The Effects of Production, Transportation and Storage Conditions on Mold Growth in Compound Feeds
The objective of the present study is to determine the critical control points during the production, transportation and storage conditions of compound feeds to be used in the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) feed safety management system. A total of 40 feed samples were taken after 20 and 40 days of storage periods from the 10 dairy and 10 beef cattle farms following the transportation of the compound feeds from the factory. In addition, before transporting the feeds from factory immediately after production of dairy and beef cattle compound feeds, 10 from each total 20 samples were taken as 0 day. In all feed samples, chemical composition and total aflatoxin levels were determined. The aflatoxin levels in all feed samples with the exception of 2 dairy cattle feeds were below the maximum acceptable level. With the increase in storage period in dairy feeds, the aflatoxin levels were increased to 4.96 ppb only in a BS8 dairy farm. This value is below the maximum permissible level (10 ppb) in beef cattle feed. The aflatoxin levels of dairy feed samples taken after production varied between 0.44 and 2.01 ppb. Aflatoxin levels were found to be between 0.89 and 3.01 ppb in dairy cattle feeds taken on the 20th day of storage at 10 dairy cattle farm. On the 40th day, feed aflatoxin levels in the same dairy cattle farm were found between 1.12 and 7.83 ppb. The aflatoxin levels were increased to 7.83 and 6.31 ppb in 2 dairy farms, after a storage period of 40 days. These obtained aflatoxin values are above the maximum permissible level in dairy cattle feeds. The 40 days storage in pellet form in the HACCP feed safety management system can be considered as a critical control point.
[1] CAST. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.1989. Mycotoxins: Economics and Health Risks. Task Force Report No. 116. Ames, IA.
[2] Coulombe, R. A. 1993. Biological Action of Mycotoxins J. Dairy Sci. 76:880-891.
[3] CAST, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. 2003. Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant Animal and Human Systems. Task Force Report No. 139. Ames, Iowa.
[4] Dowd, P. 2004. Validation of a Mycotoxin Predicting Computer Program for U.S. Midwest Grown Maize in Commercial Fields. Proc. Aflatoxin & Fungal Genomics Workshop. Mycopathologia 157:463.
[5] Gourama H, Bullerman L. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus: Aflatoxigenic Fungi of concern in foods and feeds: a Review. J Food Prot. 1995; 58: 1395-04.
[6] Creppy EE. Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicol Lett. 2002; 127: 19-28.
[7] Bullerman, L. B., Significance of Mycotoxins to Food Safety and Human Health: Journal of Food Protection. 1979, 42 (1): 65–86.
[8] Diaz, D. E., W. M. Hagler Jr., J. T. Blackwelder, J. A. Eve, B. A. Hopkins, K. L. Anderson, F.T. Jones, and L.W. Whitlow.2004. Aflatoxin binders II: Reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk by sequestering agents of cows consuming aflatoxin in feed. Mycopathologia 157:233-241.
[9] Frobish, R. A., B. D. Bradley. D. D. Wagner, P. E. Long-Bradley and H. Hairston. 1986. Aflatoxin residues in milk of dairy cows after ingestion of naturally contaminated grain. J. Food Prot. 49:781-785.
[10] Guthrie, L. D. 1979. Effects of Aflatoxin in corn on production and reproduction in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 62(abstr.):134.
[11] Applebaum, R. S., R. E. Brackett, D. W. Wiseman, and E. L. Marth. 1982. Responses of dairy cows to dietary aflatoxin: Feed intake and yield, toxin content, and quality of milk of cows treated with pure and impure aflatoxin. J.Dairy Sci. 65:1503-1508.
[12] Mueller-Harvey, I. Modern Techniques in Feed Analysis. FAO, Assessing quality and safety of animal feeds. 160 Animal Production and Health Paper, Rome, 2004.
[13] FAO/WHO. 1995. Application of Risk Analysis to Food Standard Issues: Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva, WHO.
[14] IARC, monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to human. Some traditional herbal medicine, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. 2002; No. 82, p.178. IARC, Lyon, France.
[15] Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Regulatory guidance for the application of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA). Published in September, 2015.
[16] Cetinkaya N, Muruz, H. Türkiye’de yem sektörünün yem güvenirliğine yönelik resmi kontrolleri. Türkiye Klinikleri Dergisi, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları, Hayvan Sağlığı ve Güvenli Gıda Üretimi İçin Yem Güvenliği Özel Sayısı. 2015, 1(1)66-74.
[17] Cetinkaya N., Selcuk, Z. Yem güvenliği mevzuatı ve yem güvenirliği yönetim Sistemi. Türkiye Klinikleri Dergisi, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları, Hayvan Sağlığı ve Güvenli Gıda Üretimi İçin Yem Güvenliği Özel Sayısı. 2015,1(1)1-7.
[18] GTHB, Feed Hygiene Regulation-Yem Hijyeni Yönetmeliği, 27 Aralık 2011 tarihli ve 28155 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
[19] AOAC, 2006. Official Methods of Analysis, 18th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Arlington, VA.
[20] Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., Lewıs, B. A., 1991. Method for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nostarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74:3583-3597.
[21] Skerritt, J. H., Appels, R. 1995. An overview of the development and application of diagnostic methods in crop sciences. Chapter 1. In J.H. Skerritt and R. Appels, Eds. New diagnostics in crop sciences, pp. 1–32. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
[22] Joffe, A. Z. 1986. "Fusarium Species: Their Biology and Toxicology." John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
[23] Scott PM, 1978. Mycotoxin in feeds and ingredients their origin. Journal of Food Protection, 41(5), 385-398.
[24] Demirer MA, Akkılıç M, Özalp E, Kaymaz S, Dinçer B, Đnan T, 1979. Piyasada satılmakta olan bazı karma yemlerde ve ham maddelerinde AFBı arastırmaları. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 26 (1-2), 169-184.
[25] Kulmanow ME, 1982. Incidence of aflatoxin contamination of corn grain in several regions of Kazakhstan. Voprosy, Pitoniya, 6, 68-69.
[26] Dutton MF, Westlake K, 1985. Occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and animal feedstuffs in Natal, South Africa. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, Sep-Oct, 68 (5), 839-842.
[27] Altintas L, Ekici H, Yarsan E, Cakır S, Evrensel MF, Tokgoz BS, 2011. Anakara, Konya ve Bolu illerinden toplanan ruminant ve kanatlı yemlerinde toplam aflatoksin AFB1 ve okratoksin A kalıntılarının arastırılması. Etlik vet Mikrobiyoloji Derg, 22, 61-67.
[28] Oguz H, Nizamlioglu F, Dinc Đ, Uney K, Aydin H, 2011. Karma yem, un ve bulgur örneklerinde aflatoksin kalıntılarının arastırılması. Eurasian J Vet Sci, 27(3), 171-75.
[29] Dogan E, 2012. Ardahan yöresinde toplanan süt ve kasar peynirlerinde AFM1 düzeylerinin mevsimlere göre arastırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kafkas Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kars.
[30] Dokuzlu C, 2000. Sığır yemlerinde aflatoksin. Pendik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 31, 53-55.
[31] Sabatini A, Danieli P.P, Bernabucci U, Ronchi B, 2007. Evaluation of mycotoxins contamination in intensive beef cattle production system. Ital J Anim Sci, 6, 466-68.
[32] Bilal T, Aksakal HD, Sunnetci S, Keser O, Eseceli H, 2014. Detection of aflatoxin, zeararalenone and deoxynivalenol in some feed and feedstuff in Turkey. Pak Vet J, 34 (4), 459-63.
[33] Martinez RH, Blasco IN, 2015. Surveillance of aflatoxin content in dairy cow feedstuff from Navarra (Spain). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 200, 35-46.
[34] Udom IE, Ezekiel CN, Fapohunda SO, Okoye ZSC, Kalu CA, 2012. Incidence of Aspergillus section flavi and concentration of aflatoxin in feed concentrates for cattle in Jos. Nigeria. J Vet Adv, 2(1), 39-46.
[35] Shreeve BJ, Patterson DSP, 1975.TDC article mycotoxicosis. Vet Rec, 97, 279-280.
[36] Joffe, A. Z. 1986. Fusarium Species: Their Biology and Toxicology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
[37] GTHB, Law on Veterinary Services, Plant Health. Food and Feed. Law no: 5996, Adoption Date: 13/6/2010, Number:27610.
[38] GTHB, Feed Hygiene Regulation-Yem Hijyeni Yönetmeliği, 27 Aralık 2011 tarihli ve 28155 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
[1] CAST. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.1989. Mycotoxins: Economics and Health Risks. Task Force Report No. 116. Ames, IA.
[2] Coulombe, R. A. 1993. Biological Action of Mycotoxins J. Dairy Sci. 76:880-891.
[3] CAST, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. 2003. Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant Animal and Human Systems. Task Force Report No. 139. Ames, Iowa.
[4] Dowd, P. 2004. Validation of a Mycotoxin Predicting Computer Program for U.S. Midwest Grown Maize in Commercial Fields. Proc. Aflatoxin & Fungal Genomics Workshop. Mycopathologia 157:463.
[5] Gourama H, Bullerman L. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus: Aflatoxigenic Fungi of concern in foods and feeds: a Review. J Food Prot. 1995; 58: 1395-04.
[6] Creppy EE. Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicol Lett. 2002; 127: 19-28.
[7] Bullerman, L. B., Significance of Mycotoxins to Food Safety and Human Health: Journal of Food Protection. 1979, 42 (1): 65–86.
[8] Diaz, D. E., W. M. Hagler Jr., J. T. Blackwelder, J. A. Eve, B. A. Hopkins, K. L. Anderson, F.T. Jones, and L.W. Whitlow.2004. Aflatoxin binders II: Reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk by sequestering agents of cows consuming aflatoxin in feed. Mycopathologia 157:233-241.
[9] Frobish, R. A., B. D. Bradley. D. D. Wagner, P. E. Long-Bradley and H. Hairston. 1986. Aflatoxin residues in milk of dairy cows after ingestion of naturally contaminated grain. J. Food Prot. 49:781-785.
[10] Guthrie, L. D. 1979. Effects of Aflatoxin in corn on production and reproduction in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 62(abstr.):134.
[11] Applebaum, R. S., R. E. Brackett, D. W. Wiseman, and E. L. Marth. 1982. Responses of dairy cows to dietary aflatoxin: Feed intake and yield, toxin content, and quality of milk of cows treated with pure and impure aflatoxin. J.Dairy Sci. 65:1503-1508.
[12] Mueller-Harvey, I. Modern Techniques in Feed Analysis. FAO, Assessing quality and safety of animal feeds. 160 Animal Production and Health Paper, Rome, 2004.
[13] FAO/WHO. 1995. Application of Risk Analysis to Food Standard Issues: Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva, WHO.
[14] IARC, monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to human. Some traditional herbal medicine, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. 2002; No. 82, p.178. IARC, Lyon, France.
[15] Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Regulatory guidance for the application of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA). Published in September, 2015.
[16] Cetinkaya N, Muruz, H. Türkiye’de yem sektörünün yem güvenirliğine yönelik resmi kontrolleri. Türkiye Klinikleri Dergisi, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları, Hayvan Sağlığı ve Güvenli Gıda Üretimi İçin Yem Güvenliği Özel Sayısı. 2015, 1(1)66-74.
[17] Cetinkaya N., Selcuk, Z. Yem güvenliği mevzuatı ve yem güvenirliği yönetim Sistemi. Türkiye Klinikleri Dergisi, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları, Hayvan Sağlığı ve Güvenli Gıda Üretimi İçin Yem Güvenliği Özel Sayısı. 2015,1(1)1-7.
[18] GTHB, Feed Hygiene Regulation-Yem Hijyeni Yönetmeliği, 27 Aralık 2011 tarihli ve 28155 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
[19] AOAC, 2006. Official Methods of Analysis, 18th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Arlington, VA.
[20] Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., Lewıs, B. A., 1991. Method for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nostarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74:3583-3597.
[21] Skerritt, J. H., Appels, R. 1995. An overview of the development and application of diagnostic methods in crop sciences. Chapter 1. In J.H. Skerritt and R. Appels, Eds. New diagnostics in crop sciences, pp. 1–32. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
[22] Joffe, A. Z. 1986. "Fusarium Species: Their Biology and Toxicology." John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
[23] Scott PM, 1978. Mycotoxin in feeds and ingredients their origin. Journal of Food Protection, 41(5), 385-398.
[24] Demirer MA, Akkılıç M, Özalp E, Kaymaz S, Dinçer B, Đnan T, 1979. Piyasada satılmakta olan bazı karma yemlerde ve ham maddelerinde AFBı arastırmaları. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 26 (1-2), 169-184.
[25] Kulmanow ME, 1982. Incidence of aflatoxin contamination of corn grain in several regions of Kazakhstan. Voprosy, Pitoniya, 6, 68-69.
[26] Dutton MF, Westlake K, 1985. Occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and animal feedstuffs in Natal, South Africa. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, Sep-Oct, 68 (5), 839-842.
[27] Altintas L, Ekici H, Yarsan E, Cakır S, Evrensel MF, Tokgoz BS, 2011. Anakara, Konya ve Bolu illerinden toplanan ruminant ve kanatlı yemlerinde toplam aflatoksin AFB1 ve okratoksin A kalıntılarının arastırılması. Etlik vet Mikrobiyoloji Derg, 22, 61-67.
[28] Oguz H, Nizamlioglu F, Dinc Đ, Uney K, Aydin H, 2011. Karma yem, un ve bulgur örneklerinde aflatoksin kalıntılarının arastırılması. Eurasian J Vet Sci, 27(3), 171-75.
[29] Dogan E, 2012. Ardahan yöresinde toplanan süt ve kasar peynirlerinde AFM1 düzeylerinin mevsimlere göre arastırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kafkas Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kars.
[30] Dokuzlu C, 2000. Sığır yemlerinde aflatoksin. Pendik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 31, 53-55.
[31] Sabatini A, Danieli P.P, Bernabucci U, Ronchi B, 2007. Evaluation of mycotoxins contamination in intensive beef cattle production system. Ital J Anim Sci, 6, 466-68.
[32] Bilal T, Aksakal HD, Sunnetci S, Keser O, Eseceli H, 2014. Detection of aflatoxin, zeararalenone and deoxynivalenol in some feed and feedstuff in Turkey. Pak Vet J, 34 (4), 459-63.
[33] Martinez RH, Blasco IN, 2015. Surveillance of aflatoxin content in dairy cow feedstuff from Navarra (Spain). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 200, 35-46.
[34] Udom IE, Ezekiel CN, Fapohunda SO, Okoye ZSC, Kalu CA, 2012. Incidence of Aspergillus section flavi and concentration of aflatoxin in feed concentrates for cattle in Jos. Nigeria. J Vet Adv, 2(1), 39-46.
[35] Shreeve BJ, Patterson DSP, 1975.TDC article mycotoxicosis. Vet Rec, 97, 279-280.
[36] Joffe, A. Z. 1986. Fusarium Species: Their Biology and Toxicology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
[37] GTHB, Law on Veterinary Services, Plant Health. Food and Feed. Law no: 5996, Adoption Date: 13/6/2010, Number:27610.
[38] GTHB, Feed Hygiene Regulation-Yem Hijyeni Yönetmeliği, 27 Aralık 2011 tarihli ve 28155 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:78699", author = "N. Cetinkaya", title = "The Effects of Production, Transportation and Storage Conditions on Mold Growth in Compound Feeds", abstract = "The objective of the present study is to determine the critical control points during the production, transportation and storage conditions of compound feeds to be used in the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) feed safety management system. A total of 40 feed samples were taken after 20 and 40 days of storage periods from the 10 dairy and 10 beef cattle farms following the transportation of the compound feeds from the factory. In addition, before transporting the feeds from factory immediately after production of dairy and beef cattle compound feeds, 10 from each total 20 samples were taken as 0 day. In all feed samples, chemical composition and total aflatoxin levels were determined. The aflatoxin levels in all feed samples with the exception of 2 dairy cattle feeds were below the maximum acceptable level. With the increase in storage period in dairy feeds, the aflatoxin levels were increased to 4.96 ppb only in a BS8 dairy farm. This value is below the maximum permissible level (10 ppb) in beef cattle feed. The aflatoxin levels of dairy feed samples taken after production varied between 0.44 and 2.01 ppb. Aflatoxin levels were found to be between 0.89 and 3.01 ppb in dairy cattle feeds taken on the 20th day of storage at 10 dairy cattle farm. On the 40th day, feed aflatoxin levels in the same dairy cattle farm were found between 1.12 and 7.83 ppb. The aflatoxin levels were increased to 7.83 and 6.31 ppb in 2 dairy farms, after a storage period of 40 days. These obtained aflatoxin values are above the maximum permissible level in dairy cattle feeds. The 40 days storage in pellet form in the HACCP feed safety management system can be considered as a critical control point.
", keywords = "Aflatoxin, beef cattle feed, compound feed, dairy cattle feed, HACCP. ", volume = "13", number = "5", pages = "115-5", }
