Nutrient Modelling to Fabricate Dairy Milk Constituents: Let Milk Serve More Than a Food Item
Dietary macro and micro nutrients in their respective proportion and fractions present a practical potential tool to fabricate milk constituents since cells of lactating mammary glands obtain about 80 % of milk synthesis nutrients from blood, reflecting the existence of an isotonic equilibrium between blood and milk. Diverting milk biosynthetic activities through manipulation of nutrients towards producing milk not only keeping in view its significance as natural food but also as food item which prevents or dilutes the adverse effects of some diseases (like cardiovascular problem by saturated milk fat intake) has been area of interest in the last decade. Nutritional modification / supplementation has been reported to enhance conjugated linoleic acid, fatty acid type and concentration, essential fatty acid concentration, vitamin B12& C, Se, Cu, I and Fe which are involved to counter the health threats to human well being. Synchronizing dietary nutrients aimed to modify rumen dynamics towards synthesis of nutrients or their precursors to make their drive towards formulated milk constituents presents a practical option. Formulating dietary constituents to design milk constituents will let the farmers, consumers and investors know about the real potential and profit margins associated with this enterprise. This article briefly recapitulates the ways and means to modify milk constituents keeping an eye on human health and well being issues, which allows milk to serve more than a food item.
[1] Greppi, G. F., A. Ciceri, M. Pasquini, U. Falasch, G. Enne. 1995: Milk
yield in dairy goats and blood metabolites.In: Proceedings of IDFSeminar
on Production and Utilization of Ewe and Goat Milk, 19-21
October, Greece. 47 p.
[2] Khaled, N.F., J.S. Illek, E.K.Gajd.1999. Interactions between nutrition,
blood metabolic profile and milk composition in dairy goats. Acta Vet.
Brno, 68: 253-258
[3] Noakes, M., P.J. Nestel and P.M. Clifton.1996. Modifying the fatty acid
profile of dairy products through feedlot technology lowers plasma
cholesterol of humans consuming the products. American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition, 63, 42-46.
[4] Palmquist, D. L., D.A. Beaulieu and D.M. Barbano. 1993. Feed and
animal factors in milk fat composition. Journal of Dairy Science, 76,
1753-1771.
[5] Lin, T. Y.2000. Conjugated linoleic acid concentration asaffected by
lactic culturesand additivies. Food Chemistry, 69, 27-31.
[6] Havel, R.J.1997. Milk fat consumption and human health: recent NIH
and other American governmental recommendations. In:Welch,
R.A.S., Burns, D.J.W., Davis, S.R., Popay, A.I., Prosser, C.G. (Eds.),
Milk Composition, Production And Biotechnology. CAB International,
Wallingford, UK, pp. 13-22.
[7] Ascherio, A., E.B. Rimm, E.L. Giovannucci, D. Spiegelman, M.
Stampfer, W.C.Willett.1996. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart
disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. Brit. Med. J.
313, 84-90.
[8] Williams, C. M.2000. Dietary fatty acids and human health. Annales de
Zootechnie, 49, 165- 180.
[9] Tamminga, S. 2001. Effects of feeds, feed composition and feed strategy
on fat content and fatty acid composition in milk. Bull. Int. Dairy
Fed. 366, 15-24.
[10] Chilliard, Y., F. Glasser, A. Ferlay, L. Bernard, J. Rouel, M.
Doreau.2007. Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality
of cow and goat milk fat Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109, 828-855.
[11] Elgersma, A., G. Ellen, H. Van Der, B.G. Muuse, H. Boer, S. Tamminga.
2004. Quick changes in milk fat composition after transition from
fresh grass to a silage diet and effects on consumer health benefits.
Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 117, 13-27.
[12] Elgersma, A., S. Tamminga, G. Ellen.2003. Comparison of the effects of
grazing and zero-grazing of grass on milk fatty acid composition of
dairy cows. Grassl. Sci. Eur. 8, 271- 274.
[13] Parodi, P. W. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic
agentsof bovine milk fat. Journal of Dairy Scienc, 82, 1339-1349.
[14] Kritchevsky, D.2000. Antimutagenic and some other effects of
conjugated linoleic acid. British Journal of Nutrition, 83, 459-465.
[15] Britton, J. R and A.B.B.J.Kastin.1991. Biologically Active Polypeptides
in Milk. 301:00-00. American J. Med. Sci.
[16] Livney, Y. D. 2010. Milk proteins as vehicles for bioactives. Current
Opinion in Colloid & Interface Sci. 15:73-83
[17] Woods, V. B and A. M. Fearon. 2009. Dietary source of unsaturated
fatty acids for animals and their transfer into meat, milk and egg: A
review. Live. Sci. 126:1-20.
[18] Ashes, J.A., S.K. Gulati, T.W.Scott. 1997. Potential to alter the content
and composition of milk fat through nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 2204-
2212.
[19] Bourlieu, B., S Bpouhallab and C. Lopez .2009. Biocatalyzed
modification of milk lipids: applications and potentialities. Trends in
food Sci. Tech. 20:458-469.
[20] Jenkins, T. C and M. A. McGuire.2006. Major Advances in Nutrition:
Impact on Milk Composition. J. Dairy Sci. 89:1302-1310.
[21] Menotti, A. 1999. Diet cholesterol and coronary heart disease: A
perspective. Acta Cardiol. 54:169-172.
[22] Cíntia, R.P., I.C. Azara1, C.N. Maia1, M.A.C. Rangel1, F.B. Renata,
F.O.Serpa, G. Maria.2008. Ethanol Intake during Lactation Alters Milk
Nutrient Composition and Growth and Mineral Status of Rat Pups. Biol
Res 41: 317-330
[23] DePeters, E. J., and J. P. Cant. 1992. Nutritional factors influencing the
nitrogen composition of bovine milk: A review. J. Dairy Sci.75:2043-
2070.
[24] Casper, D. P., and D. J. Schingoethe. 1989. Model to describe and
alleviate milk protein depression in early lactation cows fed a high
fat diet. J. Dairy Sci. 72:3327-3335.
[25] Berner, L. A. 1993. Roundtable discussion on milkfat, dairy foods, and
coronary heart disease risk. J. Nutr. 123:1175 -1184.
[26] Weaver, L.T.1997.Significance of bioactive substances in milk to the
human neonate. Live. Prod. Sci. 50:139-146
[27] Bargo, F., L.D. Muller, E.S. Kolver, J.E. Delahoy.2003. Production and
digestion of supplemented dairy cows on pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 1-
42.
[28] Dewhurst, R.L., W.J. Fisher, J.K.S. Tweed, M.O. Humphreys.2003.
Comparison of grass and legume silages for milk production. 1.
Production responses with different levels of concentrate. J. Dairy Sci.
86, 2598-2611.
[29] Dewhurst, R.L., K.J. Shinfield, M.R.F.Lee, N.D.Scollan. 2006.
Increasing the concentrations of beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids
in milk produced by dairy cows in high-forage systems.Anim. Feed Sci.
Technol.131,168-206.
[30] Fearon, A.M., C.S. Mayne, J.A.M.Beattie, D.W.Bruce. 2004. Effect of
level of oil inclusion in the diet of dairy cows at pasture on animal
performance and milk composition properties. J. Sci. Food Agric. 84,
497-504.
[31] Murphy, J.J., J.F. Connolly, G.P. McNeil. 1995. Effects on cow
performance and milk fat composition of feeding full fat soyabeans and
rapeseed to dairy cows at pasture. Livest.Prod. Sci. 44, 13-25.
[1] Greppi, G. F., A. Ciceri, M. Pasquini, U. Falasch, G. Enne. 1995: Milk
yield in dairy goats and blood metabolites.In: Proceedings of IDFSeminar
on Production and Utilization of Ewe and Goat Milk, 19-21
October, Greece. 47 p.
[2] Khaled, N.F., J.S. Illek, E.K.Gajd.1999. Interactions between nutrition,
blood metabolic profile and milk composition in dairy goats. Acta Vet.
Brno, 68: 253-258
[3] Noakes, M., P.J. Nestel and P.M. Clifton.1996. Modifying the fatty acid
profile of dairy products through feedlot technology lowers plasma
cholesterol of humans consuming the products. American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition, 63, 42-46.
[4] Palmquist, D. L., D.A. Beaulieu and D.M. Barbano. 1993. Feed and
animal factors in milk fat composition. Journal of Dairy Science, 76,
1753-1771.
[5] Lin, T. Y.2000. Conjugated linoleic acid concentration asaffected by
lactic culturesand additivies. Food Chemistry, 69, 27-31.
[6] Havel, R.J.1997. Milk fat consumption and human health: recent NIH
and other American governmental recommendations. In:Welch,
R.A.S., Burns, D.J.W., Davis, S.R., Popay, A.I., Prosser, C.G. (Eds.),
Milk Composition, Production And Biotechnology. CAB International,
Wallingford, UK, pp. 13-22.
[7] Ascherio, A., E.B. Rimm, E.L. Giovannucci, D. Spiegelman, M.
Stampfer, W.C.Willett.1996. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart
disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. Brit. Med. J.
313, 84-90.
[8] Williams, C. M.2000. Dietary fatty acids and human health. Annales de
Zootechnie, 49, 165- 180.
[9] Tamminga, S. 2001. Effects of feeds, feed composition and feed strategy
on fat content and fatty acid composition in milk. Bull. Int. Dairy
Fed. 366, 15-24.
[10] Chilliard, Y., F. Glasser, A. Ferlay, L. Bernard, J. Rouel, M.
Doreau.2007. Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality
of cow and goat milk fat Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109, 828-855.
[11] Elgersma, A., G. Ellen, H. Van Der, B.G. Muuse, H. Boer, S. Tamminga.
2004. Quick changes in milk fat composition after transition from
fresh grass to a silage diet and effects on consumer health benefits.
Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 117, 13-27.
[12] Elgersma, A., S. Tamminga, G. Ellen.2003. Comparison of the effects of
grazing and zero-grazing of grass on milk fatty acid composition of
dairy cows. Grassl. Sci. Eur. 8, 271- 274.
[13] Parodi, P. W. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic
agentsof bovine milk fat. Journal of Dairy Scienc, 82, 1339-1349.
[14] Kritchevsky, D.2000. Antimutagenic and some other effects of
conjugated linoleic acid. British Journal of Nutrition, 83, 459-465.
[15] Britton, J. R and A.B.B.J.Kastin.1991. Biologically Active Polypeptides
in Milk. 301:00-00. American J. Med. Sci.
[16] Livney, Y. D. 2010. Milk proteins as vehicles for bioactives. Current
Opinion in Colloid & Interface Sci. 15:73-83
[17] Woods, V. B and A. M. Fearon. 2009. Dietary source of unsaturated
fatty acids for animals and their transfer into meat, milk and egg: A
review. Live. Sci. 126:1-20.
[18] Ashes, J.A., S.K. Gulati, T.W.Scott. 1997. Potential to alter the content
and composition of milk fat through nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 2204-
2212.
[19] Bourlieu, B., S Bpouhallab and C. Lopez .2009. Biocatalyzed
modification of milk lipids: applications and potentialities. Trends in
food Sci. Tech. 20:458-469.
[20] Jenkins, T. C and M. A. McGuire.2006. Major Advances in Nutrition:
Impact on Milk Composition. J. Dairy Sci. 89:1302-1310.
[21] Menotti, A. 1999. Diet cholesterol and coronary heart disease: A
perspective. Acta Cardiol. 54:169-172.
[22] Cíntia, R.P., I.C. Azara1, C.N. Maia1, M.A.C. Rangel1, F.B. Renata,
F.O.Serpa, G. Maria.2008. Ethanol Intake during Lactation Alters Milk
Nutrient Composition and Growth and Mineral Status of Rat Pups. Biol
Res 41: 317-330
[23] DePeters, E. J., and J. P. Cant. 1992. Nutritional factors influencing the
nitrogen composition of bovine milk: A review. J. Dairy Sci.75:2043-
2070.
[24] Casper, D. P., and D. J. Schingoethe. 1989. Model to describe and
alleviate milk protein depression in early lactation cows fed a high
fat diet. J. Dairy Sci. 72:3327-3335.
[25] Berner, L. A. 1993. Roundtable discussion on milkfat, dairy foods, and
coronary heart disease risk. J. Nutr. 123:1175 -1184.
[26] Weaver, L.T.1997.Significance of bioactive substances in milk to the
human neonate. Live. Prod. Sci. 50:139-146
[27] Bargo, F., L.D. Muller, E.S. Kolver, J.E. Delahoy.2003. Production and
digestion of supplemented dairy cows on pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 1-
42.
[28] Dewhurst, R.L., W.J. Fisher, J.K.S. Tweed, M.O. Humphreys.2003.
Comparison of grass and legume silages for milk production. 1.
Production responses with different levels of concentrate. J. Dairy Sci.
86, 2598-2611.
[29] Dewhurst, R.L., K.J. Shinfield, M.R.F.Lee, N.D.Scollan. 2006.
Increasing the concentrations of beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids
in milk produced by dairy cows in high-forage systems.Anim. Feed Sci.
Technol.131,168-206.
[30] Fearon, A.M., C.S. Mayne, J.A.M.Beattie, D.W.Bruce. 2004. Effect of
level of oil inclusion in the diet of dairy cows at pasture on animal
performance and milk composition properties. J. Sci. Food Agric. 84,
497-504.
[31] Murphy, J.J., J.F. Connolly, G.P. McNeil. 1995. Effects on cow
performance and milk fat composition of feeding full fat soyabeans and
rapeseed to dairy cows at pasture. Livest.Prod. Sci. 44, 13-25.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:60875", author = "M.Aasif Shahzad and N.Mukhtar and M.Sarwar", title = "Nutrient Modelling to Fabricate Dairy Milk Constituents: Let Milk Serve More Than a Food Item", abstract = "Dietary macro and micro nutrients in their respective proportion and fractions present a practical potential tool to fabricate milk constituents since cells of lactating mammary glands obtain about 80 % of milk synthesis nutrients from blood, reflecting the existence of an isotonic equilibrium between blood and milk. Diverting milk biosynthetic activities through manipulation of nutrients towards producing milk not only keeping in view its significance as natural food but also as food item which prevents or dilutes the adverse effects of some diseases (like cardiovascular problem by saturated milk fat intake) has been area of interest in the last decade. Nutritional modification / supplementation has been reported to enhance conjugated linoleic acid, fatty acid type and concentration, essential fatty acid concentration, vitamin B12& C, Se, Cu, I and Fe which are involved to counter the health threats to human well being. Synchronizing dietary nutrients aimed to modify rumen dynamics towards synthesis of nutrients or their precursors to make their drive towards formulated milk constituents presents a practical option. Formulating dietary constituents to design milk constituents will let the farmers, consumers and investors know about the real potential and profit margins associated with this enterprise. This article briefly recapitulates the ways and means to modify milk constituents keeping an eye on human health and well being issues, which allows milk to serve more than a food item.
", keywords = "Nutritional modification, fabricating milk composition, human health.", volume = "4", number = "8", pages = "635-3", }
