Study the Efficacies of Green Manure Application as Chickpea Pre Plant
In order to Study the efficacy application of green
manure as chickpea pre plant, field experiments were carried out in
2007 and 2008 growing seasons. In this research the effects of
different strategies for soil fertilization were investigated on grain
yield and yield component, minerals, organic compounds and
cooking time of chickpea. Experimental units were arranged in splitsplit
plots based on randomized complete blocks with three
replications. Main plots consisted of (G1): establishing a mixed
vegetation of Vicia panunica and Hordeum vulgare and (G2):
control, as green manure levels. Also, five strategies for obtaining the
base fertilizer requirement including (N1): 20 t.ha-1 farmyard manure;
(N2): 10 t.ha-1 compost; (N3): 75 kg.ha-1 triple super phosphate;
(N4): 10 t.ha-1 farmyard manure + 5 t.ha-1 compost and (N5): 10 t.ha-1
farmyard manure + 5 t.ha-1 compost + 50 kg.ha-1 triple super
phosphate were considered in sub plots. Furthermoree four levels of
biofertilizers consisted of (B1): Bacillus lentus + Pseudomonas
putida; (B2): Trichoderma harzianum; (B3): Bacillus lentus +
Pseudomonas putida + Trichoderma harzianum; and (B4): control
(without biofertilizers) were arranged in sub-sub plots. Results
showed that integrating biofertilizers (B3) and green manure (G1)
produced the highest grain yield. The highest amounts of yield were
obtained in G1×N5 interaction. Comparison of all 2-way and 3-way
interactions showed that G1N5B3 was determined as the superior
treatment. Significant increasing of N, P2O5, K2O, Fe and Mg content
in leaves and grains emphasized on superiority of mentioned
treatment because each one of these nutrients has an approved role in
chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis abilities of the crops. The
combined application of compost, farmyard manure and chemical
phosphorus (N5) in addition to having the highest yield, had the best
grain quality due to high protein, starch and total sugar contents, low
crude fiber and reduced cooking time.
[1] AOAC, 1990. In K. Helrich (Ed.), Official methods of analysis (15th
ed.). Arlington, VA/Washington, DC, USA: Association of Official
Analytical Chemists.
[2] Bennett JW., and SD. Lane, 1992. The potential role of Trichoderma
viride in the integrated control of Botrytis fabae. Mycologist 6, 199-201.
[3] Bremner JM, 1996. Nitrogen-total. In: Sparks, D.L., et al. (Eds.),
Chemical Methods. Part 3. SSSA BOOK Series. SSSA, ASA, Madison,
WI, USA, pp. 1085-1121.
[4] Dahnke WC., and RA. Olsen, 1990. Soil test correlation, calibration, and
recommendation. p. 45-72. In R.L Westerman et al. (ed.) Soil testing and
plant analysis, 3rd ed. SSSA Book Ser. 3. SSSA, Madison, WI.
[5] El-Baruni B., and SR. Olsen, 1979. Effect of manure on solubility of
phosphorus in calcareous soils. Soil Science 128, 219-225.
[6] Elfstrand S., B. Ba and M. Rtensson, 2007. Influence of various forms of
green manure amendment on soil microbial community composition,
enzyme activity and nutrient levels in leek. Applied Soil Ecology 36:70-
82.
[7] Gao SJ., SS. Chen, and MQ. Li, 1989. Effects of phosphorus nutrition on
photosynthesis and photorespiration in tobacco leaves. Acta
Phytophysiol Sinica 15:281-287.
[8] Guidi L., M. Pallini, and GF. Soldatini, 1994. Influence of phosphorus
deficiency on photosynthesis in sunflower and soybean plants. Agrochim
38:211-223.
[9] Huss-Danell, K., P Lundquist., and A Ekblad, 1989. Growth and
acetylene reduction activity by intact plants of Alnus incana under field
conditions. Plant Soil 118, 61-73.
[10] Huisman J., and AF. Vander Poel, 1994. Aspects of the nutritional
quality and use of cool season food legumes in animal feed. In F. J.
Muehlbauer and W. J. Kaiser (Eds.), Expanding the production and use
of cool season food legumes (pp. 53-76). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic
Publishers.
[11] Kumar RN., and KG. Mukerji, 1996. Integrated disease management
future perspectives. In: Mukerji, K.G., Mathur, B., Chamola, B.P.,
Chitralekha, C. (Eds.), Advances in Botany, APH publishing Corp, New
Delhi, pp. 335-347.
[12] Jain PC., PS. Kushawaha., US. Dhakal., H. Khan., and SM. Trivedi,
1999. Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to phosphorus and
biofertilzier. Legume Research 22: 241-244.
[13] Jackson ML, 1973. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
[14] Jutur PP and AR. Reddy, 2007. Isolation, purification and properties of
new restriction endonucleases from Bacillus badius and Bacillus lentus.
Microbiological Research 162: 378-383.
[15] O-Sullivan DJ., and D. O-Gara, 1992. Trails of fluorescent Pseudomonas
spp. involved in suppression of plant root pathogens. Microbiological
Review 56: 662-676.
[16] Power JF, 1990. Use of green manures in the Great Plains. In: Havlin,
J.L., Jacobsen, J.S. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Great Plains Soil Fertility
Conference, Denver, CO. 6-7 March. Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS, pp. 1-18.
[17] Rajendran G., F. Sing., AJ. Desai., and V. Archana, 2008. Enhanced
growth and nodulation of pigeon pea by co-inoculation of Bacillus
strains with Rhizobium spp. Bioresource Technology 99: 4544-4550.
[18] Ravindra KC., K. Venkatesan., T. Balasubramanian., and V.
Balakrishnan, 2007. Effect of halophytic compost along with farmyard
manure and phosphor bacteria on growth characteristics of Arachis
hypogaea Linn. Science of the Total Environment 384: 333-341.
[19] Rong L., JJ. Volenec., BC. Joern., and SM. Cunningham, 1996. Seasonal
changes in nonstructural carbohydrates, protein, and macronutrient in
roots of alfalfa, red clover, sweet clover, and birds foot trefoil. Crop
Science 36: 617-623.
[20] Rudresh DL., MK. Shivaprakash., and RD. Prasad, 2005. Effect of
combined application of rhizobium, phosphate solubilizing bacterium
and Trichoderma spp. on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of chickpea
(Cicer aritenium L.). Applied Soil Ecology 28: 139-146.
[21] Rynne FG., Glenn, A. R., and Dilworth, M. J. 1994. Effect of mutations
in aromatic catabolism on the persistence and competitiveness of
Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii. Soil Biol. Biochem., 26, 703-
710.
[22] Sahni S., BK. Sarma, DP. Singh., HB. Singh and KP. Singh, 2008.
Vermicompost enhances performance of plant growth-promoting
rhizobacteria in Cicer arietinum rhizosphere against Sclerotium rolfsii.
Crop Protection 27: 369-376.
[23] Siavashi K., R. Soleimani., and MJ. Malakouti, 2004. Effect of zinc
sulfate application times and methods on grain yield and protein content
of chickpea in rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water
Sciences 18:37-44.
[24] Vincent, J.M., 1970. A manual for practical study of root-nodule
bacteria. In: IBP Handbook, vol. 15. Blackwell, Oxford.
[25] Vinale F., K. Sivasithamparam., EL. Ghisalberti., SL. Woo and M.
Lorito, 2008. Trichoderma-plant-pathogen interactions. Soil Biology and
Biochemistry 40: 1-10.
[26] Williams PC., H. Nakoul., and KB. Singh, 1983. Relationship between
cooking time and some physical characteristics in Chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.). Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 34: 492-496.
[27] Zeng X., Y. Li., Y. Sun., Y. Hong., J. Liu., X. Xiang., and K. Wang,
2007. Determination of free sugars by high performance liquid
chromatography. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 35: 930-938.
[1] AOAC, 1990. In K. Helrich (Ed.), Official methods of analysis (15th
ed.). Arlington, VA/Washington, DC, USA: Association of Official
Analytical Chemists.
[2] Bennett JW., and SD. Lane, 1992. The potential role of Trichoderma
viride in the integrated control of Botrytis fabae. Mycologist 6, 199-201.
[3] Bremner JM, 1996. Nitrogen-total. In: Sparks, D.L., et al. (Eds.),
Chemical Methods. Part 3. SSSA BOOK Series. SSSA, ASA, Madison,
WI, USA, pp. 1085-1121.
[4] Dahnke WC., and RA. Olsen, 1990. Soil test correlation, calibration, and
recommendation. p. 45-72. In R.L Westerman et al. (ed.) Soil testing and
plant analysis, 3rd ed. SSSA Book Ser. 3. SSSA, Madison, WI.
[5] El-Baruni B., and SR. Olsen, 1979. Effect of manure on solubility of
phosphorus in calcareous soils. Soil Science 128, 219-225.
[6] Elfstrand S., B. Ba and M. Rtensson, 2007. Influence of various forms of
green manure amendment on soil microbial community composition,
enzyme activity and nutrient levels in leek. Applied Soil Ecology 36:70-
82.
[7] Gao SJ., SS. Chen, and MQ. Li, 1989. Effects of phosphorus nutrition on
photosynthesis and photorespiration in tobacco leaves. Acta
Phytophysiol Sinica 15:281-287.
[8] Guidi L., M. Pallini, and GF. Soldatini, 1994. Influence of phosphorus
deficiency on photosynthesis in sunflower and soybean plants. Agrochim
38:211-223.
[9] Huss-Danell, K., P Lundquist., and A Ekblad, 1989. Growth and
acetylene reduction activity by intact plants of Alnus incana under field
conditions. Plant Soil 118, 61-73.
[10] Huisman J., and AF. Vander Poel, 1994. Aspects of the nutritional
quality and use of cool season food legumes in animal feed. In F. J.
Muehlbauer and W. J. Kaiser (Eds.), Expanding the production and use
of cool season food legumes (pp. 53-76). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic
Publishers.
[11] Kumar RN., and KG. Mukerji, 1996. Integrated disease management
future perspectives. In: Mukerji, K.G., Mathur, B., Chamola, B.P.,
Chitralekha, C. (Eds.), Advances in Botany, APH publishing Corp, New
Delhi, pp. 335-347.
[12] Jain PC., PS. Kushawaha., US. Dhakal., H. Khan., and SM. Trivedi,
1999. Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to phosphorus and
biofertilzier. Legume Research 22: 241-244.
[13] Jackson ML, 1973. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
[14] Jutur PP and AR. Reddy, 2007. Isolation, purification and properties of
new restriction endonucleases from Bacillus badius and Bacillus lentus.
Microbiological Research 162: 378-383.
[15] O-Sullivan DJ., and D. O-Gara, 1992. Trails of fluorescent Pseudomonas
spp. involved in suppression of plant root pathogens. Microbiological
Review 56: 662-676.
[16] Power JF, 1990. Use of green manures in the Great Plains. In: Havlin,
J.L., Jacobsen, J.S. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Great Plains Soil Fertility
Conference, Denver, CO. 6-7 March. Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS, pp. 1-18.
[17] Rajendran G., F. Sing., AJ. Desai., and V. Archana, 2008. Enhanced
growth and nodulation of pigeon pea by co-inoculation of Bacillus
strains with Rhizobium spp. Bioresource Technology 99: 4544-4550.
[18] Ravindra KC., K. Venkatesan., T. Balasubramanian., and V.
Balakrishnan, 2007. Effect of halophytic compost along with farmyard
manure and phosphor bacteria on growth characteristics of Arachis
hypogaea Linn. Science of the Total Environment 384: 333-341.
[19] Rong L., JJ. Volenec., BC. Joern., and SM. Cunningham, 1996. Seasonal
changes in nonstructural carbohydrates, protein, and macronutrient in
roots of alfalfa, red clover, sweet clover, and birds foot trefoil. Crop
Science 36: 617-623.
[20] Rudresh DL., MK. Shivaprakash., and RD. Prasad, 2005. Effect of
combined application of rhizobium, phosphate solubilizing bacterium
and Trichoderma spp. on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of chickpea
(Cicer aritenium L.). Applied Soil Ecology 28: 139-146.
[21] Rynne FG., Glenn, A. R., and Dilworth, M. J. 1994. Effect of mutations
in aromatic catabolism on the persistence and competitiveness of
Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii. Soil Biol. Biochem., 26, 703-
710.
[22] Sahni S., BK. Sarma, DP. Singh., HB. Singh and KP. Singh, 2008.
Vermicompost enhances performance of plant growth-promoting
rhizobacteria in Cicer arietinum rhizosphere against Sclerotium rolfsii.
Crop Protection 27: 369-376.
[23] Siavashi K., R. Soleimani., and MJ. Malakouti, 2004. Effect of zinc
sulfate application times and methods on grain yield and protein content
of chickpea in rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water
Sciences 18:37-44.
[24] Vincent, J.M., 1970. A manual for practical study of root-nodule
bacteria. In: IBP Handbook, vol. 15. Blackwell, Oxford.
[25] Vinale F., K. Sivasithamparam., EL. Ghisalberti., SL. Woo and M.
Lorito, 2008. Trichoderma-plant-pathogen interactions. Soil Biology and
Biochemistry 40: 1-10.
[26] Williams PC., H. Nakoul., and KB. Singh, 1983. Relationship between
cooking time and some physical characteristics in Chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.). Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 34: 492-496.
[27] Zeng X., Y. Li., Y. Sun., Y. Hong., J. Liu., X. Xiang., and K. Wang,
2007. Determination of free sugars by high performance liquid
chromatography. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 35: 930-938.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:64966", author = "Khosro Mohammadi and Amir Ghalavand and Majid Aghaalikhani", title = "Study the Efficacies of Green Manure Application as Chickpea Pre Plant", abstract = "In order to Study the efficacy application of green
manure as chickpea pre plant, field experiments were carried out in
2007 and 2008 growing seasons. In this research the effects of
different strategies for soil fertilization were investigated on grain
yield and yield component, minerals, organic compounds and
cooking time of chickpea. Experimental units were arranged in splitsplit
plots based on randomized complete blocks with three
replications. Main plots consisted of (G1): establishing a mixed
vegetation of Vicia panunica and Hordeum vulgare and (G2):
control, as green manure levels. Also, five strategies for obtaining the
base fertilizer requirement including (N1): 20 t.ha-1 farmyard manure;
(N2): 10 t.ha-1 compost; (N3): 75 kg.ha-1 triple super phosphate;
(N4): 10 t.ha-1 farmyard manure + 5 t.ha-1 compost and (N5): 10 t.ha-1
farmyard manure + 5 t.ha-1 compost + 50 kg.ha-1 triple super
phosphate were considered in sub plots. Furthermoree four levels of
biofertilizers consisted of (B1): Bacillus lentus + Pseudomonas
putida; (B2): Trichoderma harzianum; (B3): Bacillus lentus +
Pseudomonas putida + Trichoderma harzianum; and (B4): control
(without biofertilizers) were arranged in sub-sub plots. Results
showed that integrating biofertilizers (B3) and green manure (G1)
produced the highest grain yield. The highest amounts of yield were
obtained in G1×N5 interaction. Comparison of all 2-way and 3-way
interactions showed that G1N5B3 was determined as the superior
treatment. Significant increasing of N, P2O5, K2O, Fe and Mg content
in leaves and grains emphasized on superiority of mentioned
treatment because each one of these nutrients has an approved role in
chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis abilities of the crops. The
combined application of compost, farmyard manure and chemical
phosphorus (N5) in addition to having the highest yield, had the best
grain quality due to high protein, starch and total sugar contents, low
crude fiber and reduced cooking time.", keywords = "chickpea, biofertilizer, nitrogen fixation.", volume = "4", number = "10", pages = "783-4", }
