RF Power Consumption Emulation Optimized with Interval Valued Homotopies
This paper presents a methodology towards the emulation of the electrical power consumption of the RF device during the cellular phone/handset transmission mode using the LTE technology. The emulation methodology takes the physical environmental variables and the logical interface between the baseband and the RF system as inputs to compute the emulated power dissipation of the RF device. The emulated power, in between the measured points corresponding to the discrete values of the logical interface parameters is computed as a polynomial interpolation using polynomial basis functions. The evaluation of polynomial and spline curve fitting models showed a respective divergence (test error) of 8% and 0.02% from the physically measured power consumption. The precisions of the instruments used for the physical measurements have been modeled as intervals. We have been able to model the power consumption of the RF device operating at 5MHz using homotopy between 2 continuous power consumptions of the RF device operating at the bandwidths 3MHz and 10MHz.
[1] 3GPP Technical Specification 36.101, v8.0.0 edition, 2007.
[2] NI PXI/PCI-5922 Specifications, 2007.
[3] Programmable DC Power Supplies, 2007.
[4] 3GPP Technical Specification 36.211, v8.9.0 edition, 2009.
[5] Rohde & Schwarz Signal analyzer, 2010.
[6] E. L. Allgower and K. Georg. Numerical continuation methods: an
introduction. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. New York, NY, USA,
1990.
[7] MIPI Alliance. http://www.mipi.org/specifications/digrfsmspecifications,
2011.
[8] C. Bachmann, A. Genser, C. Steger, R. Weiss, and J. Haid. Automated
power characterization for run-time power emulation of soc designs. In
Digital System Design: Architectures, Methods and Tools (DSD), 2010
13th Euromicro Conference on, pages 587 -594, 2010.
[9] Christopher M. Bishop. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning.
Springer, 2006.
[10] B.Sklar. Digital Communications, Fundamentals and applications.
Prentice hall PTR, 2001.
[11] C. V. Clarence. Electrical Engineering: The Theory and Characteristics
of electrical Circuits and Machinery. McGraw-Hill, 1917.
[12] J. Coburn, S. Ravi, and A. Raghunathan. Hardware accelerated power
estimation. In Design, Automation and Test in Europe, 2005. Proceedings,
pages 528 - 529 Vol. 1, 2005.
[13] J. Coburn, S. Ravi, and A. Raghunathan. Power emulation: a new
paradigm for power estimation. In Design Automation Conference, 2005.
Proceedings. 42nd, pages 700 - 705, 2005.
[14] Xian Cui. Efficient radio frequency power amplifiers for wireless
communicaiton. PhD thesis, The Ohio State University, 2007.
[15] R.Baker Kearfott E. Ramon Moore and Michael J. Cloud. Introduction to
interval analysis. SIAM (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Philadelphia), 2009.
[16] N. G. Ejup and G. H. Tyler. McGraw-Hill-s Engineering companion.
McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[17] J. Groe. Polar transmitters for wireless communications. Communications
Magazine, IEEE, 45(9):58 -63, 2007.
[18] J. Haid, C. Bachmann, A. Genser, C. Steger, and R. Weiss. Power
emulation: Methodology and applications for hw/sw power optimization.
In Formal Methods and Models for Codesign (MEMOCODE), 2010 8th
IEEE/ACM International Conference on, pages 133 -138, 2010.
[19] Harri Holma and Antti Toskala. LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Based Radio Access. Wiley & Sons, 2008.
[20] M. Racanelli, S. Voinegescu, and P. Kempf. High performance sige
bicmos technology. In Wireless Communications and Applied Computational
Electromagnetics, 2005. IEEE/ACES International Conference
on, pages 430 - 434, 2005.
[21] V. Radisic, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh. Broad-band power amplifier using
dielectric photonic bandgap structure. Microwave and Guided Wave
Letters, IEEE, 8(1):13 -14, January 1998.
[22] B. Razavi. Rf transmitter architectures and circuits. In Custom Integrated
Circuits, 1999. Proceedings of the IEEE 1999, 1999.
[23] C.B. Ribeiro, K. Hugl, M. Lampinen, and M. Kuusela. Performance of
linear multi-user mimo precoding in lte system. In Wireless Pervasive
Computing, 2008. ISWPC 2008. 3rd International Symposium on, pages
410 -414, May 2008.
[24] Liang Rong, F. Jonsson, Lirong Zheng, M. Carlsson, and C. Hedenas.
Rf transmitter architecture investigation for power efficient mobile
wimax applications. In System-on-Chip, 2008. SOC 2008. International
Symposium on, pages 1 -4, nov. 2008.
[25] F. M. William. Principles of Physics: Designed for Use as a Textbook
of General Physics. University of Michigan Library, 2009.
[26] Chunming Zhao, Robert J. Baxley, G. Tong Zhou, Deepak Boppana, and
J. Stevenson Kenney. Constrained clipping for crest factor reduction in
multiple-user ofdm. In Radio and Wireless Symposium, 2007 IEEE,
pages 341 -344, 2007.
[1] 3GPP Technical Specification 36.101, v8.0.0 edition, 2007.
[2] NI PXI/PCI-5922 Specifications, 2007.
[3] Programmable DC Power Supplies, 2007.
[4] 3GPP Technical Specification 36.211, v8.9.0 edition, 2009.
[5] Rohde & Schwarz Signal analyzer, 2010.
[6] E. L. Allgower and K. Georg. Numerical continuation methods: an
introduction. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. New York, NY, USA,
1990.
[7] MIPI Alliance. http://www.mipi.org/specifications/digrfsmspecifications,
2011.
[8] C. Bachmann, A. Genser, C. Steger, R. Weiss, and J. Haid. Automated
power characterization for run-time power emulation of soc designs. In
Digital System Design: Architectures, Methods and Tools (DSD), 2010
13th Euromicro Conference on, pages 587 -594, 2010.
[9] Christopher M. Bishop. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning.
Springer, 2006.
[10] B.Sklar. Digital Communications, Fundamentals and applications.
Prentice hall PTR, 2001.
[11] C. V. Clarence. Electrical Engineering: The Theory and Characteristics
of electrical Circuits and Machinery. McGraw-Hill, 1917.
[12] J. Coburn, S. Ravi, and A. Raghunathan. Hardware accelerated power
estimation. In Design, Automation and Test in Europe, 2005. Proceedings,
pages 528 - 529 Vol. 1, 2005.
[13] J. Coburn, S. Ravi, and A. Raghunathan. Power emulation: a new
paradigm for power estimation. In Design Automation Conference, 2005.
Proceedings. 42nd, pages 700 - 705, 2005.
[14] Xian Cui. Efficient radio frequency power amplifiers for wireless
communicaiton. PhD thesis, The Ohio State University, 2007.
[15] R.Baker Kearfott E. Ramon Moore and Michael J. Cloud. Introduction to
interval analysis. SIAM (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Philadelphia), 2009.
[16] N. G. Ejup and G. H. Tyler. McGraw-Hill-s Engineering companion.
McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[17] J. Groe. Polar transmitters for wireless communications. Communications
Magazine, IEEE, 45(9):58 -63, 2007.
[18] J. Haid, C. Bachmann, A. Genser, C. Steger, and R. Weiss. Power
emulation: Methodology and applications for hw/sw power optimization.
In Formal Methods and Models for Codesign (MEMOCODE), 2010 8th
IEEE/ACM International Conference on, pages 133 -138, 2010.
[19] Harri Holma and Antti Toskala. LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Based Radio Access. Wiley & Sons, 2008.
[20] M. Racanelli, S. Voinegescu, and P. Kempf. High performance sige
bicmos technology. In Wireless Communications and Applied Computational
Electromagnetics, 2005. IEEE/ACES International Conference
on, pages 430 - 434, 2005.
[21] V. Radisic, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh. Broad-band power amplifier using
dielectric photonic bandgap structure. Microwave and Guided Wave
Letters, IEEE, 8(1):13 -14, January 1998.
[22] B. Razavi. Rf transmitter architectures and circuits. In Custom Integrated
Circuits, 1999. Proceedings of the IEEE 1999, 1999.
[23] C.B. Ribeiro, K. Hugl, M. Lampinen, and M. Kuusela. Performance of
linear multi-user mimo precoding in lte system. In Wireless Pervasive
Computing, 2008. ISWPC 2008. 3rd International Symposium on, pages
410 -414, May 2008.
[24] Liang Rong, F. Jonsson, Lirong Zheng, M. Carlsson, and C. Hedenas.
Rf transmitter architecture investigation for power efficient mobile
wimax applications. In System-on-Chip, 2008. SOC 2008. International
Symposium on, pages 1 -4, nov. 2008.
[25] F. M. William. Principles of Physics: Designed for Use as a Textbook
of General Physics. University of Michigan Library, 2009.
[26] Chunming Zhao, Robert J. Baxley, G. Tong Zhou, Deepak Boppana, and
J. Stevenson Kenney. Constrained clipping for crest factor reduction in
multiple-user ofdm. In Radio and Wireless Symposium, 2007 IEEE,
pages 341 -344, 2007.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:51642", author = "Deogratius Musiige and François Anton and Vital Yatskevich and Laulagnet Vincent and Darka Mioc and Nguyen Pierre", title = "RF Power Consumption Emulation Optimized with Interval Valued Homotopies", abstract = "This paper presents a methodology towards the emulation of the electrical power consumption of the RF device during the cellular phone/handset transmission mode using the LTE technology. The emulation methodology takes the physical environmental variables and the logical interface between the baseband and the RF system as inputs to compute the emulated power dissipation of the RF device. The emulated power, in between the measured points corresponding to the discrete values of the logical interface parameters is computed as a polynomial interpolation using polynomial basis functions. The evaluation of polynomial and spline curve fitting models showed a respective divergence (test error) of 8% and 0.02% from the physically measured power consumption. The precisions of the instruments used for the physical measurements have been modeled as intervals. We have been able to model the power consumption of the RF device operating at 5MHz using homotopy between 2 continuous power consumptions of the RF device operating at the bandwidths 3MHz and 10MHz.
", keywords = "Radio frequency, high power amplifier, baseband, LTE, power, emulation, homotopy, interval analysis, Tx power, register-transfer level.", volume = "5", number = "9", pages = "1189-7", }
