Physicochemical Characterization of Medium Alkyd Resins Prepared with a Mixture of Linum usitatissimum L. and Plukenetia volubilis L. Oils
Alkyds have become essential raw materials in the coating and paint industry, due to their low cost, good application properties and lower environmental impact in comparison with petroleum-based polymers. The properties of these oil-modified materials depend on the type of polyunsaturated vegetable oil used for its manufacturing, since a higher degree of unsaturation provides a better crosslinking of the cured paint. Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) oil is widely used to develop alkyd resins due to its high degree of unsaturation. Although it is intended to find non-traditional sources and increase their commercial value, to authors’ best knowledge a natural source that can replace flaxseed oil has not yet been found. However, Plukenetia volubilis L. oil, of Peruvian origin, contains a similar fatty acid polyunsaturated content to the one reported for Linum usitatissimum L. oil. In this perspective, medium alkyd resins were prepared with a mixture of 50% of Linum usitatissimum L. oil and 50% of Plukenetia volubilis L. oil. Pure Linum usitatissimum L. oil was also used for comparison purposes. Three different resins were obtained by varying the amount of glycerol and pentaerythritol. The synthesized alkyd resins were characterized by FT-IR, and physicochemical properties like acid value, colour, viscosity, density and drying time were evaluated by standard methods. The pencil hardness and chemical resistance behaviour of the cured resins were also studied. Overall, it can be concluded that medium alkyd resins containing Plukenetia volubilis L. oil have an equivalent behaviour compared to those prepared purely with Linum usitatissimum L. oil. Both Plukenetia volubilis L. oil and pentaerythritol have a remarkable influence on certain physicochemical properties of medium alkyd resins.
[1] P.A. Sørensen, S. Kiil, K. Dam-Johansen, C.E. Weinell, “Anticorrosive coatings: A review”, J. Coatings Technol. Res., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 135-176, Jan. 2009.
[2] U. Poth, Automotive Coatings Formulation: Chemistry, Physics and Practices, Hannover: Vincentz Network, 2008, ch. 1.
[3] T. Brock, M. Groteklaes, P. Mischke, European Coatings Handbook, Hannover: Vincentz Verlag, 2000, ch. 3.
[4] A. Simões, G. Grundmeier, “Corrosion Protection by Organic Coatings”, in Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry: Corrosion and Oxide Films, vol. 4., M. Stratmann, G.S. Frankel, Eds. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2003, pp. 500-566.
[5] Wicks Z.W., Jones F.N., Pappas S.P., Wicks D.A., Organic Coatings: Science and Technology, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2007, ch. 15.
[6] T.E. Odetoye, D.S. Ogunniyi, G.A. Olatunji, “Improving Jatropha curcas Linnaeus oil alkyd drying properties”, Prog. Org. Coatings., vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 374-381, Apr. 2012.
[7] M.A.B. Prashantha, B.A.J.K. Premachandra, A.D.U.S. Amarasinghe, “Synthesis of fast drying long oil alkyd resins using seed oil of Karawila (Momordica charantia)”, Indian J. Chem. Technol., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 47-54, Jan. 2017.
[8] A. Manawwer, D. Akram, E. Sharmin, F. Zafar, S. Ahmad, “Vegetable oil based eco-friendly coating materials: A review article”, Arab. J. Chem., vol. 7, no. 4 , pp. 469-479, Sept. 2014.
[9] A. Hofland, “Alkyd resins: From down and out to alive and kicking”, Prog. Org. Coatings., vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 274-282, Apr. 2012.
[10] M. Martí, G. Fabregat, D.S. Azambuja, C. Alemán, E. Armelin, “Evaluation of an environmentally friendly anticorrosive pigment for alkyd primer”, Prog. Org. Coatings., vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 321-329, Apr. 2012.
[11] A. Heitkamp, D. Pellowe, “Alkyd and Polyesters”, in: Paint and Coating Testing Manual: Fourteenth Edition of the Gardner-Sward Handbook, J.V. Koleske, Ed. Philadelphia: ASTM International, 1995, pp. 53-59.
[12] M.M. Bora, R. Deka, N. Ahmed, D.K. Kakati, “Karanja (Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi) seed oil as a renewable raw material for the synthesis of alkyd resin”, Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 61, pp. 106-114, Nov. 2014.
[13] M.M. Bora, P. Gogoi, D.C. Deka, D.K. Kakati, “Synthesis and characterization of yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) seed oil-based alkyd resin”, Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 52, pp. 721-728, Jan. 2014.
[14] N.E. Maurer, B. Hatta-Sakoda, G. Pascual-Chagman, L.E. Rodriguez-Saona, “Characterization and authentication of a novel vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids, sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil”, Food Chem. vol. 134, no. 2., pp. 1173-1180, Sept. 2012.
[15] B.R. Calero, La Cadena de Valor del sacha inchi en la Región San Martín: Análisis y lineamientos estratégicos para su desarrollo, Lima: Proyecto Perúbiodiverso, 2013.
[16] C. Fanali, L. Dugo, F. Cacciola, M. Beccaria, S. Grasso, M. Dachà, P. Dugo, L. Mondello, “Chemical characterization of Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil”, J. Agric. Food Chem., vol. 59, no. 24, pp. 13043-13049, Dec. 2011.
[17] A. Hadzich, G.A. Gross, M. Leimbach, A. Ispas, A. Bund, S. Flores, "The effect of polyalcohol type on physicochemical properties of medium alkyd resins prepared with sacha inchi oil", Polymer, submitted for publication.
[18] I.E. Ezeh, S.A. Umoren, E.E. Essien, A.P. Udoh, “Studies on the utilization of Hura crepitans L. seed oil in the preparation of alkyd resins”, Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 36, no. 1., pp. 94-99, Mar. 2012.
[19] E.E. Essien, S.A. Umoren, E.E. Effiong, “Synthesis and characterization of Luffa cylindrica fatty acids-based alkyd resins”, Res. Chem. Intermed., vol. 42, no. 3., pp. 2177-2189, Mar. 2016.
[20] K.A. Ibrahim, K.A. Abu-sbeih, I. Al-Trawneh, L. Bourghli, “Preparation and Characterization of Alkyd Resins of Jordan Valley Tomato Oil”, J. Polym. Environ., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 553-558, Dec. 2014.
[21] P.P. Chiplunkar, A.P. Pratap, “Utilization of sunflower acid oil for synthesis of alkyd resin”, Prog. Org. Coatings., vol. 93, pp. 61-67, Apr. 2016.
[22] R. Chirinos, G. Zuloeta, R. Pedreschi, E. Mignolet, Y. Larondelle, D. Campos, “Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis): A seed source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity”, Food Chem., vol. 141, no. 3., pp. 1732-1739, Dec. 2013.
[23] P. Mischke, Film Formation in Modern Paint Systems. Hannover: Vincentz Network, 2010, ch. 7.
[24] N. Dutta, N. Karak, S.K. Dolui, “Synthesis and characterization of polyester resins based on Nahar seed oil”, vol. 49, no. 2., pp. 146-152, Mar. 2004.
[1] P.A. Sørensen, S. Kiil, K. Dam-Johansen, C.E. Weinell, “Anticorrosive coatings: A review”, J. Coatings Technol. Res., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 135-176, Jan. 2009.
[2] U. Poth, Automotive Coatings Formulation: Chemistry, Physics and Practices, Hannover: Vincentz Network, 2008, ch. 1.
[3] T. Brock, M. Groteklaes, P. Mischke, European Coatings Handbook, Hannover: Vincentz Verlag, 2000, ch. 3.
[4] A. Simões, G. Grundmeier, “Corrosion Protection by Organic Coatings”, in Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry: Corrosion and Oxide Films, vol. 4., M. Stratmann, G.S. Frankel, Eds. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2003, pp. 500-566.
[5] Wicks Z.W., Jones F.N., Pappas S.P., Wicks D.A., Organic Coatings: Science and Technology, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2007, ch. 15.
[6] T.E. Odetoye, D.S. Ogunniyi, G.A. Olatunji, “Improving Jatropha curcas Linnaeus oil alkyd drying properties”, Prog. Org. Coatings., vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 374-381, Apr. 2012.
[7] M.A.B. Prashantha, B.A.J.K. Premachandra, A.D.U.S. Amarasinghe, “Synthesis of fast drying long oil alkyd resins using seed oil of Karawila (Momordica charantia)”, Indian J. Chem. Technol., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 47-54, Jan. 2017.
[8] A. Manawwer, D. Akram, E. Sharmin, F. Zafar, S. Ahmad, “Vegetable oil based eco-friendly coating materials: A review article”, Arab. J. Chem., vol. 7, no. 4 , pp. 469-479, Sept. 2014.
[9] A. Hofland, “Alkyd resins: From down and out to alive and kicking”, Prog. Org. Coatings., vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 274-282, Apr. 2012.
[10] M. Martí, G. Fabregat, D.S. Azambuja, C. Alemán, E. Armelin, “Evaluation of an environmentally friendly anticorrosive pigment for alkyd primer”, Prog. Org. Coatings., vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 321-329, Apr. 2012.
[11] A. Heitkamp, D. Pellowe, “Alkyd and Polyesters”, in: Paint and Coating Testing Manual: Fourteenth Edition of the Gardner-Sward Handbook, J.V. Koleske, Ed. Philadelphia: ASTM International, 1995, pp. 53-59.
[12] M.M. Bora, R. Deka, N. Ahmed, D.K. Kakati, “Karanja (Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi) seed oil as a renewable raw material for the synthesis of alkyd resin”, Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 61, pp. 106-114, Nov. 2014.
[13] M.M. Bora, P. Gogoi, D.C. Deka, D.K. Kakati, “Synthesis and characterization of yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) seed oil-based alkyd resin”, Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 52, pp. 721-728, Jan. 2014.
[14] N.E. Maurer, B. Hatta-Sakoda, G. Pascual-Chagman, L.E. Rodriguez-Saona, “Characterization and authentication of a novel vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids, sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil”, Food Chem. vol. 134, no. 2., pp. 1173-1180, Sept. 2012.
[15] B.R. Calero, La Cadena de Valor del sacha inchi en la Región San Martín: Análisis y lineamientos estratégicos para su desarrollo, Lima: Proyecto Perúbiodiverso, 2013.
[16] C. Fanali, L. Dugo, F. Cacciola, M. Beccaria, S. Grasso, M. Dachà, P. Dugo, L. Mondello, “Chemical characterization of Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil”, J. Agric. Food Chem., vol. 59, no. 24, pp. 13043-13049, Dec. 2011.
[17] A. Hadzich, G.A. Gross, M. Leimbach, A. Ispas, A. Bund, S. Flores, "The effect of polyalcohol type on physicochemical properties of medium alkyd resins prepared with sacha inchi oil", Polymer, submitted for publication.
[18] I.E. Ezeh, S.A. Umoren, E.E. Essien, A.P. Udoh, “Studies on the utilization of Hura crepitans L. seed oil in the preparation of alkyd resins”, Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 36, no. 1., pp. 94-99, Mar. 2012.
[19] E.E. Essien, S.A. Umoren, E.E. Effiong, “Synthesis and characterization of Luffa cylindrica fatty acids-based alkyd resins”, Res. Chem. Intermed., vol. 42, no. 3., pp. 2177-2189, Mar. 2016.
[20] K.A. Ibrahim, K.A. Abu-sbeih, I. Al-Trawneh, L. Bourghli, “Preparation and Characterization of Alkyd Resins of Jordan Valley Tomato Oil”, J. Polym. Environ., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 553-558, Dec. 2014.
[21] P.P. Chiplunkar, A.P. Pratap, “Utilization of sunflower acid oil for synthesis of alkyd resin”, Prog. Org. Coatings., vol. 93, pp. 61-67, Apr. 2016.
[22] R. Chirinos, G. Zuloeta, R. Pedreschi, E. Mignolet, Y. Larondelle, D. Campos, “Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis): A seed source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity”, Food Chem., vol. 141, no. 3., pp. 1732-1739, Dec. 2013.
[23] P. Mischke, Film Formation in Modern Paint Systems. Hannover: Vincentz Network, 2010, ch. 7.
[24] N. Dutta, N. Karak, S.K. Dolui, “Synthesis and characterization of polyester resins based on Nahar seed oil”, vol. 49, no. 2., pp. 146-152, Mar. 2004.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:78926", author = "Antonella Hadzich and Santiago Flores", title = "Physicochemical Characterization of Medium Alkyd Resins Prepared with a Mixture of Linum usitatissimum L. and Plukenetia volubilis L. Oils", abstract = "Alkyds have become essential raw materials in the coating and paint industry, due to their low cost, good application properties and lower environmental impact in comparison with petroleum-based polymers. The properties of these oil-modified materials depend on the type of polyunsaturated vegetable oil used for its manufacturing, since a higher degree of unsaturation provides a better crosslinking of the cured paint. Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) oil is widely used to develop alkyd resins due to its high degree of unsaturation. Although it is intended to find non-traditional sources and increase their commercial value, to authors’ best knowledge a natural source that can replace flaxseed oil has not yet been found. However, Plukenetia volubilis L. oil, of Peruvian origin, contains a similar fatty acid polyunsaturated content to the one reported for Linum usitatissimum L. oil. In this perspective, medium alkyd resins were prepared with a mixture of 50% of Linum usitatissimum L. oil and 50% of Plukenetia volubilis L. oil. Pure Linum usitatissimum L. oil was also used for comparison purposes. Three different resins were obtained by varying the amount of glycerol and pentaerythritol. The synthesized alkyd resins were characterized by FT-IR, and physicochemical properties like acid value, colour, viscosity, density and drying time were evaluated by standard methods. The pencil hardness and chemical resistance behaviour of the cured resins were also studied. Overall, it can be concluded that medium alkyd resins containing Plukenetia volubilis L. oil have an equivalent behaviour compared to those prepared purely with Linum usitatissimum L. oil. Both Plukenetia volubilis L. oil and pentaerythritol have a remarkable influence on certain physicochemical properties of medium alkyd resins.
", keywords = "Alkyd resins, flaxseed oil, pentaerythritol, Plukenetia volubilis L. oil, protective coating.", volume = "13", number = "6", pages = "319-4", }
