Low Voltage Ride through Capability Techniques for DFIG-Based Wind Turbines
Due to the drastic increase of the wind turbines installed capacity; the grid codes are increasing the restrictions aiming to treat the wind turbines like other conventional sources sooner. In this paper, an intensive review has been presented for different techniques used to add low voltage ride through capability to Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind turbine. A system model with 1.5 MW DFIG wind turbine is constructed and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK to explore the effectiveness of the reviewed techniques.
[1] “Global Wind Energy Outlook for 2014,” (Online). Available: http://www.gwec.net/publications/global-wind-energy-outlook/global-wind-energy-outlook-2014/. Accessed on Jan. 2016.
[2] M. Altin, O. Goksu, RTeodorescu, and P. Rodrigues, “Overview of recent grid codes for wind power integration,” in International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Basov, 2010, pp. 1152-1160.
[3] R. Almeida, and J. Lopes, “Participation of Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generators in System Frequency Regulation,” IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 944 - 950, Aug. 2007.
[4] Q. Wu, Z. Xu, and J. Ostergaard, “Grid Integration Issues for Large Scale Wind Power Plants (WPPs),” in Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Minneapolis, 2010, pp. 1 - 6.
[5] R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre and P. Rodríguez, Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011.
[6] Sh. Omar, A. Helal, and I. Elarabawy, “Stator voltage sensorless DFIG with low voltage ride-through capability using series and parallel grid side converters,” in International Renewable Energy Congress, Hammamet, 2016.
[7] Erlich, U. Bachmann, “Grid code requirements concerning connection and operation of wind turbines in Germany,” in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, San Francisco, vol. 2, pp. 1253 - 1257, Jun. 2005.
[8] "Federal Energy Regulator Commission, Regulatory Order 661-A: Interconnection for Wind Energy," 2005. (Online). Available: http://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/gi/wind.asp. Accessed on Jan. 2016.
[9] "Wind power facility technical requirements Revision 0," Alberta Electric System Operator, Canada, 2004. (Online). Available: http://www.aeso.ca/downloads/Wind_Power_Facility_Technical_Requirements_Revision0_signatures_JRF.pdf. Accessed on Jan. 2016.
[10] Ireland National Grid, Grid Code Version 2, Wind Farm Power Station Grid Code Provisions, WFPS1, pp. 213 - 216, Jan. 2007.
[11] R. Cardenas, R. Pena, S. Alepuz, and G. Asher, “Overview of Control Systems for the Operation of DFIGs in Wind Energy Applications,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 7, Jul. 2013.
[12] D. Xiang, L. Ran, P. Tavner, and S. Yang, “Control of a doubly fed induction generator in a wind turbine during grid fault ride-through,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 652-662, Sep. 2006.
[13] H. Kasem, E. F. El-saadany, H. H. El-Tamaly, and M. A. A. Wahab, “An improved fault ride-through strategy for doubly fed induction generator-based wind turbines,” IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 201-214, Mar. 2008.
[14] D. W. Novotny and T. A. Lipo, Vector Control and Dynamics of AC Drives, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
[15] Peterson, “Analysis Modeling and Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generators for Wind Turbines”. Ph.D. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden 2005.
[16] J. Morren, and S. W. Haan, “Ridethrough of wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generator during a voltage dip,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no. 2 pp. 435-441, Jun. 2005.
[17] W. Zhang, P. Zhou, and Y. He, “Analysis of the by-pass resistance of an active crowbar for doubly-fed induction generator based wind turbines under grid faults,” Electrical Machines and System, Wuhan, 2008, pp.2316-2321.
[18] G. Pannell, D. J. Atkinson, and B. Zahawi, “Minimum-threshold crowbar for a fault-ride-through grid-code-compliant DFIG wind turbine,” IEEE Trans., on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 750-759, Jun. 2010.
[19] J. Morren, and S. W. H. Haan, “Short-circuit current of wind turbines with doubly fed induction generator,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 174-180, Mar. 2007.
[20] J. Justo, and K. Ro, “Control strategies of doubly fed induction generator-based wind turbine system with new rotor current protection topology,” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, no. 4, Aug. 2012.
[21] J. Yang, J. E. Fletcher, and J. O. Reilly, “A series-dynamic-resistor-based converter protection scheme for doubly-fed induction generator during various fault conditions,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1-8, Jul. 2009.
[22] W. Qiao, G. Venayagamoorthy, and R. Harley, “Real-time implementation of a STATCOM on a wind farm equipped with doubly fed induction generators,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 98-107, Jan. 2009.
[23] Wessels, F. Gebhardt, and F. Fuchs, “Fault Ride-Through of a DFIG Wind Turbine Using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer During Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Grid Faults,” IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 807-815, Mar. 2011.
[24] Ibrahim, T. Nguyen, D. Lee, and S. Kim, “A Fault Ride-Through Technique of DFIG Wind Turbine Systems Using Dynamic Voltage Restorers,” IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 871-882, Sep. 2011.
[25] R. Raju, A. Karthikeyan, and C. Nagamani, “Enhanced Decoupled Power Control of Wind Turbine Driven DFIG Using DVR Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage,” in Advances in Power Conversion and Energy Technologies (APCET), pp. 1-5, Aug. 2012.
[26] E. Elhawatt, M. Hamad, K. Ahmed, and I. Elarabawy, “Low Voltage Ride-Through Capability Enhancement of a DFIG Wind Turbine Using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer with Adaptive Fuzzy PI Controller,” International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications, Madrid, 2013, pp. 1234 - 1239.
[27] B. Singh, V. Emmoji, S. N. Singh, and I. Erlich, "Performance Evaluation of New Series Connected Grid-Side Converter of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator," in Power System Technology, New delhi, 2008, pp. 1-8.
[28] P. Flannery and G. Venkataramanan, “A Unified Architecture for Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbines using a Parallel Grid Side Rectifier and Series Grid Side Converter,” Power Conversion Conference. PCC 07, Nagoya, 2007, pp. 1442-1449.
[29] P. Flannery and G. Venkataramanan, “Unbalanced Voltage Sag Ride-Through of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbine With Series Grid-Side Converter,” IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, vol. 45, no 5,pp. 1879-1887, Sep. 2009.
[30] B. Singh, V. Emmoji , and S. Singh, "Performance Evaluation of Series and Parallel Connected Grid Side Converters of DFIG," in Power and Energy Society, Pittsburgh, 2008, pp. 1 - 8.
[31] X. Yan, G. Venkataramanan, P. S. Flannery, and Y. Wang, “Voltage-sag tolerance of DFIG wind turbine with a series grid side passive-impedance network,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1084-1056, Dec. 2010.
[32] Yunus, M. Masoum, and A. Abu-Siada, “Application of SMES to enhance the dynamic performance of DFIG during voltage sag and swell,” IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1051-8223, Aug. 2012.
[33] G. Pannell, B. Zahawi, D. J. Atkinson, and P. Missailidis, “Evaluation of the performance of a DC-link brake chopper as a DFIG low-voltage fault-ride-through device,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 535-542, Sep. 2013.
[34] M. Rahimi, and M. Parniani, “Coordinated Control Approaches for Low-Voltage ride-through enhancement in wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 873-883, Sep. 2010.
[35] M. hossain, T. K. Saha, N. Mithulananthan, and H. R. Pota, “Control strategies for augmenting LVRT capability of DFIGs in interconnected power systems,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 2510-2522, Jun. 2013.
[36] O. Soares, H. Goncalves, A. Martins, and A. Carvalho, “Nonlinear control of the doubly-fed induction generator in wind power systems,” Journal of Renewable Energy, vol. 35, pp. 1662-1670, Dec. 2009.
[37] J. Liang, and R. G. Harley, “Feed-forward transient compensation control for DFIG wind generators during both balanced and unbalanced grid disturbances,” Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Phoenix, 2011, pp. 2389-2396.
[38] S. Bu, W. Du, H. F. Wang, and S. Gao, “Power angle control of grid-connected doubly fed induction generator wind turbines for fault ride-through,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 18-27, Oct. 2012.
[39] S. Xiao, G. Yang, H. Zhou, and H. Geng, “A LVRT control strategy based on flux linkage tracking for DFIG-based WECS,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 2820-2832, Jul. 2013.
[40] M. Rahimi, and M. Parniani, “Transient performance improvement of wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators using nonlinear control strategy,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 514-525, Jun. 2010.
[41] M. Mohseni, S. M. Islam, and M. A. S. Masoum, “Enhanced hysteresis-based control of DFIG wind turbines,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 223-234, Jan. 2011.
[1] “Global Wind Energy Outlook for 2014,” (Online). Available: http://www.gwec.net/publications/global-wind-energy-outlook/global-wind-energy-outlook-2014/. Accessed on Jan. 2016.
[2] M. Altin, O. Goksu, RTeodorescu, and P. Rodrigues, “Overview of recent grid codes for wind power integration,” in International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Basov, 2010, pp. 1152-1160.
[3] R. Almeida, and J. Lopes, “Participation of Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generators in System Frequency Regulation,” IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 944 - 950, Aug. 2007.
[4] Q. Wu, Z. Xu, and J. Ostergaard, “Grid Integration Issues for Large Scale Wind Power Plants (WPPs),” in Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Minneapolis, 2010, pp. 1 - 6.
[5] R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre and P. Rodríguez, Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011.
[6] Sh. Omar, A. Helal, and I. Elarabawy, “Stator voltage sensorless DFIG with low voltage ride-through capability using series and parallel grid side converters,” in International Renewable Energy Congress, Hammamet, 2016.
[7] Erlich, U. Bachmann, “Grid code requirements concerning connection and operation of wind turbines in Germany,” in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, San Francisco, vol. 2, pp. 1253 - 1257, Jun. 2005.
[8] "Federal Energy Regulator Commission, Regulatory Order 661-A: Interconnection for Wind Energy," 2005. (Online). Available: http://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/gi/wind.asp. Accessed on Jan. 2016.
[9] "Wind power facility technical requirements Revision 0," Alberta Electric System Operator, Canada, 2004. (Online). Available: http://www.aeso.ca/downloads/Wind_Power_Facility_Technical_Requirements_Revision0_signatures_JRF.pdf. Accessed on Jan. 2016.
[10] Ireland National Grid, Grid Code Version 2, Wind Farm Power Station Grid Code Provisions, WFPS1, pp. 213 - 216, Jan. 2007.
[11] R. Cardenas, R. Pena, S. Alepuz, and G. Asher, “Overview of Control Systems for the Operation of DFIGs in Wind Energy Applications,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 7, Jul. 2013.
[12] D. Xiang, L. Ran, P. Tavner, and S. Yang, “Control of a doubly fed induction generator in a wind turbine during grid fault ride-through,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 652-662, Sep. 2006.
[13] H. Kasem, E. F. El-saadany, H. H. El-Tamaly, and M. A. A. Wahab, “An improved fault ride-through strategy for doubly fed induction generator-based wind turbines,” IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 201-214, Mar. 2008.
[14] D. W. Novotny and T. A. Lipo, Vector Control and Dynamics of AC Drives, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
[15] Peterson, “Analysis Modeling and Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generators for Wind Turbines”. Ph.D. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden 2005.
[16] J. Morren, and S. W. Haan, “Ridethrough of wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generator during a voltage dip,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no. 2 pp. 435-441, Jun. 2005.
[17] W. Zhang, P. Zhou, and Y. He, “Analysis of the by-pass resistance of an active crowbar for doubly-fed induction generator based wind turbines under grid faults,” Electrical Machines and System, Wuhan, 2008, pp.2316-2321.
[18] G. Pannell, D. J. Atkinson, and B. Zahawi, “Minimum-threshold crowbar for a fault-ride-through grid-code-compliant DFIG wind turbine,” IEEE Trans., on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 750-759, Jun. 2010.
[19] J. Morren, and S. W. H. Haan, “Short-circuit current of wind turbines with doubly fed induction generator,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 174-180, Mar. 2007.
[20] J. Justo, and K. Ro, “Control strategies of doubly fed induction generator-based wind turbine system with new rotor current protection topology,” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, no. 4, Aug. 2012.
[21] J. Yang, J. E. Fletcher, and J. O. Reilly, “A series-dynamic-resistor-based converter protection scheme for doubly-fed induction generator during various fault conditions,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1-8, Jul. 2009.
[22] W. Qiao, G. Venayagamoorthy, and R. Harley, “Real-time implementation of a STATCOM on a wind farm equipped with doubly fed induction generators,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 98-107, Jan. 2009.
[23] Wessels, F. Gebhardt, and F. Fuchs, “Fault Ride-Through of a DFIG Wind Turbine Using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer During Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Grid Faults,” IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 807-815, Mar. 2011.
[24] Ibrahim, T. Nguyen, D. Lee, and S. Kim, “A Fault Ride-Through Technique of DFIG Wind Turbine Systems Using Dynamic Voltage Restorers,” IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 871-882, Sep. 2011.
[25] R. Raju, A. Karthikeyan, and C. Nagamani, “Enhanced Decoupled Power Control of Wind Turbine Driven DFIG Using DVR Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage,” in Advances in Power Conversion and Energy Technologies (APCET), pp. 1-5, Aug. 2012.
[26] E. Elhawatt, M. Hamad, K. Ahmed, and I. Elarabawy, “Low Voltage Ride-Through Capability Enhancement of a DFIG Wind Turbine Using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer with Adaptive Fuzzy PI Controller,” International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications, Madrid, 2013, pp. 1234 - 1239.
[27] B. Singh, V. Emmoji, S. N. Singh, and I. Erlich, "Performance Evaluation of New Series Connected Grid-Side Converter of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator," in Power System Technology, New delhi, 2008, pp. 1-8.
[28] P. Flannery and G. Venkataramanan, “A Unified Architecture for Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbines using a Parallel Grid Side Rectifier and Series Grid Side Converter,” Power Conversion Conference. PCC 07, Nagoya, 2007, pp. 1442-1449.
[29] P. Flannery and G. Venkataramanan, “Unbalanced Voltage Sag Ride-Through of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbine With Series Grid-Side Converter,” IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, vol. 45, no 5,pp. 1879-1887, Sep. 2009.
[30] B. Singh, V. Emmoji , and S. Singh, "Performance Evaluation of Series and Parallel Connected Grid Side Converters of DFIG," in Power and Energy Society, Pittsburgh, 2008, pp. 1 - 8.
[31] X. Yan, G. Venkataramanan, P. S. Flannery, and Y. Wang, “Voltage-sag tolerance of DFIG wind turbine with a series grid side passive-impedance network,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1084-1056, Dec. 2010.
[32] Yunus, M. Masoum, and A. Abu-Siada, “Application of SMES to enhance the dynamic performance of DFIG during voltage sag and swell,” IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1051-8223, Aug. 2012.
[33] G. Pannell, B. Zahawi, D. J. Atkinson, and P. Missailidis, “Evaluation of the performance of a DC-link brake chopper as a DFIG low-voltage fault-ride-through device,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 535-542, Sep. 2013.
[34] M. Rahimi, and M. Parniani, “Coordinated Control Approaches for Low-Voltage ride-through enhancement in wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 873-883, Sep. 2010.
[35] M. hossain, T. K. Saha, N. Mithulananthan, and H. R. Pota, “Control strategies for augmenting LVRT capability of DFIGs in interconnected power systems,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 2510-2522, Jun. 2013.
[36] O. Soares, H. Goncalves, A. Martins, and A. Carvalho, “Nonlinear control of the doubly-fed induction generator in wind power systems,” Journal of Renewable Energy, vol. 35, pp. 1662-1670, Dec. 2009.
[37] J. Liang, and R. G. Harley, “Feed-forward transient compensation control for DFIG wind generators during both balanced and unbalanced grid disturbances,” Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Phoenix, 2011, pp. 2389-2396.
[38] S. Bu, W. Du, H. F. Wang, and S. Gao, “Power angle control of grid-connected doubly fed induction generator wind turbines for fault ride-through,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 18-27, Oct. 2012.
[39] S. Xiao, G. Yang, H. Zhou, and H. Geng, “A LVRT control strategy based on flux linkage tracking for DFIG-based WECS,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 2820-2832, Jul. 2013.
[40] M. Rahimi, and M. Parniani, “Transient performance improvement of wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators using nonlinear control strategy,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 514-525, Jun. 2010.
[41] M. Mohseni, S. M. Islam, and M. A. S. Masoum, “Enhanced hysteresis-based control of DFIG wind turbines,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 223-234, Jan. 2011.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:73377", author = "Sherif O. Zain Elabideen and Ahmed A. Helal and Ibrahim F. El-Arabawy", title = "Low Voltage Ride through Capability Techniques for DFIG-Based Wind Turbines", abstract = "Due to the drastic increase of the wind turbines installed capacity; the grid codes are increasing the restrictions aiming to treat the wind turbines like other conventional sources sooner. In this paper, an intensive review has been presented for different techniques used to add low voltage ride through capability to Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind turbine. A system model with 1.5 MW DFIG wind turbine is constructed and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK to explore the effectiveness of the reviewed techniques.", keywords = "DFIG, grid side converters, low voltage ride through, wind turbine. ", volume = "10", number = "7", pages = "910-9", }
