Phytoremediation of Wastewater Using Some of Aquatic Macrophytes as Biological Purifiers for Irrigation Purposes
An attempt was made for availability of wastewater reuse/reclamation for irrigation purposes using phytoremediation “the low cost and less technology", using six local aquatic macrophytes “e.g. T. angustifolia, B. maritimus, Ph. australis, A. donax, A. plantago-aquatica and M. longifolia (Linn)" as biological waste purifiers. Outdoor experiments/designs were conducted from May 03, 2007 till October 15, 2008, close to one of the main sewage channels of Sulaimani City/Iraq*. All processes were mainly based on conventional wastewater treatment processes, besides two further modifications were tested, the first was sand filtration pots, implanted by individual species of experimental macrophytes and the second was constructed wetlands implanted by experimental macrophytes all together. Untreated and treated wastewater samples were analyzed for their key physico-chemical properties (only heavy metals Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu with particular reference to removal efficiency by experimental macrophytes are highlighted in this paper). On the other hand, vertical contents of heavy metals were also evaluated from both pots and the cells of constructed wetland. After 135 days, macrophytes were harvested and heavy metals were analyzed in their biomass (roots/shoots) for removal efficiency assessment (i.e. uptake/ bioaccumulation rate). Results showed that; removal efficiency of all studied heavy metals was much higher in T. angustifolia followed by Ph. Australis, B. maritimus and A. donax in triple experiment sand pots. Constructed wetland experiments have revealed that; the more replicated constructed wetland cells the highest heavy metal removal efficiency was indicated.
[1] P.H. Gleick, "The World-s Water 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on
Freshwater Resources". Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, p 315,
2000.
[2] L.R. Buddhavarapu, and S.J. Hancock, "Advanced treatment for lagoons
using duckweed". J. Water Environ. Technol, vol. 3, pp. 41-44. 1991.
[3] A. R. Upadhyay, "Aquatic Plants for the Waste Water treatment", Daya
Publishing House, Delhi, 2004, ch 2.
[4] R.N. Kar, B.N. Sahoo, and L.B. Sukla, "Removal of heavy metal from
mine water using sulphate reducing Bacteria", J. Pollution Res. Vol. 11,
pp. 1-13. 1992.
[5] A. Angelakis, "Management of wastewater by natural treatment systems
with emphasis on land-based systems", (2001). IN: Decentralised
Sanitation and Reuse, "concepts, systems and implementation". P. Lens,
G. Zeeman and G. Lettinga , IWA Publishing, London. 2002.
[6] S. Wallace, "Putting Wetlands to Work". Civil Engineering, 98-007-
0057. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1998.
[7] R. Haberl, "Constructed Wetlands: A Chance to Solve Wastewater
Problems in Developing Countries", J. Water Sci. Technol. 40(3), pp.11-
17. 1999.
[8] H. Brix, "Functions of macrophytes in constructed wetlands", J. Water
Sci. Technol. Vol. 29, pp. 71-78. 1994.
[9] R.H. Kadlec, R.L. Knight, J. Vymazal, H. Brix, P. Cooper, R. Haberl,
"Constructed wetlands for pollution control: Processes, performance,
design and operation", IWA specialist group on use of Report, No.8.
London. UK: IWA publishing, p156, 2002.
[10] World Health Organization, W.H.O., "Health and Environment in
Sustainable Development", WHO, Geneva. 1997.
[11] American Public Health Association, A.P.H.A., "Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater", 20th Ed, Washington.
1998.
[12] A.C.A. Schuffeelen, and J.C.H. Van Schauwenburg, "For soil and plant
analysis used by small laboratories, Neth.", J. Agric. Aci, vol.9, pp. 2-
16. 1961.
[13] L. Xuerui, L. Chongyu, and S. Wensheng, "Treatment of landfill
leachate by constructed wetland: A Microcosm Test. Proc", 3rd
International Vetiver Conference, Guangzhou, China, October 2003.
[14] J.S.Milton, and A. Jessec, "Introduction to probability and statistic", 3rd
Ed, Mc Graw. Hill, Inc. New York. 1995.
[15] J.T. Watson, S.C. Reed, R.H. Kadlec, R.L. Knight, Whitehouse, and
A.E. "Performance Expectations and Loading Rates for Constructed
Wetlands". In: D.A. Hammer, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater
Treatment, 1990, "Industrial and agricultural". Lew Publishers, Chelsea,
MI, 1989.
[16] H. L. Golterman, R.S. Clymo, and M.A. Ohan Stad, "Methods for
physical and chemical Analysis of fresh waters", 2nd Ed, Black Well
Scientific publications, Oxford, London, p 220, 1978.
[17] R.O. Hussein, "Heavy metal contamination in some vegetables irrigated
by wastewater of Duhok city, Kurdistan region, Iraq", M.Sc. Thesis,
Univ. of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq, 2005.
[18] M.A. Othman, "Phytoremediation of wastewater using Typha
angustifolia L. and Plantago lanceolata L. for irrigation purposes".
M.Sc.thesis. Univ. of Salahaddin-Hawler, Iraq, 2006.
[19] W.L, Berry, A. Wallace, and O.R. Lunt, "Utilization of municipal
wastewater for culture of horticultural crops", Hort. Sci, vol. 15, pp.
169- 171, 1980.
[20] B.S. Collins, R.R. Sharitz, and D.P. Coughlin, "Elemental composition
of native wetland plants in constructed microcosm treatment wetlands".
J. Bioresource Technol, 96 (8), pp. 937-948, 2005.
[21] M. Scholz, "Performance predictions of mature experimental
constructed wetlands which treat urban water receiving high loads of
lead and copper", J. Water Res, 37(6), pp. 1270-1277, 2003.
[22] G.A. Brodie, D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich, "Treatment of acid
drainage with a constructed wetlands at the Tennessee Valley Authority
950 coal mine" 1989). In: D. A. Hammer, "Constructed Wetlands for
Wastewater Treatment". Industrial and agricultural. Lew Publishers,
Chelsea, MI, pp. 201-209, 1990.
[23] Z.H. Whiting, Z.Q. Lin, C. M. Lytle, J.H. Qian, and N. Terry, "Removal
and Distribution of Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, and Nickel within a
Pennsylvania Constructed Wetland Treating Coal Combustion By-
Product Leachate", J. Environ, Qual, vol. 30, pp.1464-1473, 2001.
[24] M.A.A. Al-Saadi, "Principle of ecology and pollution", Dar-Al Yazori.
Publication. P. 411. 2006.
[25] V. Diagomanolin, M. Farhang, M. Ghazi-khansari, and H.N. Jafarzade,
"Heavy metals (Ni, Ct and Cu) in the Karoon waterway river", Iran,
Toxicol Lett, vol.151, pp. 63-67, 2004.
[26] O.M.M. Mustafa, "Impact of sewage wastewater on the Environment of
Tanjero river and its basin within Sulaimani province, Sulaimani,
Kurdistan region of Iraq", M.Sc. Thesis. Univ. of Baghdad. Baghdad.
Iraq, 2006.
[27] R.J. Hares, and N.I. Ward, "Sediment accumulation in newly
constructed vegetative treatment facilities along a new major road", J.
Sci. of The Total Environ, vol. 334-335,pp. 473-479, 2004.
[28] W.R. Wenerick, Jr. Stevens, S.E., H.J. Webster, L.R. Stark, and E.
DeVeau, "Tolerance of three wetland plant species to acid mine
drainage: a greenhouse study", 1989, In: D.A. Hammer Constructed
Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, Municipal, Industrial and
agricultural", Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp. 801-807, 1990,
[29] World Health Organization, W.H.O., "Guidelines for Drinking-
Water Quality", 3rd Ed, Recommendations, Geneva Switzerland, p.515,
2006.
[30] Z.H., Ye, S.N. Whiting, Z.Q. Lin, C.M. Lytle, J. H. Qian, and N. Terry,
"Removal and Distribution of Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, and Nickel
within a Pennsylvania Constructed Wetland Treating Coal Combustion
By-Product Leachate", J. Environ. Qual, vol. 30, pp. 1464-1473, 2001.
[31] R.H. Kadlec, and R.L. Knight, "Treatment wetlands", Lewis Publishers,
Boca Raton, New York, London, Tokyo, pp. 40-46, 69-70, 1996.
[32] W.R. Wenerick, Jr.S.E. Stevens, H.J. Webster, L.R. Stark, and E.
DeVeau, "Tolerance of three wetland plant species to acid mine
drainage: a greenhouse study", 1989. In: D.A. Hammer, "Constructed
Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, Municipal, Industrial and
agricultural", Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp. 801-807, 1990.
[33] Z. Zhang, Z. Rengel, and K. Meney, "Nutrient Removal from Simulated
Wastewater Using Canna indica and Schoenoplectus validus in Monoculture
and Mixed-Culture in Wetland Microcosms". J. Air and Soil
pollution, vol. 183, pp. 95-105, 2007.
[34] I.H. Chung, and S.S. Jeng, "Heavy metal pollution of Ta-Tu River",
Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sci., vol. 13, pp. 69-73,
1974.
[35] K.R. Reddy, and W.F. DeBusk, "Nutrient storage capabilities of aquatic
and wetland plants", 1987. In: K. R, Reddy, W.H. Smith, "Aquatic
plants for water treatment and resource recovery", Orlando, Florida:
Magnolia Publishing, pp. 337-357, 1987.
[36] B. Markert, "Presence and significance of naturally occurring chemical
elements of the periodic system in the plant organism and consequences
for future investigations on inorganic environmental chemistry in
ecosystems", J. Vegetation, vol. 103, pp. 1-30, 1992.
[37] S.E. Allen, "Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials", 2nd Ed,
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1989.
[38] A.C. Carranza, J.A. Alonso-Castro, C.M. Torre, and F.R. Cruz,
"Accumulation and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Scirpus
americanus and Typha latifolia from an Artificial Lagoon in San Luis
Potos├¡, México", J. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 188. pp. 297-309,
2007.
[39] M.L. Otte, S.C. Kearns, and M.O. Doyle, "Accumulation of arsenic and
zinc in the rhizosphere of wetland plants", Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol, vol. 55, pp. 154-161, 1995.
[40] T. Sawidis, M.K. Chettri, G.A. Zachariadis, and J.A. Stratis,
"Heavy metals in aquatic plants and sediments from water systems in
Macedonia, Greece", J. Ecotoxicol. Environ, Safety, vol. 32. pp. 73-80,
1995.
[41] D.J. Burke, J.S. Weis, and P. Weis, "Release of metals by the leaves of
salt marsh grasses Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis",
Estuar. J, Coast. Shelf Sci., vol. 5, pp. 153-159, 2000.
[42] A. Samecka-Cymerman, and J. Kempers, "Bioaccumulation of heavy
metals by aquatic macrophytes around Wroclaw, Poland", J. Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Safety, vol. 35. pp. 242-247, 1996.
[43] C. Chague-Goff, "Assessing the removal efficiency of Zn, Cu, Fe and Pb
in a treatment wetland using selective sequential extraction", J. Water,
Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 160. Pp. 161-175, 2004.
[44] A.D. Montante-Montelongo, "Estudio geoquímico de metales traza en
una laguna artificial de aguas residuals", MSc thesis, Universidad
Aut├│noma de San Luis Potos├¡, S. L.P., México. 1998.
[45] D.G.A. Ganjo, "Typha angustifolia L. as a biomonitr for some
toxic heavy metals in polluted ponds". Scientific Conference of
water-Hawler, Brayeti-Center, vol. 18. Pp. 233-256, 2001.
[46] E. Lesage, D.P.L. RousseauE., Meers, A.M.K. Van de Moortel, G.,
Tack, F.M.G. Laing, N. Pauw and M. G. Verloo, "Accumulation of
Metals in the Sediment and Reed Biomass of a Combined Constructed
Wetland Treating Domestic Wastewater", J. Water Air and Soil
Pollution, vol. 183, pp. 253-264, 2007.
[47] P.H. Albers, and M.B. Camardese, "Effects of acidification on metal
accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 1. Constructed
wetlands", J. Environ. Toxicology and Chemistry. 12 (6), pp. 959-967,
1993.
[48] L. Frisberg, G.F. Nordberg, E. Kessler, and V.B. Vouk, "Handbook of
the Toxicology of Metals", Vols I&II Elsevier Science Publ.,
Amsterdam.
[49] P. Mays, and G. Edwards, "Comparison of heavy metal accumulation in
a natural wetland and constructed wetlands receiving acid mine
drainage", J. Ecological Eng., vol. 16, pp. 487-500, 2001.
[50] J. B. Ellis, R. B. Shutes, D. M. Revitt, T. T. Zhang, "Use of macrophytes
for pollution treatment in urban wetlands", J. Resour. Conserv. Recy.,
vol. 11, pp. 1-12, 1994.
[51] J.S. Dunbabin, and K.H. Bowmer, "Potential use of constructed
wetlands for treatment of industrial wastewaters containing metals", J.
Sci. Total Environ., vol. 3, pp. 151-168, 1992.
[52] D. Demirezen, A. Aksoy, and K. Uruc, "Effect of population density on
growth, biomass and nickel accumulation capacity of Lemna gibba
(Lemnaceae)", Chemosphere, vol. 66, pp. 553-557, 2007.
[53] W. Rascio, "Metal accumulation by some plants growing on Zn mine
deposits", Oikos, vol. 29, pp. 250-253, 1977.
[1] P.H. Gleick, "The World-s Water 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on
Freshwater Resources". Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, p 315,
2000.
[2] L.R. Buddhavarapu, and S.J. Hancock, "Advanced treatment for lagoons
using duckweed". J. Water Environ. Technol, vol. 3, pp. 41-44. 1991.
[3] A. R. Upadhyay, "Aquatic Plants for the Waste Water treatment", Daya
Publishing House, Delhi, 2004, ch 2.
[4] R.N. Kar, B.N. Sahoo, and L.B. Sukla, "Removal of heavy metal from
mine water using sulphate reducing Bacteria", J. Pollution Res. Vol. 11,
pp. 1-13. 1992.
[5] A. Angelakis, "Management of wastewater by natural treatment systems
with emphasis on land-based systems", (2001). IN: Decentralised
Sanitation and Reuse, "concepts, systems and implementation". P. Lens,
G. Zeeman and G. Lettinga , IWA Publishing, London. 2002.
[6] S. Wallace, "Putting Wetlands to Work". Civil Engineering, 98-007-
0057. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1998.
[7] R. Haberl, "Constructed Wetlands: A Chance to Solve Wastewater
Problems in Developing Countries", J. Water Sci. Technol. 40(3), pp.11-
17. 1999.
[8] H. Brix, "Functions of macrophytes in constructed wetlands", J. Water
Sci. Technol. Vol. 29, pp. 71-78. 1994.
[9] R.H. Kadlec, R.L. Knight, J. Vymazal, H. Brix, P. Cooper, R. Haberl,
"Constructed wetlands for pollution control: Processes, performance,
design and operation", IWA specialist group on use of Report, No.8.
London. UK: IWA publishing, p156, 2002.
[10] World Health Organization, W.H.O., "Health and Environment in
Sustainable Development", WHO, Geneva. 1997.
[11] American Public Health Association, A.P.H.A., "Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater", 20th Ed, Washington.
1998.
[12] A.C.A. Schuffeelen, and J.C.H. Van Schauwenburg, "For soil and plant
analysis used by small laboratories, Neth.", J. Agric. Aci, vol.9, pp. 2-
16. 1961.
[13] L. Xuerui, L. Chongyu, and S. Wensheng, "Treatment of landfill
leachate by constructed wetland: A Microcosm Test. Proc", 3rd
International Vetiver Conference, Guangzhou, China, October 2003.
[14] J.S.Milton, and A. Jessec, "Introduction to probability and statistic", 3rd
Ed, Mc Graw. Hill, Inc. New York. 1995.
[15] J.T. Watson, S.C. Reed, R.H. Kadlec, R.L. Knight, Whitehouse, and
A.E. "Performance Expectations and Loading Rates for Constructed
Wetlands". In: D.A. Hammer, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater
Treatment, 1990, "Industrial and agricultural". Lew Publishers, Chelsea,
MI, 1989.
[16] H. L. Golterman, R.S. Clymo, and M.A. Ohan Stad, "Methods for
physical and chemical Analysis of fresh waters", 2nd Ed, Black Well
Scientific publications, Oxford, London, p 220, 1978.
[17] R.O. Hussein, "Heavy metal contamination in some vegetables irrigated
by wastewater of Duhok city, Kurdistan region, Iraq", M.Sc. Thesis,
Univ. of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq, 2005.
[18] M.A. Othman, "Phytoremediation of wastewater using Typha
angustifolia L. and Plantago lanceolata L. for irrigation purposes".
M.Sc.thesis. Univ. of Salahaddin-Hawler, Iraq, 2006.
[19] W.L, Berry, A. Wallace, and O.R. Lunt, "Utilization of municipal
wastewater for culture of horticultural crops", Hort. Sci, vol. 15, pp.
169- 171, 1980.
[20] B.S. Collins, R.R. Sharitz, and D.P. Coughlin, "Elemental composition
of native wetland plants in constructed microcosm treatment wetlands".
J. Bioresource Technol, 96 (8), pp. 937-948, 2005.
[21] M. Scholz, "Performance predictions of mature experimental
constructed wetlands which treat urban water receiving high loads of
lead and copper", J. Water Res, 37(6), pp. 1270-1277, 2003.
[22] G.A. Brodie, D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich, "Treatment of acid
drainage with a constructed wetlands at the Tennessee Valley Authority
950 coal mine" 1989). In: D. A. Hammer, "Constructed Wetlands for
Wastewater Treatment". Industrial and agricultural. Lew Publishers,
Chelsea, MI, pp. 201-209, 1990.
[23] Z.H. Whiting, Z.Q. Lin, C. M. Lytle, J.H. Qian, and N. Terry, "Removal
and Distribution of Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, and Nickel within a
Pennsylvania Constructed Wetland Treating Coal Combustion By-
Product Leachate", J. Environ, Qual, vol. 30, pp.1464-1473, 2001.
[24] M.A.A. Al-Saadi, "Principle of ecology and pollution", Dar-Al Yazori.
Publication. P. 411. 2006.
[25] V. Diagomanolin, M. Farhang, M. Ghazi-khansari, and H.N. Jafarzade,
"Heavy metals (Ni, Ct and Cu) in the Karoon waterway river", Iran,
Toxicol Lett, vol.151, pp. 63-67, 2004.
[26] O.M.M. Mustafa, "Impact of sewage wastewater on the Environment of
Tanjero river and its basin within Sulaimani province, Sulaimani,
Kurdistan region of Iraq", M.Sc. Thesis. Univ. of Baghdad. Baghdad.
Iraq, 2006.
[27] R.J. Hares, and N.I. Ward, "Sediment accumulation in newly
constructed vegetative treatment facilities along a new major road", J.
Sci. of The Total Environ, vol. 334-335,pp. 473-479, 2004.
[28] W.R. Wenerick, Jr. Stevens, S.E., H.J. Webster, L.R. Stark, and E.
DeVeau, "Tolerance of three wetland plant species to acid mine
drainage: a greenhouse study", 1989, In: D.A. Hammer Constructed
Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, Municipal, Industrial and
agricultural", Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp. 801-807, 1990,
[29] World Health Organization, W.H.O., "Guidelines for Drinking-
Water Quality", 3rd Ed, Recommendations, Geneva Switzerland, p.515,
2006.
[30] Z.H., Ye, S.N. Whiting, Z.Q. Lin, C.M. Lytle, J. H. Qian, and N. Terry,
"Removal and Distribution of Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, and Nickel
within a Pennsylvania Constructed Wetland Treating Coal Combustion
By-Product Leachate", J. Environ. Qual, vol. 30, pp. 1464-1473, 2001.
[31] R.H. Kadlec, and R.L. Knight, "Treatment wetlands", Lewis Publishers,
Boca Raton, New York, London, Tokyo, pp. 40-46, 69-70, 1996.
[32] W.R. Wenerick, Jr.S.E. Stevens, H.J. Webster, L.R. Stark, and E.
DeVeau, "Tolerance of three wetland plant species to acid mine
drainage: a greenhouse study", 1989. In: D.A. Hammer, "Constructed
Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, Municipal, Industrial and
agricultural", Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp. 801-807, 1990.
[33] Z. Zhang, Z. Rengel, and K. Meney, "Nutrient Removal from Simulated
Wastewater Using Canna indica and Schoenoplectus validus in Monoculture
and Mixed-Culture in Wetland Microcosms". J. Air and Soil
pollution, vol. 183, pp. 95-105, 2007.
[34] I.H. Chung, and S.S. Jeng, "Heavy metal pollution of Ta-Tu River",
Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sci., vol. 13, pp. 69-73,
1974.
[35] K.R. Reddy, and W.F. DeBusk, "Nutrient storage capabilities of aquatic
and wetland plants", 1987. In: K. R, Reddy, W.H. Smith, "Aquatic
plants for water treatment and resource recovery", Orlando, Florida:
Magnolia Publishing, pp. 337-357, 1987.
[36] B. Markert, "Presence and significance of naturally occurring chemical
elements of the periodic system in the plant organism and consequences
for future investigations on inorganic environmental chemistry in
ecosystems", J. Vegetation, vol. 103, pp. 1-30, 1992.
[37] S.E. Allen, "Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials", 2nd Ed,
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1989.
[38] A.C. Carranza, J.A. Alonso-Castro, C.M. Torre, and F.R. Cruz,
"Accumulation and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Scirpus
americanus and Typha latifolia from an Artificial Lagoon in San Luis
Potos├¡, México", J. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 188. pp. 297-309,
2007.
[39] M.L. Otte, S.C. Kearns, and M.O. Doyle, "Accumulation of arsenic and
zinc in the rhizosphere of wetland plants", Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol, vol. 55, pp. 154-161, 1995.
[40] T. Sawidis, M.K. Chettri, G.A. Zachariadis, and J.A. Stratis,
"Heavy metals in aquatic plants and sediments from water systems in
Macedonia, Greece", J. Ecotoxicol. Environ, Safety, vol. 32. pp. 73-80,
1995.
[41] D.J. Burke, J.S. Weis, and P. Weis, "Release of metals by the leaves of
salt marsh grasses Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis",
Estuar. J, Coast. Shelf Sci., vol. 5, pp. 153-159, 2000.
[42] A. Samecka-Cymerman, and J. Kempers, "Bioaccumulation of heavy
metals by aquatic macrophytes around Wroclaw, Poland", J. Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Safety, vol. 35. pp. 242-247, 1996.
[43] C. Chague-Goff, "Assessing the removal efficiency of Zn, Cu, Fe and Pb
in a treatment wetland using selective sequential extraction", J. Water,
Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 160. Pp. 161-175, 2004.
[44] A.D. Montante-Montelongo, "Estudio geoquímico de metales traza en
una laguna artificial de aguas residuals", MSc thesis, Universidad
Aut├│noma de San Luis Potos├¡, S. L.P., México. 1998.
[45] D.G.A. Ganjo, "Typha angustifolia L. as a biomonitr for some
toxic heavy metals in polluted ponds". Scientific Conference of
water-Hawler, Brayeti-Center, vol. 18. Pp. 233-256, 2001.
[46] E. Lesage, D.P.L. RousseauE., Meers, A.M.K. Van de Moortel, G.,
Tack, F.M.G. Laing, N. Pauw and M. G. Verloo, "Accumulation of
Metals in the Sediment and Reed Biomass of a Combined Constructed
Wetland Treating Domestic Wastewater", J. Water Air and Soil
Pollution, vol. 183, pp. 253-264, 2007.
[47] P.H. Albers, and M.B. Camardese, "Effects of acidification on metal
accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 1. Constructed
wetlands", J. Environ. Toxicology and Chemistry. 12 (6), pp. 959-967,
1993.
[48] L. Frisberg, G.F. Nordberg, E. Kessler, and V.B. Vouk, "Handbook of
the Toxicology of Metals", Vols I&II Elsevier Science Publ.,
Amsterdam.
[49] P. Mays, and G. Edwards, "Comparison of heavy metal accumulation in
a natural wetland and constructed wetlands receiving acid mine
drainage", J. Ecological Eng., vol. 16, pp. 487-500, 2001.
[50] J. B. Ellis, R. B. Shutes, D. M. Revitt, T. T. Zhang, "Use of macrophytes
for pollution treatment in urban wetlands", J. Resour. Conserv. Recy.,
vol. 11, pp. 1-12, 1994.
[51] J.S. Dunbabin, and K.H. Bowmer, "Potential use of constructed
wetlands for treatment of industrial wastewaters containing metals", J.
Sci. Total Environ., vol. 3, pp. 151-168, 1992.
[52] D. Demirezen, A. Aksoy, and K. Uruc, "Effect of population density on
growth, biomass and nickel accumulation capacity of Lemna gibba
(Lemnaceae)", Chemosphere, vol. 66, pp. 553-557, 2007.
[53] W. Rascio, "Metal accumulation by some plants growing on Zn mine
deposits", Oikos, vol. 29, pp. 250-253, 1977.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:51528", author = "Dilshad G.A. Ganjo and Ahmed I. Khwakaram", title = "Phytoremediation of Wastewater Using Some of Aquatic Macrophytes as Biological Purifiers for Irrigation Purposes", abstract = "An attempt was made for availability of wastewater reuse/reclamation for irrigation purposes using phytoremediation “the low cost and less technology", using six local aquatic macrophytes “e.g. T. angustifolia, B. maritimus, Ph. australis, A. donax, A. plantago-aquatica and M. longifolia (Linn)" as biological waste purifiers. Outdoor experiments/designs were conducted from May 03, 2007 till October 15, 2008, close to one of the main sewage channels of Sulaimani City/Iraq*. All processes were mainly based on conventional wastewater treatment processes, besides two further modifications were tested, the first was sand filtration pots, implanted by individual species of experimental macrophytes and the second was constructed wetlands implanted by experimental macrophytes all together. Untreated and treated wastewater samples were analyzed for their key physico-chemical properties (only heavy metals Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu with particular reference to removal efficiency by experimental macrophytes are highlighted in this paper). On the other hand, vertical contents of heavy metals were also evaluated from both pots and the cells of constructed wetland. After 135 days, macrophytes were harvested and heavy metals were analyzed in their biomass (roots/shoots) for removal efficiency assessment (i.e. uptake/ bioaccumulation rate). Results showed that; removal efficiency of all studied heavy metals was much higher in T. angustifolia followed by Ph. Australis, B. maritimus and A. donax in triple experiment sand pots. Constructed wetland experiments have revealed that; the more replicated constructed wetland cells the highest heavy metal removal efficiency was indicated.
", keywords = "Aquatic Macrophytes, Heavy Metals (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu), Phytoremediation and Removal Efficiency.", volume = "4", number = "6", pages = "172-24", }
