Mercerization Treatment Parameter Effect on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite: A Brief Review
Environmental awareness and depletion of the
petroleum resources are among vital factors that motivate a number
of researchers to explore the potential of reusing natural fiber as an
alternative composite material in industries such as packaging,
automotive and building constructions. Natural fibers are available in
abundance, low cost, lightweight polymer composite and most
importance its biodegradability features, which often called “ecofriendly"
materials. However, their applications are still limited due
to several factors like moisture absorption, poor wettability and large
scattering in mechanical properties. Among the main challenges on
natural fibers reinforced matrices composite is their inclination to
entangle and form fibers agglomerates during processing due to
fiber-fiber interaction. This tends to prevent better dispersion of the
fibers into the matrix, resulting in poor interfacial adhesion between
the hydrophobic matrix and the hydrophilic reinforced natural fiber.
Therefore, to overcome this challenge, fiber treatment process is one
common alternative that can be use to modify the fiber surface
topology by chemically, physically or mechanically technique.
Nevertheless, this paper attempt to focus on the effect of
mercerization treatment on mechanical properties enhancement of
natural fiber reinforced composite or so-called bio composite. It
specifically discussed on mercerization parameters, and natural fiber
reinforced composite mechanical properties enhancement.
[1] A. K. Bledzki and J. Gassan, "Composites reinforced with cellulose
based fibres," Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 24, pp. 221-274, 1999.
[2] M. A. Dweib, et al., "All natural composite sandwich beams for
structural applications," Composite Structures, vol. 63, pp. 147-157,
2004.
[3] N. Graupner, et al., "Natural and man-made cellulose fibre-reinforced
poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites: An overview about mechanical
characteristics and application areas," Composites Part A: Applied
Science and Manufacturing, vol. 40, pp. 810-821, 2009.
[4] S. J. Eichhorn, et al., "Review: Current international research into
cellulosic fibres and composites," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 36,
pp. 2107-2131, 2001.
[5] S. Eichhorn, et al., "Review: current international research into cellulose
nanofibres and nanocomposites," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 45,
pp. 1-33, 2010.
[6] J. Summerscales, et al., "A review of bast fibres and their composites.
Part 1 - Fibres as reinforcements," Composites Part A: Applied Science
and Manufacturing, vol. 41, pp. 1329-1335, 2010.
[7] S. Kalia, et al., "Cellulose-Based Bio- and Nanocomposites: A Review,"
International Journal of Polymer Science, vol. 2011, 2011.
[8] H. Ku, et al., "A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber
reinforced polymer composites," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol.
42, pp. 856-873, 2011.
[9] F. P. La Mantia and M. Morreale, "Green composites: A brief review,"
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 42, pp.
579-588, 2011.
[10] J. Holbery and D. Houston, "Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer
composites in automotive applications," JOM Journal of the Minerals,
Metals and Materials Society, vol. 58, pp. 80-86, 2006.
[11] M. M. Davoodi, et al., "Mechanical properties of hybrid kenaf/glass
reinforced epoxy composite for passenger car bumper beam," Materials
& Design, vol. 31, pp. 4927-4932, 2010.
[12] S. N. Chaudhary, et al., "Sunnhemp Fiber-reinforced Waste
Polyethylene Bag Composites," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and
Composites, vol. 29, pp. 2241-2252, August 1, 2010 2010.
[13] H.-R. Kym├ñl├ñinen and A.-M. Sjöberg, "Flax and hemp fibres as raw
materials for thermal insulations," Building and Environment, vol. 43,
pp. 1261-1269, 2008.
[14] X.-y. Zhou, et al., "An environment-friendly thermal insulation material
from cotton stalk fibers," Energy and Buildings, vol. 42, pp. 1070-1074,
2010.
[15] C. Koenig, et al., "Acoustical Parameters of Automotive Interiors using
Hybrid Fleeces basing on natural fibres," Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America, vol. 123, p. 3675, 2008.
[16] M. Hosseini Fouladi, et al., "Utilization of coir fiber in multilayer
acoustic absorption panel," Applied Acoustics, vol. 71, pp. 241-249,
2010.
[17] A. Elsaid, et al., "Mechanical properties of kenaf fiber reinforced
concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 25, pp. 1991-2001,
2011.
[18] N. J. Rodríguez, et al., "Assessment of coconut fibre insulation
characteristics and its use to modulate temperatures in concrete slabs
with the aid of a finite element methodology," Energy and Buildings,
vol. 43, pp. 1264-1272, 2011.
[19] S. Joshi, et al., "Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to
glass fiber reinforced composites?," Composites Part A: Applied Science
and Manufacturing, vol. 35, pp. 371-376, 2004.
[20] L. Mwaikambo, "Review of the history, properties and application of
plant fibres," African Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 7, p. 121,
2006.
[21] M. John and R. Anandjiwala, "Recent developments in chemical
modification and characterization of natural fiber reinforced
composites," Polymer composites, vol. 29, pp. 187-207, 2008.
[22] K. G. Satyanarayana, et al., "Biodegradable composites based on
lignocellulosic fibers--An overview," Progress in Polymer Science, vol.
34, pp. 982-1021, 2009.
[23] N. Sgriccia, et al., "Characterization of natural fiber surfaces and natural
fiber composites," Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing, vol. 39, pp. 1632-1637, 2008.
[24] M. J. John, et al., "Effect of chemical modification on properties of
hybrid fiber biocomposites," Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing, vol. 39, pp. 352-363, 2008.
[25] P. A. Sreekumar, et al., "Effect of fiber surface modification on the
mechanical and water absorption characteristics of sisal/polyester
composites fabricated by resin transfer molding," Composites Part A:
Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 40, pp. 1777-1784, 2009.
[26] X. Li, et al., "Chemical Treatments of Natural Fiber for Use in Natural
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Review," Journal of Polymers and the
Environment, vol. 15, pp. 25-33, 2007.
[27] V. Vilay, et al., "Effect of fiber surface treatment and fiber loading on
the properties of bagasse fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester
composites," Composites Science and Technology, vol. 68, pp. 631-638,
2008.
[28] S. Kalia, et al., "Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as
reinforcing material in polymer compositesÔÇöA review," Polymer
Engineering & Science, vol. 49, pp. 1253-1272, 2009.
[29] Y. Xie, et al., "Silane coupling agents used for natural fiber/polymer
composites: A review," Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing, vol. 41, pp. 806-819, 2010.
[30] I. M. De Rosa, et al., "Effect of chemical treatments on the mechanical
and thermal behaviour of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fibres,"
Composites Science and Technology, vol. 71, pp. 246-254, 2011.
[31] J. George, et al., "A review on interface modification and
characterization of natural fiber reinforced plastic composites," Polymer
Engineering & Science, vol. 41, pp. 1471-1485, 2001.
[32] D. Bachtiar, et al., "The effect of alkaline treatment on tensile properties
of sugar palm fibre reinforced epoxy composites," Materials & Design,
vol. 29, pp. 1285-1290, 2008.
[33] M. S. Islam, et al., "Influence of alkali treatment on the interfacial and
physico-mechanical properties of industrial hemp fibre reinforced
polylactic acid composites," Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing, vol. 41, pp. 596-603, 2010.
[34] H. M. Akil, et al., "Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Composites: A Review,"
Materials & Design, vol. Volume 32, September 2011, pp. Pages 4107-
4121 2011.
[35] D. Cho, et al., "Effect of alkali pre-treatment of jute on the formation of
jute-based carbon fibers," Materials Letters, vol. 65, pp. 1492-1494,
2011.
[36] H. M. Wang, et al., "Removing Pectin and Lignin During Chemical
Processing of Hemp for Textile Applications," Textile Research Journal,
2003.
[37] L. Y. Mwaikambo and M. P. Ansell, "Chemical modification of hemp,
sisal, jute, and kapok fibers by alkalization," Journal of Applied Polymer
Science, vol. 84, pp. 2222-2234, 2002.
[38] S. Sreenivasan, et al., "Influence of delignification and alkali treatment
on the fine structure of coir fibres," Journal of Materials Science, vol.
31, pp. 721-726, 1996.
[39] H. Khalil, et al., "Chemical composition, anatomy, lignin distribution,
and cell wall structure of Malaysian plant waste fibers," BioResources,
vol. 1, 2006.
[40] H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, et al., "Cell wall ultrastructure, anatomy, lignin
distribution, and chemical composition of Malaysian cultivated kenaf
fiber," Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 31, pp. 113-121, 2010.
[41] J. Gassan and A. K. Bledzki, "Possibilities for improving the mechanical
properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibres,"
Composites Science and Technology, vol. 59, pp. 1303-1309, 1999.
[42] L. Y. Mwaikambo and M. Ansell, "Mechanical properties of alkali
treated plant fibres and their potential as reinforcement materials. I.
hemp fibres," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 41, pp. 2483-2496,
2006.
[43] S. V. Prasad, et al., "Alkali treatment of coir fibres for coir-polyester
composites," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 18, pp. 1443-1454,
1983.
[44] A. Valadez-Gonzalez, et al., "Effect of fiber surface treatment on the
fiber-matrix bond strength of natural fiber reinforced composites,"
Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 30, pp. 309-320, 1999.
[45] M. C. Symington, et al., "Tensile Testing of Cellulose Based Natural
Fibers for Structural Composite Applications," Journal of Composite
Materials, vol. 43, pp. 1083-1108, May 1, 2009 2009.
[46] S. Mishra, et al., "Studies on mechanical performance of biofibre/glass
reinforced polyester hybrid composites," Composites Science and
Technology, vol. 63, pp. 1377-1385, 2003.
[47] T. H. D. Sydenstricker, et al., "Pull-out and other evaluations in sisalreinforced
polyester biocomposites," Polymer Testing, vol. 22, pp. 375-
380, 2003.
[48] S. H. Aziz and M. P. Ansell, "The effect of alkalization and fibre
alignment on the mechanical and thermal properties of kenaf and hemp
bast fibre composites: Part 1 - polyester resin matrix," Composites
Science and Technology, vol. 64, pp. 1219-1230, 2004.
[49] A. Gomes, et al., "Effects of alkali treatment to reinforcement on tensile
properties of curaua fiber green composites," JSME International
Journal Series A, vol. 47, pp. 541-546, 2004.
[50] P. J. Herrera-Franco and A. Valadez-González, "A study of the
mechanical properties of short natural-fiber reinforced composites,"
Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 36, pp. 597-608, 2005.
[51] A. M. M. Edeerozey, et al., "Chemical modification of kenaf fibers,"
Materials Letters, vol. 61, pp. 2023-2025, 2007.
[52] S. Munawar, et al., "Effects of alkali, mild steam, and chitosan
treatments on the properties of pineapple, ramie, and sansevieria fiber
bundles," Journal of Wood Science, vol. 54, pp. 28-35, 2008.
[53] H. Gu, "Tensile behaviours of the coir fibre and related composites after
NaOH treatment," Materials & Design, vol. 30, pp. 3931-3934, 2009.
[54] T. Yu, et al., "Effect of fiber surface-treatments on the properties of
poly(lactic acid)/ramie composites," Composites Part A: Applied Science
and Manufacturing, vol. 41, pp. 499-505, 2010.
[55] M. A. Sawpan, et al., "Improvement of mechanical performance of
industrial hemp fibre reinforced polylactide biocomposites," Composites
Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 42, pp. 310-319, 2011.
[56] Nor Azowa Ibrahim, et al., "Effect of Fiber Treatment on Mechanical
Properties of Kenaf Fiber-Ecoflex Composites," Journal of Reinforced
Plastics and Composites, vol. 29, pp. 2192-2198, July 1, 2010 2010.
[57] U. Nirmal, et al., "On the effect of different polymer matrix and fibre
treatment on single fibre pullout test using betelnut fibres," Materials &
Design, vol. 32, pp. 2717-2726, 2011.
[58] N. Defoirdt, et al., "Assessment of the tensile properties of coir, bamboo
and jute fibre," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing,
vol. 41, pp. 588-595, 2010.
[59] M. Aslan, et al., "Strength variability of single flax fibres," Journal of
Materials Science, vol. 46, pp. 6344-6354, 2011.
[60] C. Asasutjarit, et al., "Materials and mechanical properties of pretreated
coir-based green composites," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 40,
pp. 633-637, 2009.
[61] S. H. P. Bettini, et al., "Investigation on the use of coir fiber as
alternative reinforcement in polypropylene," Journal of Applied Polymer
Science, vol. 118, pp. 2841-2848, 2010.
[62] S. Rassmann, et al., "Effect of resin system on the mechanical properties
and water absorption of kenaf fibre reinforced laminates," Materials &
Design, vol. 32, pp. 1399-1406, 2011.
[63] A. Alawar, et al., "Characterization of treated date palm tree fiber as
composite reinforcement," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 40, pp.
601-606, 2009.
[64] S. Shinoj, et al., "Towards industrial utilization of oil palm fibre:
Physical and dielectric characterization of linear low density
polyethylene composites and comparison with other fibre sources,"
Biosystems Engineering, vol. 106, pp. 378-388, 2010.
[65] O. Shinji, "Mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and kenaf/PLA
composites," Mechanics of Materials, vol. 40, pp. 446-452, 2008 2008.
[66] A. Gomes, et al., "Development and effect of alkali treatment on tensile
properties of curaua fiber green composites," Composites Part A:
Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 38, pp. 1811-1820, 2007.
[67] G. W. Beckermann and K. L. Pickering, "Engineering and evaluation of
hemp fibre reinforced polypropylene composites: Fibre treatment and
matrix modification," Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing, vol. 39, pp. 979-988, 2008.
[68] P. Saha, et al., "Enhancement of tensile strength of lignocellulosic jute
fibers by alkali-steam treatment," Bioresource Technology, vol. 101, pp.
3182-3187, 2010.
[69] V. Manikandan, et al., "Investigation of the effect of surface
modifications on the mechanical properties of basalt fibre reinforced
polymer composites," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 43, pp. 812-
818, 2012.
[70] R. Wirawan, et al., "Properties of sugarcane bagasse/ poly(vinyl
chloride) composites after various treatments," Journal of Composite
Materials, vol. 45, pp. 1667-1674, August 1, 2011 2011.
[71] B. F. Yousif, et al., "Flexural properties of treated and untreated
kenaf/epoxy composites," Materials & Design, vol. 40, pp. 378-
385, 2012.
[1] A. K. Bledzki and J. Gassan, "Composites reinforced with cellulose
based fibres," Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 24, pp. 221-274, 1999.
[2] M. A. Dweib, et al., "All natural composite sandwich beams for
structural applications," Composite Structures, vol. 63, pp. 147-157,
2004.
[3] N. Graupner, et al., "Natural and man-made cellulose fibre-reinforced
poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites: An overview about mechanical
characteristics and application areas," Composites Part A: Applied
Science and Manufacturing, vol. 40, pp. 810-821, 2009.
[4] S. J. Eichhorn, et al., "Review: Current international research into
cellulosic fibres and composites," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 36,
pp. 2107-2131, 2001.
[5] S. Eichhorn, et al., "Review: current international research into cellulose
nanofibres and nanocomposites," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 45,
pp. 1-33, 2010.
[6] J. Summerscales, et al., "A review of bast fibres and their composites.
Part 1 - Fibres as reinforcements," Composites Part A: Applied Science
and Manufacturing, vol. 41, pp. 1329-1335, 2010.
[7] S. Kalia, et al., "Cellulose-Based Bio- and Nanocomposites: A Review,"
International Journal of Polymer Science, vol. 2011, 2011.
[8] H. Ku, et al., "A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber
reinforced polymer composites," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol.
42, pp. 856-873, 2011.
[9] F. P. La Mantia and M. Morreale, "Green composites: A brief review,"
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 42, pp.
579-588, 2011.
[10] J. Holbery and D. Houston, "Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer
composites in automotive applications," JOM Journal of the Minerals,
Metals and Materials Society, vol. 58, pp. 80-86, 2006.
[11] M. M. Davoodi, et al., "Mechanical properties of hybrid kenaf/glass
reinforced epoxy composite for passenger car bumper beam," Materials
& Design, vol. 31, pp. 4927-4932, 2010.
[12] S. N. Chaudhary, et al., "Sunnhemp Fiber-reinforced Waste
Polyethylene Bag Composites," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and
Composites, vol. 29, pp. 2241-2252, August 1, 2010 2010.
[13] H.-R. Kym├ñl├ñinen and A.-M. Sjöberg, "Flax and hemp fibres as raw
materials for thermal insulations," Building and Environment, vol. 43,
pp. 1261-1269, 2008.
[14] X.-y. Zhou, et al., "An environment-friendly thermal insulation material
from cotton stalk fibers," Energy and Buildings, vol. 42, pp. 1070-1074,
2010.
[15] C. Koenig, et al., "Acoustical Parameters of Automotive Interiors using
Hybrid Fleeces basing on natural fibres," Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America, vol. 123, p. 3675, 2008.
[16] M. Hosseini Fouladi, et al., "Utilization of coir fiber in multilayer
acoustic absorption panel," Applied Acoustics, vol. 71, pp. 241-249,
2010.
[17] A. Elsaid, et al., "Mechanical properties of kenaf fiber reinforced
concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 25, pp. 1991-2001,
2011.
[18] N. J. Rodríguez, et al., "Assessment of coconut fibre insulation
characteristics and its use to modulate temperatures in concrete slabs
with the aid of a finite element methodology," Energy and Buildings,
vol. 43, pp. 1264-1272, 2011.
[19] S. Joshi, et al., "Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to
glass fiber reinforced composites?," Composites Part A: Applied Science
and Manufacturing, vol. 35, pp. 371-376, 2004.
[20] L. Mwaikambo, "Review of the history, properties and application of
plant fibres," African Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 7, p. 121,
2006.
[21] M. John and R. Anandjiwala, "Recent developments in chemical
modification and characterization of natural fiber reinforced
composites," Polymer composites, vol. 29, pp. 187-207, 2008.
[22] K. G. Satyanarayana, et al., "Biodegradable composites based on
lignocellulosic fibers--An overview," Progress in Polymer Science, vol.
34, pp. 982-1021, 2009.
[23] N. Sgriccia, et al., "Characterization of natural fiber surfaces and natural
fiber composites," Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing, vol. 39, pp. 1632-1637, 2008.
[24] M. J. John, et al., "Effect of chemical modification on properties of
hybrid fiber biocomposites," Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing, vol. 39, pp. 352-363, 2008.
[25] P. A. Sreekumar, et al., "Effect of fiber surface modification on the
mechanical and water absorption characteristics of sisal/polyester
composites fabricated by resin transfer molding," Composites Part A:
Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 40, pp. 1777-1784, 2009.
[26] X. Li, et al., "Chemical Treatments of Natural Fiber for Use in Natural
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Review," Journal of Polymers and the
Environment, vol. 15, pp. 25-33, 2007.
[27] V. Vilay, et al., "Effect of fiber surface treatment and fiber loading on
the properties of bagasse fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester
composites," Composites Science and Technology, vol. 68, pp. 631-638,
2008.
[28] S. Kalia, et al., "Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as
reinforcing material in polymer compositesÔÇöA review," Polymer
Engineering & Science, vol. 49, pp. 1253-1272, 2009.
[29] Y. Xie, et al., "Silane coupling agents used for natural fiber/polymer
composites: A review," Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing, vol. 41, pp. 806-819, 2010.
[30] I. M. De Rosa, et al., "Effect of chemical treatments on the mechanical
and thermal behaviour of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fibres,"
Composites Science and Technology, vol. 71, pp. 246-254, 2011.
[31] J. George, et al., "A review on interface modification and
characterization of natural fiber reinforced plastic composites," Polymer
Engineering & Science, vol. 41, pp. 1471-1485, 2001.
[32] D. Bachtiar, et al., "The effect of alkaline treatment on tensile properties
of sugar palm fibre reinforced epoxy composites," Materials & Design,
vol. 29, pp. 1285-1290, 2008.
[33] M. S. Islam, et al., "Influence of alkali treatment on the interfacial and
physico-mechanical properties of industrial hemp fibre reinforced
polylactic acid composites," Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing, vol. 41, pp. 596-603, 2010.
[34] H. M. Akil, et al., "Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Composites: A Review,"
Materials & Design, vol. Volume 32, September 2011, pp. Pages 4107-
4121 2011.
[35] D. Cho, et al., "Effect of alkali pre-treatment of jute on the formation of
jute-based carbon fibers," Materials Letters, vol. 65, pp. 1492-1494,
2011.
[36] H. M. Wang, et al., "Removing Pectin and Lignin During Chemical
Processing of Hemp for Textile Applications," Textile Research Journal,
2003.
[37] L. Y. Mwaikambo and M. P. Ansell, "Chemical modification of hemp,
sisal, jute, and kapok fibers by alkalization," Journal of Applied Polymer
Science, vol. 84, pp. 2222-2234, 2002.
[38] S. Sreenivasan, et al., "Influence of delignification and alkali treatment
on the fine structure of coir fibres," Journal of Materials Science, vol.
31, pp. 721-726, 1996.
[39] H. Khalil, et al., "Chemical composition, anatomy, lignin distribution,
and cell wall structure of Malaysian plant waste fibers," BioResources,
vol. 1, 2006.
[40] H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, et al., "Cell wall ultrastructure, anatomy, lignin
distribution, and chemical composition of Malaysian cultivated kenaf
fiber," Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 31, pp. 113-121, 2010.
[41] J. Gassan and A. K. Bledzki, "Possibilities for improving the mechanical
properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibres,"
Composites Science and Technology, vol. 59, pp. 1303-1309, 1999.
[42] L. Y. Mwaikambo and M. Ansell, "Mechanical properties of alkali
treated plant fibres and their potential as reinforcement materials. I.
hemp fibres," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 41, pp. 2483-2496,
2006.
[43] S. V. Prasad, et al., "Alkali treatment of coir fibres for coir-polyester
composites," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 18, pp. 1443-1454,
1983.
[44] A. Valadez-Gonzalez, et al., "Effect of fiber surface treatment on the
fiber-matrix bond strength of natural fiber reinforced composites,"
Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 30, pp. 309-320, 1999.
[45] M. C. Symington, et al., "Tensile Testing of Cellulose Based Natural
Fibers for Structural Composite Applications," Journal of Composite
Materials, vol. 43, pp. 1083-1108, May 1, 2009 2009.
[46] S. Mishra, et al., "Studies on mechanical performance of biofibre/glass
reinforced polyester hybrid composites," Composites Science and
Technology, vol. 63, pp. 1377-1385, 2003.
[47] T. H. D. Sydenstricker, et al., "Pull-out and other evaluations in sisalreinforced
polyester biocomposites," Polymer Testing, vol. 22, pp. 375-
380, 2003.
[48] S. H. Aziz and M. P. Ansell, "The effect of alkalization and fibre
alignment on the mechanical and thermal properties of kenaf and hemp
bast fibre composites: Part 1 - polyester resin matrix," Composites
Science and Technology, vol. 64, pp. 1219-1230, 2004.
[49] A. Gomes, et al., "Effects of alkali treatment to reinforcement on tensile
properties of curaua fiber green composites," JSME International
Journal Series A, vol. 47, pp. 541-546, 2004.
[50] P. J. Herrera-Franco and A. Valadez-González, "A study of the
mechanical properties of short natural-fiber reinforced composites,"
Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 36, pp. 597-608, 2005.
[51] A. M. M. Edeerozey, et al., "Chemical modification of kenaf fibers,"
Materials Letters, vol. 61, pp. 2023-2025, 2007.
[52] S. Munawar, et al., "Effects of alkali, mild steam, and chitosan
treatments on the properties of pineapple, ramie, and sansevieria fiber
bundles," Journal of Wood Science, vol. 54, pp. 28-35, 2008.
[53] H. Gu, "Tensile behaviours of the coir fibre and related composites after
NaOH treatment," Materials & Design, vol. 30, pp. 3931-3934, 2009.
[54] T. Yu, et al., "Effect of fiber surface-treatments on the properties of
poly(lactic acid)/ramie composites," Composites Part A: Applied Science
and Manufacturing, vol. 41, pp. 499-505, 2010.
[55] M. A. Sawpan, et al., "Improvement of mechanical performance of
industrial hemp fibre reinforced polylactide biocomposites," Composites
Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 42, pp. 310-319, 2011.
[56] Nor Azowa Ibrahim, et al., "Effect of Fiber Treatment on Mechanical
Properties of Kenaf Fiber-Ecoflex Composites," Journal of Reinforced
Plastics and Composites, vol. 29, pp. 2192-2198, July 1, 2010 2010.
[57] U. Nirmal, et al., "On the effect of different polymer matrix and fibre
treatment on single fibre pullout test using betelnut fibres," Materials &
Design, vol. 32, pp. 2717-2726, 2011.
[58] N. Defoirdt, et al., "Assessment of the tensile properties of coir, bamboo
and jute fibre," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing,
vol. 41, pp. 588-595, 2010.
[59] M. Aslan, et al., "Strength variability of single flax fibres," Journal of
Materials Science, vol. 46, pp. 6344-6354, 2011.
[60] C. Asasutjarit, et al., "Materials and mechanical properties of pretreated
coir-based green composites," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 40,
pp. 633-637, 2009.
[61] S. H. P. Bettini, et al., "Investigation on the use of coir fiber as
alternative reinforcement in polypropylene," Journal of Applied Polymer
Science, vol. 118, pp. 2841-2848, 2010.
[62] S. Rassmann, et al., "Effect of resin system on the mechanical properties
and water absorption of kenaf fibre reinforced laminates," Materials &
Design, vol. 32, pp. 1399-1406, 2011.
[63] A. Alawar, et al., "Characterization of treated date palm tree fiber as
composite reinforcement," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 40, pp.
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@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:53718", author = "Mohd Yussni Hashim and Mohd Nazrul Roslan and Azriszul Mohd Amin and Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi and Saparudin Ariffin", title = "Mercerization Treatment Parameter Effect on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite: A Brief Review", abstract = "Environmental awareness and depletion of the
petroleum resources are among vital factors that motivate a number
of researchers to explore the potential of reusing natural fiber as an
alternative composite material in industries such as packaging,
automotive and building constructions. Natural fibers are available in
abundance, low cost, lightweight polymer composite and most
importance its biodegradability features, which often called “ecofriendly"
materials. However, their applications are still limited due
to several factors like moisture absorption, poor wettability and large
scattering in mechanical properties. Among the main challenges on
natural fibers reinforced matrices composite is their inclination to
entangle and form fibers agglomerates during processing due to
fiber-fiber interaction. This tends to prevent better dispersion of the
fibers into the matrix, resulting in poor interfacial adhesion between
the hydrophobic matrix and the hydrophilic reinforced natural fiber.
Therefore, to overcome this challenge, fiber treatment process is one
common alternative that can be use to modify the fiber surface
topology by chemically, physically or mechanically technique.
Nevertheless, this paper attempt to focus on the effect of
mercerization treatment on mechanical properties enhancement of
natural fiber reinforced composite or so-called bio composite. It
specifically discussed on mercerization parameters, and natural fiber
reinforced composite mechanical properties enhancement.", keywords = "Mercerization treatment, mechanical properties,
natural fiber and bio composite", volume = "6", number = "8", pages = "707-7", }
