The Effect of Feedstock Type and Slow Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Yield from Coconut Wastes
The first objective of this study is to investigate the suitability of coconut frond (CF) and coconut husk (CH) as feedstocks using a laboratory-scale slow pyrolysis experimental setup. The second objective is to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the biochar yield. The properties of CF and CH feedstocks were compared. The properties of the CF and CH feedstocks were investigated using proximate and elemental analysis, lignocellulosic determination, and also thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The CF and CH feedstocks were pyrolysed at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C for 2 hours at 10 °C/min heating rate. The proximate analysis showed that CF feedstock has 89.96 mf wt% volatile matter, 4.67 mf wt% ash content and 5.37 mf wt% fixed carbon. The lignocelluloses analysis showed that CF feedstock contained 21.46% lignin, 39.05% cellulose and 22.49% hemicelluloses. The CH feedstock contained 84.13 mf wt% volatile matter, 0.33 mf wt% ash content, 15.54 mf wt% fixed carbon, 28.22% lignin, 33.61% cellulose and 22.03% hemicelluloses. Carbon and oxygen are the major component of the CF and CH feedstock compositions. Both of CF and CH feedstocks contained very low percentage of sulfur, 0.77% and 0.33%, respectively. TGA analysis indicated that coconut wastes are easily degraded. It may be due to their high volatile content. Between the temperature ranges of 300 and 800 °C, the TGA curves showed that the weight percentage of CF feedstock is lower than CH feedstock by 0.62%-5.88%. From the D TGA curves, most of the weight loss occurred between 210 and 400 °C for both feedstocks. The maximum weight loss for both CF and CH are 0.0074 wt%/min and 0.0061 wt%/min, respectively, which occurred at 324.5 °C. The yield percentage of both CF and CH biochars decreased significantly as the pyrolysis temperature was increased. For CF biochar, the yield decreased from 49.40 wt% to 28.12 wt% as the temperature increased from 300 to 700 °C. The yield for CH biochars also decreased from 52.18 wt% to 28.72 wt%. The findings of this study indicated that both CF and CH are suitable feedstock for slow pyrolysis of biochar.
[1] A. Demirbas, and G. Arin, “An Overview of Biomass Pyrolysis,” Energ Sources, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 471-482, May 2002.
[2] D. Mohan, C.U. Pittman, and P.H. Steelea, “Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil: A Critical Review,” Energ Fuels, vol.20, no.3, pp. 848-889, May 2006.
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[4] G.N. Tiwari, and R.K. Mishra, Advanced Renewable Energy Sources. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistr, 2011, pp. 584.
[5] M.J. Antal, and M. Grønli, “The Art, Science, and Technology of Charcoal Production,” Ind Eng Chem Res, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1619-1640, April 2003.
[6] A. Demirbas, “Effects of temperature and particle size on bio-char yield from pyrolysis of agricultural residues,” J Anal Appl Pyrol,vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 243-248, November 2004.
[7] CEC, Burning Agricultural Waste: A Source of Dioxins, Montreal, Canada: Commissions for Environmental Cooperation, 2014, pp. 6.
[8] A. Demirbas, “Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals,” Energ Convers Manage, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 1357-1378, July 2001.
[9] W. P. Q. Ng, H. L. Lam, F. Y. Ng, M. Kamal and J. H. E. Lim, “Waste-to-wealth: green potential from palm biomass in Malaysia,” J Clean Prod, vol. 34, pp. 57-65, October 2012.
[10] V.P. Bhange, S.P. William, and A.N. Vaidya, “Evaluation of treatment options for garden biomass with specific reference to reduction in greenhouse gases,” Int J Multidiscip Res Dev, vol. 2, no.1, pp. 320-324, January 2015.
[11] A. MacMillan, Global Warming 101. 2016, (cited 2 August 2016) Available from: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-warming-101.
[12] IBI. Climate Change and Biochar. 2016, (cited 15 April 2016) Available from: http://www.biochar-international.org/biochar/carbon
[13] M. Jouiad, N. Al-Nofeli, N. Khalifa, F. Benyettou and L. F. Yousef, “Characteristics of slow pyrolysis biochars produced from rhodes grass and fronds of edible date palm,” J Anal Appl Pyrol,vol. 111, pp. 183-190, January 2015.
[14] F. Ronsse, S. van Hecke, D. Dickinson and W. Prins Ronsse, “Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar: influence of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions,” GCB Bioenergy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 104-115, 2013.
[15] K. Chaiwong, T. Kiatsiriroat, N. Vorayos and C. Thararax., “Biochar production from freshwater algae by slow pyrolysis,” Maejo Int J Sci Tech, vol.6, no. 2, pp. 186-195, May 2012.
[16] G. Duman, C. Okutucu, S. Ucar, R. Stahl and J. Yanik, “The slow and fast pyrolysis of cherry seed,” Bioresource Technol, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 1869-1878, January 2011.
[17] K.Khor, and K. Lim, “Slow pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches,” Int Energ J, vol. 9 no. 3, pp. 181-188, September 2008.
[18] K.K. Hooi, Z.A.Z. Alauddin, and L.K. Ong, “Laboratory-scale pyrolysis of oil palm pressed fruit fibres,” J Oil Palm Res, vol. 21, pp. 577-587, June 2009.
[19] D. Özçimen, and A. Ersoy-Meriçboyu, “Characterization of biochar and bio-oil samples obtained from carbonization of various biomass materials,” Renew Energ, vol. 35, no.6, pp. 1319-1324, June 2010.
[20] J.Lehmann, and S. Joseph, “Chapter 1: Biochar for Environment Management: An Introduction,” in Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology, J. Lehmann and S. Joseph, Ed. UK and USA: Earthscan, 2009, pp. 1-12.
[21] IBI. What is Biochar? 2013, (cited 15 April 2013) Available from: http://www.biochar-international.org/biochar.
[22] J. Lehmann, “A handful of carbon,” Nature, vol. 447, no. 7141, pp. 143-144, May 2007.
[23] M. Sánchez, E. Lindao, D. Margaleff, O. Martínez and A. Morán Sánchez, M., “Pyrolysis of agricultural residues from rape and sunflowers: Production and characterization of bio-fuels and biochar soil management,” J Anal Appl Pyrol, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 142-144, May 2009.
[24] A.V. Bridgwater, and S.A. Bridge, “A Review of Biomass Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis Technologies,” in Biomass pyrolysis liquids: upgrading and utilisation, A.V. Bridgwater and G. Grassi, Ed. England: Springer, 1991 pp. 11-92.
[25] Grierson, S., V. Strezov, and P. Shah, “Properties of oil and char derived from slow pyrolysis of Tetraselmis chui,” Bioresource Technol, vol. 102, no. 17, pp. 8232-8240, September 2011.
[26] A. Downie, A. Crosky, and P. Munroe, “Chapter 2: Physical Properties of Biochar, in Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology,” in Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology, J. Lehmann and S. Joseph, Ed. UK and USA: Earthscan, 2009, pp. 14-32.
[27] A. Budai, L. Wang, M. Gronli, L. T. Strand, M. J. Antal, S. Abiven, A. Dieguez-Alonso, A. Anca-Couce and D. P. Rasse, “Surface Properties and Chemical Composition of Corncob and Miscanthus Biochars: Effects of Production Temperature and Method,” J Agr Food Chem, vol. 62, no. 17, pp. 3791-3799, April 2014.
[28] S. M. Shafie, T. M. I. Mahlia, H. H. Masjuki and A. Ahmad-Yazid, “A review on electricity generation based on biomass residue in Malaysia,” Renew Sust Energ Rev, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 5879-5889, October 2012.
[29] MOA, Perangkaan Agromakanan 2014, Putrajaya, Malaysia, Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani Malaysia, 2015, pp. 158.
[30] MOA, Dasar Agromakanan Negara 2011-2020, Putrajaya, Malaysia: Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani Malaysia, 2011, pp. 118.
[31] N. Smith, N. M. Ha, V. K. Cuong, H. T. T. Dong, N. T. Son, B. Baulch and N. T. L. Thuy, Coconuts in the Mekong Delta: An Assessment of Competitiveness and Industry Potential, 2009.
[32] K. Raghavan, Biofuels From Coconuts, Fuels from Agriculture in Communal Technology (FACT) Foundation. 2010, pp. 2.
[33] Y.B. Yang, C. Ryu, A. Khor, N. E. Yates, V.N. Sharifi, and J. Swithenbank, “Effect of fuel properties on biomass combustion. Part II. Modelling approach—identification of the controlling factors,” Fuel, vol. 84, no. 16, pp. 2116-2130, November 2005.
[34] H. Yang, R. Yan, H. Chen, D. H. Lee and C. Zheng, “Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis,” Fuel, vol. 86, no. 12–13, pp. 1781-1788, August 2007.
[35] T. Sonobe, S. Pipatmanomai, and N. Worasuwannarak, “Pyrolysis Characteristics of Thai-agricultural Rsidues of Rice Straw, Rice Husk, and Corncob by TGA-MS Technique and Kinetic Analysis,” in The 2nd Joint International Conference on “Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE 2006)” Bangkok, Thailand, 2006 pp. 1-6.
[36] N. Gómez, J. G. Rosas, J. Cara, O. Martínez, J. A. Alburquerque and M. E. Sánchez, “Slow pyrolysis of relevant biomasses in the Mediterranean basin. Part 1. Effect of temperature on process performance on a pilot scale,” J Clean Prod, vol. 120 pp. 181-190, May 2016.
[37] I. Y. Mohammed, Y. A. Abakr, F. K. Kazi, S. Yusuf, I. Alshareef and S. A. Chin, “Pyrolysis of Napier grass in a fixed bed reactor: effect of operating conditions on product yields and characteristics,” BioResources, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 6457-6478, 2015.
[38] N. Tröger, D. Richter, and R. Stahl, “Effect of feedstock composition on product yields and energy recovery rates of fast pyrolysis products from different straw types,” J Anal Appl Pyrol, vol. 100, pp. 158-165, March, 2013.
[39] I. Titiladunayo, A. McDonald, and O. Fapetu, “Effect of Temperature on Biochar Product Yield from Selected Lignocellulosic Biomass in a Pyrolysis Process,” Waste Biomass Valor, vol. 3, no. 3, 311-318. February 2012.
[1] A. Demirbas, and G. Arin, “An Overview of Biomass Pyrolysis,” Energ Sources, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 471-482, May 2002.
[2] D. Mohan, C.U. Pittman, and P.H. Steelea, “Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil: A Critical Review,” Energ Fuels, vol.20, no.3, pp. 848-889, May 2006.
[3] P. Basu, Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis: Practical Design and Theory. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Inc., 2010, ch 2
[4] G.N. Tiwari, and R.K. Mishra, Advanced Renewable Energy Sources. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistr, 2011, pp. 584.
[5] M.J. Antal, and M. Grønli, “The Art, Science, and Technology of Charcoal Production,” Ind Eng Chem Res, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1619-1640, April 2003.
[6] A. Demirbas, “Effects of temperature and particle size on bio-char yield from pyrolysis of agricultural residues,” J Anal Appl Pyrol,vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 243-248, November 2004.
[7] CEC, Burning Agricultural Waste: A Source of Dioxins, Montreal, Canada: Commissions for Environmental Cooperation, 2014, pp. 6.
[8] A. Demirbas, “Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals,” Energ Convers Manage, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 1357-1378, July 2001.
[9] W. P. Q. Ng, H. L. Lam, F. Y. Ng, M. Kamal and J. H. E. Lim, “Waste-to-wealth: green potential from palm biomass in Malaysia,” J Clean Prod, vol. 34, pp. 57-65, October 2012.
[10] V.P. Bhange, S.P. William, and A.N. Vaidya, “Evaluation of treatment options for garden biomass with specific reference to reduction in greenhouse gases,” Int J Multidiscip Res Dev, vol. 2, no.1, pp. 320-324, January 2015.
[11] A. MacMillan, Global Warming 101. 2016, (cited 2 August 2016) Available from: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-warming-101.
[12] IBI. Climate Change and Biochar. 2016, (cited 15 April 2016) Available from: http://www.biochar-international.org/biochar/carbon
[13] M. Jouiad, N. Al-Nofeli, N. Khalifa, F. Benyettou and L. F. Yousef, “Characteristics of slow pyrolysis biochars produced from rhodes grass and fronds of edible date palm,” J Anal Appl Pyrol,vol. 111, pp. 183-190, January 2015.
[14] F. Ronsse, S. van Hecke, D. Dickinson and W. Prins Ronsse, “Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar: influence of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions,” GCB Bioenergy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 104-115, 2013.
[15] K. Chaiwong, T. Kiatsiriroat, N. Vorayos and C. Thararax., “Biochar production from freshwater algae by slow pyrolysis,” Maejo Int J Sci Tech, vol.6, no. 2, pp. 186-195, May 2012.
[16] G. Duman, C. Okutucu, S. Ucar, R. Stahl and J. Yanik, “The slow and fast pyrolysis of cherry seed,” Bioresource Technol, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 1869-1878, January 2011.
[17] K.Khor, and K. Lim, “Slow pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches,” Int Energ J, vol. 9 no. 3, pp. 181-188, September 2008.
[18] K.K. Hooi, Z.A.Z. Alauddin, and L.K. Ong, “Laboratory-scale pyrolysis of oil palm pressed fruit fibres,” J Oil Palm Res, vol. 21, pp. 577-587, June 2009.
[19] D. Özçimen, and A. Ersoy-Meriçboyu, “Characterization of biochar and bio-oil samples obtained from carbonization of various biomass materials,” Renew Energ, vol. 35, no.6, pp. 1319-1324, June 2010.
[20] J.Lehmann, and S. Joseph, “Chapter 1: Biochar for Environment Management: An Introduction,” in Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology, J. Lehmann and S. Joseph, Ed. UK and USA: Earthscan, 2009, pp. 1-12.
[21] IBI. What is Biochar? 2013, (cited 15 April 2013) Available from: http://www.biochar-international.org/biochar.
[22] J. Lehmann, “A handful of carbon,” Nature, vol. 447, no. 7141, pp. 143-144, May 2007.
[23] M. Sánchez, E. Lindao, D. Margaleff, O. Martínez and A. Morán Sánchez, M., “Pyrolysis of agricultural residues from rape and sunflowers: Production and characterization of bio-fuels and biochar soil management,” J Anal Appl Pyrol, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 142-144, May 2009.
[24] A.V. Bridgwater, and S.A. Bridge, “A Review of Biomass Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis Technologies,” in Biomass pyrolysis liquids: upgrading and utilisation, A.V. Bridgwater and G. Grassi, Ed. England: Springer, 1991 pp. 11-92.
[25] Grierson, S., V. Strezov, and P. Shah, “Properties of oil and char derived from slow pyrolysis of Tetraselmis chui,” Bioresource Technol, vol. 102, no. 17, pp. 8232-8240, September 2011.
[26] A. Downie, A. Crosky, and P. Munroe, “Chapter 2: Physical Properties of Biochar, in Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology,” in Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology, J. Lehmann and S. Joseph, Ed. UK and USA: Earthscan, 2009, pp. 14-32.
[27] A. Budai, L. Wang, M. Gronli, L. T. Strand, M. J. Antal, S. Abiven, A. Dieguez-Alonso, A. Anca-Couce and D. P. Rasse, “Surface Properties and Chemical Composition of Corncob and Miscanthus Biochars: Effects of Production Temperature and Method,” J Agr Food Chem, vol. 62, no. 17, pp. 3791-3799, April 2014.
[28] S. M. Shafie, T. M. I. Mahlia, H. H. Masjuki and A. Ahmad-Yazid, “A review on electricity generation based on biomass residue in Malaysia,” Renew Sust Energ Rev, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 5879-5889, October 2012.
[29] MOA, Perangkaan Agromakanan 2014, Putrajaya, Malaysia, Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani Malaysia, 2015, pp. 158.
[30] MOA, Dasar Agromakanan Negara 2011-2020, Putrajaya, Malaysia: Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani Malaysia, 2011, pp. 118.
[31] N. Smith, N. M. Ha, V. K. Cuong, H. T. T. Dong, N. T. Son, B. Baulch and N. T. L. Thuy, Coconuts in the Mekong Delta: An Assessment of Competitiveness and Industry Potential, 2009.
[32] K. Raghavan, Biofuels From Coconuts, Fuels from Agriculture in Communal Technology (FACT) Foundation. 2010, pp. 2.
[33] Y.B. Yang, C. Ryu, A. Khor, N. E. Yates, V.N. Sharifi, and J. Swithenbank, “Effect of fuel properties on biomass combustion. Part II. Modelling approach—identification of the controlling factors,” Fuel, vol. 84, no. 16, pp. 2116-2130, November 2005.
[34] H. Yang, R. Yan, H. Chen, D. H. Lee and C. Zheng, “Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis,” Fuel, vol. 86, no. 12–13, pp. 1781-1788, August 2007.
[35] T. Sonobe, S. Pipatmanomai, and N. Worasuwannarak, “Pyrolysis Characteristics of Thai-agricultural Rsidues of Rice Straw, Rice Husk, and Corncob by TGA-MS Technique and Kinetic Analysis,” in The 2nd Joint International Conference on “Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE 2006)” Bangkok, Thailand, 2006 pp. 1-6.
[36] N. Gómez, J. G. Rosas, J. Cara, O. Martínez, J. A. Alburquerque and M. E. Sánchez, “Slow pyrolysis of relevant biomasses in the Mediterranean basin. Part 1. Effect of temperature on process performance on a pilot scale,” J Clean Prod, vol. 120 pp. 181-190, May 2016.
[37] I. Y. Mohammed, Y. A. Abakr, F. K. Kazi, S. Yusuf, I. Alshareef and S. A. Chin, “Pyrolysis of Napier grass in a fixed bed reactor: effect of operating conditions on product yields and characteristics,” BioResources, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 6457-6478, 2015.
[38] N. Tröger, D. Richter, and R. Stahl, “Effect of feedstock composition on product yields and energy recovery rates of fast pyrolysis products from different straw types,” J Anal Appl Pyrol, vol. 100, pp. 158-165, March, 2013.
[39] I. Titiladunayo, A. McDonald, and O. Fapetu, “Effect of Temperature on Biochar Product Yield from Selected Lignocellulosic Biomass in a Pyrolysis Process,” Waste Biomass Valor, vol. 3, no. 3, 311-318. February 2012.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:74251", author = "Adilah Shariff and Nur Syairah Mohamad Aziz and Norsyahidah Md Saleh and Nur Syuhada Izzati Ruzali", title = "The Effect of Feedstock Type and Slow Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Yield from Coconut Wastes", abstract = "The first objective of this study is to investigate the suitability of coconut frond (CF) and coconut husk (CH) as feedstocks using a laboratory-scale slow pyrolysis experimental setup. The second objective is to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the biochar yield. The properties of CF and CH feedstocks were compared. The properties of the CF and CH feedstocks were investigated using proximate and elemental analysis, lignocellulosic determination, and also thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The CF and CH feedstocks were pyrolysed at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C for 2 hours at 10 °C/min heating rate. The proximate analysis showed that CF feedstock has 89.96 mf wt% volatile matter, 4.67 mf wt% ash content and 5.37 mf wt% fixed carbon. The lignocelluloses analysis showed that CF feedstock contained 21.46% lignin, 39.05% cellulose and 22.49% hemicelluloses. The CH feedstock contained 84.13 mf wt% volatile matter, 0.33 mf wt% ash content, 15.54 mf wt% fixed carbon, 28.22% lignin, 33.61% cellulose and 22.03% hemicelluloses. Carbon and oxygen are the major component of the CF and CH feedstock compositions. Both of CF and CH feedstocks contained very low percentage of sulfur, 0.77% and 0.33%, respectively. TGA analysis indicated that coconut wastes are easily degraded. It may be due to their high volatile content. Between the temperature ranges of 300 and 800 °C, the TGA curves showed that the weight percentage of CF feedstock is lower than CH feedstock by 0.62%-5.88%. From the D TGA curves, most of the weight loss occurred between 210 and 400 °C for both feedstocks. The maximum weight loss for both CF and CH are 0.0074 wt%/min and 0.0061 wt%/min, respectively, which occurred at 324.5 °C. The yield percentage of both CF and CH biochars decreased significantly as the pyrolysis temperature was increased. For CF biochar, the yield decreased from 49.40 wt% to 28.12 wt% as the temperature increased from 300 to 700 °C. The yield for CH biochars also decreased from 52.18 wt% to 28.72 wt%. The findings of this study indicated that both CF and CH are suitable feedstock for slow pyrolysis of biochar.
", keywords = "Biochar, biomass, coconut wastes, slow pyrolysis.", volume = "10", number = "12", pages = "1410-5", }
