The Use of Nuclear Generation to Provide Power System Stability
The decreasing use of fossil fuel power stations has
a negative effect on the stability of the electricity systems in many
countries. Nuclear power stations have traditionally provided minimal
ancillary services to support the system but this must change in the
future as they replace fossil fuel generators. This paper explains the
development of the four most popular reactor types still in regular
operation across the world which have formed the basis for most
reactor development since their commercialisation in the 1950s. The
use of nuclear power in four countries with varying levels of capacity
provided by nuclear generators is investigated, using the primary
frequency response provided by generators as a measure for the
electricity networks stability, to assess the need for nuclear generators
to provide additional support as their share of the generation capacity
increases.
[1] S. Glasstone and A. Sesonske, Nuclear Reactor Engineering. New
York; London : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981.
[2] World Nuclear Association, “Nuclear Power Reactors,”
2015. (Online). Available: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/
Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Power-Reactors/Nuclear-Power-Reactors/
[3] Nuclear Energy Agency, “Technical and Economic Aspects of Load
Following with Nuclear Power Plants,” Organisation for Economic
Co-Operation and Development, Tech. Rep., 2011. (Online]. Available:
http://www.oecd-nea.org/ndd/reports/2011/load-following-npp.pdf
[4] S. Glasstone and A. Sesonske, Nuclear Reactor Engineering. New
York; London : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981, pp. 766–770. [5] J. Leloup, “Le Debat National sur les Energies,” Direction Generale
de l’energie, Tech. Rep., 2003. (Online). Available: http://www.annales.
org/ri/2003/ri-aout2003/leloup15-20.pdf
[6] IAEA, “PRIS - Reactor status reports - Operational & Long-Term
Shutdown - By Type,” 2014. (Online). Available: http://www.iaea.org/
PRIS/WorldStatistics/OperationalReactorsByType.aspx
[7] S. Glasstone and A. Sesonske, Nuclear Reactor Engineering. New
York; London : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981, pp. 740–748.
[8] J. G. Wills, Nuclear Power Plant Technology. Mobil Oil Corporation,
New York, 1967, pp. 93–115.
[9] M. a. Shinaishin, M. a. Sultan, H. M. El-Shaer, and S. M. Rashad,
“Simulation of the Dynamic Performance of a PWR Plant as a Power
Supply in a Large Power System,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear
Science, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 923–928, 1981.
[10] S. Glasstone and A. Sesonske, Nuclear Reactor Engineering. New
York; London : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981, pp. 748–754.
[11] J. G. Wills, Nuclear Power Plant Technology. Mobil Oil Corporation,
New York, 1967, pp. 70–93.
[12] Sellafield Ltd., “Windscale — Sellafield Ltd,” 2011. (Online). Available:
http://www.sellafieldsites.com/solution/risk-hazard-reduction/windscale/
[13] J. Bresee, “Gas-cooled reactors,” Journal of Nuclear Energy. Parts A/B.
Reactor Science and Technology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 32–33, 1961.
[14] CANDU Owners Group, “CANDU Reactors.” (Online). Available:
http://www.candu.org/candu\ reactors.html
[15] J. J. Whitlock, “The Evolution of CANDU Fuel Cycles and
Their Potential Contribution to World Peace,” Atomic Energy
of Canada Limited, Tech. Rep., 2000. (Online). Available: http:
//www.nuclearfaq.ca/brat\ fuel.htm
[16] S. Glasstone and A. Sesonske, Nuclear Reactor Engineering. New
York; London : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981, pp. 754–759.
[17] Q. B. Chou, “Characteristics and Maneuverability of CANDU
Nuclear Power Stations Operated for Base-Load and Load-Following
Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol.
PAS-94, no. 3, 1975.
[18] Frequency Control Process, “Balancing code no. 3,” vol. 3, no. 3, pp.
1–8, 2012.
[19] California Energy Commission, “Electric Generation Capacity,” 2016.
(Online). Available: http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/electric\
generation\ capacity.html
[20] Independent Electricity System Operator, “IESO Supply Overview,”
2016. (Online). Available: http://www.ieso.ca/Pages/Power-Data/Supply.
aspx
[21] Bluenomics, “Electricity production by sources for France,” 2015.
(Online). Available: https://www.bluenomics.com/data\#!data/country\
overview/energy\ 3/electricity\ production\ by\ sources/electricity\
production\ by\ sources\ annual\ of\ total|chart/line
[22] Department of Energy and Climate Change, “Digest of UK Energy
Statistics (DUKES) - GOV.UK,” 2015. (Online). Available: https://www.
gov.uk/government/collections/digest-of-uk-energy-statistics-dukes
[1] S. Glasstone and A. Sesonske, Nuclear Reactor Engineering. New
York; London : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981.
[2] World Nuclear Association, “Nuclear Power Reactors,”
2015. (Online). Available: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/
Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Power-Reactors/Nuclear-Power-Reactors/
[3] Nuclear Energy Agency, “Technical and Economic Aspects of Load
Following with Nuclear Power Plants,” Organisation for Economic
Co-Operation and Development, Tech. Rep., 2011. (Online]. Available:
http://www.oecd-nea.org/ndd/reports/2011/load-following-npp.pdf
[4] S. Glasstone and A. Sesonske, Nuclear Reactor Engineering. New
York; London : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981, pp. 766–770. [5] J. Leloup, “Le Debat National sur les Energies,” Direction Generale
de l’energie, Tech. Rep., 2003. (Online). Available: http://www.annales.
org/ri/2003/ri-aout2003/leloup15-20.pdf
[6] IAEA, “PRIS - Reactor status reports - Operational & Long-Term
Shutdown - By Type,” 2014. (Online). Available: http://www.iaea.org/
PRIS/WorldStatistics/OperationalReactorsByType.aspx
[7] S. Glasstone and A. Sesonske, Nuclear Reactor Engineering. New
York; London : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981, pp. 740–748.
[8] J. G. Wills, Nuclear Power Plant Technology. Mobil Oil Corporation,
New York, 1967, pp. 93–115.
[9] M. a. Shinaishin, M. a. Sultan, H. M. El-Shaer, and S. M. Rashad,
“Simulation of the Dynamic Performance of a PWR Plant as a Power
Supply in a Large Power System,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear
Science, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 923–928, 1981.
[10] S. Glasstone and A. Sesonske, Nuclear Reactor Engineering. New
York; London : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981, pp. 748–754.
[11] J. G. Wills, Nuclear Power Plant Technology. Mobil Oil Corporation,
New York, 1967, pp. 70–93.
[12] Sellafield Ltd., “Windscale — Sellafield Ltd,” 2011. (Online). Available:
http://www.sellafieldsites.com/solution/risk-hazard-reduction/windscale/
[13] J. Bresee, “Gas-cooled reactors,” Journal of Nuclear Energy. Parts A/B.
Reactor Science and Technology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 32–33, 1961.
[14] CANDU Owners Group, “CANDU Reactors.” (Online). Available:
http://www.candu.org/candu\ reactors.html
[15] J. J. Whitlock, “The Evolution of CANDU Fuel Cycles and
Their Potential Contribution to World Peace,” Atomic Energy
of Canada Limited, Tech. Rep., 2000. (Online). Available: http:
//www.nuclearfaq.ca/brat\ fuel.htm
[16] S. Glasstone and A. Sesonske, Nuclear Reactor Engineering. New
York; London : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981, pp. 754–759.
[17] Q. B. Chou, “Characteristics and Maneuverability of CANDU
Nuclear Power Stations Operated for Base-Load and Load-Following
Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol.
PAS-94, no. 3, 1975.
[18] Frequency Control Process, “Balancing code no. 3,” vol. 3, no. 3, pp.
1–8, 2012.
[19] California Energy Commission, “Electric Generation Capacity,” 2016.
(Online). Available: http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/electric\
generation\ capacity.html
[20] Independent Electricity System Operator, “IESO Supply Overview,”
2016. (Online). Available: http://www.ieso.ca/Pages/Power-Data/Supply.
aspx
[21] Bluenomics, “Electricity production by sources for France,” 2015.
(Online). Available: https://www.bluenomics.com/data\#!data/country\
overview/energy\ 3/electricity\ production\ by\ sources/electricity\
production\ by\ sources\ annual\ of\ total|chart/line
[22] Department of Energy and Climate Change, “Digest of UK Energy
Statistics (DUKES) - GOV.UK,” 2015. (Online). Available: https://www.
gov.uk/government/collections/digest-of-uk-energy-statistics-dukes
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:73586", author = "Heather Wyman-Pain and Yuankai Bian and Furong Li", title = "The Use of Nuclear Generation to Provide Power System Stability", abstract = "The decreasing use of fossil fuel power stations has
a negative effect on the stability of the electricity systems in many
countries. Nuclear power stations have traditionally provided minimal
ancillary services to support the system but this must change in the
future as they replace fossil fuel generators. This paper explains the
development of the four most popular reactor types still in regular
operation across the world which have formed the basis for most
reactor development since their commercialisation in the 1950s. The
use of nuclear power in four countries with varying levels of capacity
provided by nuclear generators is investigated, using the primary
frequency response provided by generators as a measure for the
electricity networks stability, to assess the need for nuclear generators
to provide additional support as their share of the generation capacity
increases.", keywords = "Frequency control, nuclear power generation, power
system stability, system inertia.", volume = "10", number = "8", pages = "1048-6", }
