65-72. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.002. Epub 2018 Nov 3. PMID: 30502914; PMCID: PMC7173282.
[40] Papanicolas LE, Choo JM, Wang Y, Leong LEX, Costello SP, Gordon DL, Wesselingh SL, Rogers GB. Bacterial viability in fecal transplants: Which bacteria survive? EBioMedicine. 2019 Mar;41:509-516. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.023. Epub 2019 Feb 19. PMID: 30796005; PMCID: PMC6444077.
[41] Costello SP, Tucker EC, La Brooy J, Schoeman MN, Andrews JM. Establishing a Fecal Microbiota Transplant Service for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Apr 1;62(7):908-14. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ994. Epub 2015 Nov 30. PMID: 26628567.
[42] Chaitman J, Ziese AL, Pilla R, Minamoto Y, Blake AB, Guard BC, Isaiah A, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Unterer S, Suchodolski JS. Fecal Microbial and Metabolic Profiles in Dogs With Acute Diarrhea Receiving Either Fecal Microbiota Transplantation or Oral Metronidazole. Front Vet Sci. 2020 Apr 16;7:192. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00192. PMID: 32363202; PMCID: PMC7182012.
[43] Hensel P, Santoro D, Favrot C, Hill P, Griffin C. Canine atopic dermatitis: detailed guidelines for diagnosis and allergen identification. BMC Vet Res. 2015 Aug 11;11:196. doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0515-5. PMID: 26260508; PMCID: PMC4531508.
[44] Favrot C, Steffan J, Seewald W, Picco F. A prospective study on the clinical features of chronic canine atopic dermatitis and its diagnosis. Vet Dermatol. 2010;21(1):23–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00758.x
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@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:80543", author = "Caroline F. Moeser", title = "Trial of Fecal Microbial Transplantation for the Prevention of Canine Atopic Dermatitis", abstract = "The skin-gut axis defines the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the development of pathological skin diseases. Low diversity within the gut can predispose to the development of allergic skin conditions, and a greater diversity of the gastrointestinal microflora has been associated with a reduction of skin flares in people with atopic dermatitis. Manipulation of the gut microflora has been used as a treatment option for several conditions in people, but there is limited data available on the use of fecal transplantation as a preventative measure in either people or dogs. Six, 4-month-old pups from a litter of 10 were presented for diarrhea and/or signs of skin disease (chronic scratching, otitis externa). Of these pups, two were given probiotics with a resultant resolution of diarrhea. The other four pups were given fecal transplantation, either as a sole treatment or in combination with other treatments. Follow-up on the litter of 10 pups was performed at 18 months of age. At this stage, three out of the four pups that had received fecal transplantation had resolved all clinical signs and had no recurrence of either skin or gastrointestinal symptoms, the other pup had one episode of Malassezia otitis. Of the remaining six pups from the litter, all had developed at least one episode of Malassezia otitis externa within the period of five to 18 months of age. Two pups had developed two Malassezia otitis infections, and one had developed three Malassezia otitis infections during this period. Favrot’s criteria for the diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis include chronic or recurrent Malassezia infections by the age of three years. Early results from this litter predict a reduction in the development of canine atopic disease in dogs given fecal microbial transplantation. Follow-up studies at three years of age and within a larger population of dogs can enhance understanding of the impact of early fecal transplantation in the prevention of canine atopic dermatitis.", keywords = "Canine atopic dermatitis, fecal microbial transplant, skin-gut axis, otitis", volume = "15", number = "9", pages = "94-6", }
