Long-Term Effect of Breastfeeding in Preschooler’s Psychomotor Development
Background: Breast milk may impact early brain
development, with potentially important biological, medical and
social implications. There is an important discussion on which is the
adequate breastfeeding extension to the development consolidation
and how the children breastfeeding affects their psychomotor
development, in the first year of life, and in following periods as
well. Some special fats (LC PUFA) contained in breast milk play a
key role in the brain’s maturation and cognitive development or
social skills. These capacities created during breastfeeding time
would be unfolded throughout all lifespan. Aim of the study: In our research, we have studied the effect of
breastfeeding in preschooler's psychomotor assessment.
Method: This study was conducted in a sample of 158 preschool
children in Vlorë, Albania. We have measured the psychometric
parameters of preschoolers with ASQ-3 (Age&Stage Questionnaires-
3). The studied sample was divided in three groups according to their
breastfeeding duration (3, 6 and 12 months). Results: Children breastfed for only 3 months have definitely
lower psychometric scores compared to the ones with 6 or more
months of breastfeeding (respectively 217 to 239 ASQ-3 scores). Six
and twelvemonth breastfed children have progressively more odds to
have high levels of psychomotor development comparing to those
with only 3 months of breastfeeding. The most affected psychometric
domains by shortness of breastfeeding are Communication and
Global motor. Conclusion: This leads to conclusion that to ensure high
psychomotor parameters during childhood is necessary breastfeeding
for at least 6 months.
[1] The long-term effects of breastfeeding on child and adolescent mental
health: a pregnancy cohort study followed for 14 years. Oddy WH,
Kendall GE, Li J, Jacoby P, Robinson M, de Klerk NH, et al. 2009, J
Pediatr, pp. 156: 568–74.doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.10.020. Epub 2009
Dec 14.
[2] “Breastfeeding and early child development: a prospective cohort
study”. Wendy H. Oddy, Monique Robinson, Garth E. Kendall,
Jianghong Li, Stephen R. Zubrick, Fiona J. Stanley,. 2011,
ActaPædiatrica ISSN 0803–5253, pp. doi:10.1111/j.1651-
2227.2011.02199.x.
[3] Influence of breast-feeding on mental and psychomotor development.
Gómez-Sanchiz M, Cañete R, Rodero I, Baeza JE, Avila O.s.l.:
ClinPediatr (Phila), 2003. 42(1):35-42. PMID: 12635980.
[4] Breast feeding and cognitive development at age 1 and 5 years.
Angelsen NK, Vik T, Jacobsen G, Bakketeig LS.s.l.: Arch Dis Child.,
2001. 85(3):183-8. PMID: 11517096.
[5] Breast-feeding and alcoholism: the Trotter hypothesis. Goodwin DW,
Gabrielli WF Jr, Penick EC, Nickel EJ, Chhibber S, Knop J,. 1999, Am J
Psychiatry, pp. 156 (4):650-2.
[6] Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a
large randomized trial. Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I,
Platt RW, Matush L, Igumnov S, Fombonne E, Bogdanovich N, Ducruet
T, Collet JP, Chalmers B, Hodnett E, Davidovsky S, Skugarevsky O,
Trofimovich O, Kozlova L, Shapiro S. 2008, Arch Gen Psychiatry., pp.
65(5):578-84. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.578.
[7] Breastfeeding, Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Colostrum,
and Infant Mental Development. Mònica Guxens, Michelle A. Mendez,
Carolina Moltó-Puigmartí, Jordi Julvez, Raquel García-Esteban, Joan
Forns, Muriel Ferrer, Martine Vrijheid, M. Carmen López-Sabater, Jordi
Sunyer,. 2011, Pediatrics, pp. VOLUME 128 / ISSUE 4, retrieved from
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/128/4/e880.
[8] Mjeshtëria e nënës - A dimë ta ushqejmëkrijesëntonë? Tushe Edi et al.
2000.
[9] The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in term and preterm infants and
breastfeeding mothers. WC, Heird. 2001, PediatrClin North Am., pp.
48(1):173-88.
[10] Effect of breast feeding on child development: Tasnim, Saria. 2014,
South East Asia Journal of Public Health, p. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v4i1.21831.
[11] Ages & Stages Questionnaries – A parent-Completed Child Monitoring
System, third edition. Psychometric studies of ASQ. Squires Jane, Ph.D,
Twombly Elizabeth, M.S., Bricher Diane, Ph.D, Potter LaWanda, M.S.,.
2009, p. retrieved from http://agesandstages.
com/pdfs/asq3_technical_report.pdf.
[12] Exclusive Breastfeeding and Developmental and Behavioral. Olof H.
Jonsdottir, Inga Thorsdottir,. s.l.: Nutrients, 2013. 5, 4414-4428;
doi:10.3390/nu5114414.
[13] Breast-feeding and cognitive development: a meta-analysis. James W
Anderson, Bryan M Johnstone, and Daniel T Remley. s.l.: American
Society for Clinical Nutrition, 1999. vol. 70 no. 4 525-535.
[14] Essential fatty acids in early life: structural and functional role. Uauy R,
Hoffman DR, Peirano P, Birch DG, Birch EE. s.l.: Lipids., 2001. Sep;
36(9):885-95. PMID: 11724460.
[15] Influence of breast-feeding on the infant's intelectual development.
Temboury MC, Otero A, Polanco I, Arribas E (1994) J Pediatr
GastroenterolNutr 18:32–36.
[16] Infant feeding and mental and motor development at 18 months of age in
first-born singletons. Florey C du, Leech AM, Blackhall A (1995) Int J
Epidemiol 24:S21–S26.
[17] Duration of breast-feeding and Bayley's mental developmental index at 1
year of age. Paine BJ, Makrides M, Gibson RA (1999) JPaediatr Health
34:82–85.
[18] Duration of breastfeeding and developmental milestones during the latter
half of infancy. Vestergaard M, Obel C, Henriksen TB, et al. (1999)
Acta Paediatr 88:1327–1332.
[19] Lianne J. Woodward, P. K.,Breastfeeding, and Child Psychosocial
Development. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. 2nd
edition, 2008. retrieved from: http://www.childencyclopedia.
com/breastfeeding/according-experts/breastfeeding-andchild-
psychosocial-development.
[20] Emla Fitzsimons, M. V.-h. Food for the Brain? Breastfeeding and Child
Development. CiteSeerX. 2013, retrieved from:
http://cep.lse.ac.uk/seminarpapers/28-06-13-MV.pdf.
[21] Breast-feeding and later cognitive and academic
outcomes. Horwood J, Fergusson D (1998) Pediatrics 101:e9.
[22] Association between breast feeding, child development and
behaviour.Golding J, Rogers IS, Emmett PM (1997) Early Hum
Dev 49:S175–S184.
[23] Feeding in infancy and later ability and attainment: a longitudinal study.
Rodgers B (1978) Dev Med Child Neurol 20:421–426.
[24] Breast feeding and cognitive development in the first 7 years of life.
Fergusson DM, Beautrais AL, Silva P (1982) SocSci Med 16:1705–
1708.
[25] Breast-feeding and child development at 5
years. Taylor B, Wadsworth J (1984) Dev Med Child Neurol 26:73–80.
[26] Breast feeding and cognitive development. Rogan WJ, Gladen BC
(1993) Early Hum Dev 31:181–193.
[27] Long-term associations with infant feeding in a clinically advantaged
population of babies. Pollock JI (1994) Dev Med Child Neurol 36:429–
440.
[28] Is breastfeeding beneficial and maternal smoking harmful to the
cognitive development of children? Niemelä A, Jarvenpaa AL (1996)
ActaPaediatr 85:1202–1206.
[29] Mother's choice to provide breast milk and developmental
outcome. Morley R, Cole TJ, Powell R, Lucas A (1988) Arch Dis Child
63:1382–1385.
[30] Early diet in preterm babies and developmental status at 18 months.
Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, et al. (1990) Lancet 335:1477–1481.
[31] Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born
preterm. Lucas A, Morley R (1992) Lancet 339:261–264.
[32] A Randomised Multicentre Study of Human Milk versus Formula and
Later Development in Preterm Infants. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ,
Gore SM (1994) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 70:F141–F146.
[33] Impact of breast milk on IQ, brain size and white matter development.
Isaacs, E. B., Fischl, B. R., Quinn, B. T., Chong, W. K., Gadian, D. G.,
& Lucas, A. (2010). Pediatric Research, 67(4), 357–362.
http://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181d026da
[1] The long-term effects of breastfeeding on child and adolescent mental
health: a pregnancy cohort study followed for 14 years. Oddy WH,
Kendall GE, Li J, Jacoby P, Robinson M, de Klerk NH, et al. 2009, J
Pediatr, pp. 156: 568–74.doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.10.020. Epub 2009
Dec 14.
[2] “Breastfeeding and early child development: a prospective cohort
study”. Wendy H. Oddy, Monique Robinson, Garth E. Kendall,
Jianghong Li, Stephen R. Zubrick, Fiona J. Stanley,. 2011,
ActaPædiatrica ISSN 0803–5253, pp. doi:10.1111/j.1651-
2227.2011.02199.x.
[3] Influence of breast-feeding on mental and psychomotor development.
Gómez-Sanchiz M, Cañete R, Rodero I, Baeza JE, Avila O.s.l.:
ClinPediatr (Phila), 2003. 42(1):35-42. PMID: 12635980.
[4] Breast feeding and cognitive development at age 1 and 5 years.
Angelsen NK, Vik T, Jacobsen G, Bakketeig LS.s.l.: Arch Dis Child.,
2001. 85(3):183-8. PMID: 11517096.
[5] Breast-feeding and alcoholism: the Trotter hypothesis. Goodwin DW,
Gabrielli WF Jr, Penick EC, Nickel EJ, Chhibber S, Knop J,. 1999, Am J
Psychiatry, pp. 156 (4):650-2.
[6] Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a
large randomized trial. Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I,
Platt RW, Matush L, Igumnov S, Fombonne E, Bogdanovich N, Ducruet
T, Collet JP, Chalmers B, Hodnett E, Davidovsky S, Skugarevsky O,
Trofimovich O, Kozlova L, Shapiro S. 2008, Arch Gen Psychiatry., pp.
65(5):578-84. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.578.
[7] Breastfeeding, Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Colostrum,
and Infant Mental Development. Mònica Guxens, Michelle A. Mendez,
Carolina Moltó-Puigmartí, Jordi Julvez, Raquel García-Esteban, Joan
Forns, Muriel Ferrer, Martine Vrijheid, M. Carmen López-Sabater, Jordi
Sunyer,. 2011, Pediatrics, pp. VOLUME 128 / ISSUE 4, retrieved from
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/128/4/e880.
[8] Mjeshtëria e nënës - A dimë ta ushqejmëkrijesëntonë? Tushe Edi et al.
2000.
[9] The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in term and preterm infants and
breastfeeding mothers. WC, Heird. 2001, PediatrClin North Am., pp.
48(1):173-88.
[10] Effect of breast feeding on child development: Tasnim, Saria. 2014,
South East Asia Journal of Public Health, p. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v4i1.21831.
[11] Ages & Stages Questionnaries – A parent-Completed Child Monitoring
System, third edition. Psychometric studies of ASQ. Squires Jane, Ph.D,
Twombly Elizabeth, M.S., Bricher Diane, Ph.D, Potter LaWanda, M.S.,.
2009, p. retrieved from http://agesandstages.
com/pdfs/asq3_technical_report.pdf.
[12] Exclusive Breastfeeding and Developmental and Behavioral. Olof H.
Jonsdottir, Inga Thorsdottir,. s.l.: Nutrients, 2013. 5, 4414-4428;
doi:10.3390/nu5114414.
[13] Breast-feeding and cognitive development: a meta-analysis. James W
Anderson, Bryan M Johnstone, and Daniel T Remley. s.l.: American
Society for Clinical Nutrition, 1999. vol. 70 no. 4 525-535.
[14] Essential fatty acids in early life: structural and functional role. Uauy R,
Hoffman DR, Peirano P, Birch DG, Birch EE. s.l.: Lipids., 2001. Sep;
36(9):885-95. PMID: 11724460.
[15] Influence of breast-feeding on the infant's intelectual development.
Temboury MC, Otero A, Polanco I, Arribas E (1994) J Pediatr
GastroenterolNutr 18:32–36.
[16] Infant feeding and mental and motor development at 18 months of age in
first-born singletons. Florey C du, Leech AM, Blackhall A (1995) Int J
Epidemiol 24:S21–S26.
[17] Duration of breast-feeding and Bayley's mental developmental index at 1
year of age. Paine BJ, Makrides M, Gibson RA (1999) JPaediatr Health
34:82–85.
[18] Duration of breastfeeding and developmental milestones during the latter
half of infancy. Vestergaard M, Obel C, Henriksen TB, et al. (1999)
Acta Paediatr 88:1327–1332.
[19] Lianne J. Woodward, P. K.,Breastfeeding, and Child Psychosocial
Development. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. 2nd
edition, 2008. retrieved from: http://www.childencyclopedia.
com/breastfeeding/according-experts/breastfeeding-andchild-
psychosocial-development.
[20] Emla Fitzsimons, M. V.-h. Food for the Brain? Breastfeeding and Child
Development. CiteSeerX. 2013, retrieved from:
http://cep.lse.ac.uk/seminarpapers/28-06-13-MV.pdf.
[21] Breast-feeding and later cognitive and academic
outcomes. Horwood J, Fergusson D (1998) Pediatrics 101:e9.
[22] Association between breast feeding, child development and
behaviour.Golding J, Rogers IS, Emmett PM (1997) Early Hum
Dev 49:S175–S184.
[23] Feeding in infancy and later ability and attainment: a longitudinal study.
Rodgers B (1978) Dev Med Child Neurol 20:421–426.
[24] Breast feeding and cognitive development in the first 7 years of life.
Fergusson DM, Beautrais AL, Silva P (1982) SocSci Med 16:1705–
1708.
[25] Breast-feeding and child development at 5
years. Taylor B, Wadsworth J (1984) Dev Med Child Neurol 26:73–80.
[26] Breast feeding and cognitive development. Rogan WJ, Gladen BC
(1993) Early Hum Dev 31:181–193.
[27] Long-term associations with infant feeding in a clinically advantaged
population of babies. Pollock JI (1994) Dev Med Child Neurol 36:429–
440.
[28] Is breastfeeding beneficial and maternal smoking harmful to the
cognitive development of children? Niemelä A, Jarvenpaa AL (1996)
ActaPaediatr 85:1202–1206.
[29] Mother's choice to provide breast milk and developmental
outcome. Morley R, Cole TJ, Powell R, Lucas A (1988) Arch Dis Child
63:1382–1385.
[30] Early diet in preterm babies and developmental status at 18 months.
Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, et al. (1990) Lancet 335:1477–1481.
[31] Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born
preterm. Lucas A, Morley R (1992) Lancet 339:261–264.
[32] A Randomised Multicentre Study of Human Milk versus Formula and
Later Development in Preterm Infants. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ,
Gore SM (1994) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 70:F141–F146.
[33] Impact of breast milk on IQ, brain size and white matter development.
Isaacs, E. B., Fischl, B. R., Quinn, B. T., Chong, W. K., Gadian, D. G.,
& Lucas, A. (2010). Pediatric Research, 67(4), 357–362.
http://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181d026da
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:71497", author = "Aurela Saliaj and Majlinda Zahaj and Bruna Pura", title = "Long-Term Effect of Breastfeeding in Preschooler’s Psychomotor Development", abstract = "Background: Breast milk may impact early brain
development, with potentially important biological, medical and
social implications. There is an important discussion on which is the
adequate breastfeeding extension to the development consolidation
and how the children breastfeeding affects their psychomotor
development, in the first year of life, and in following periods as
well. Some special fats (LC PUFA) contained in breast milk play a
key role in the brain’s maturation and cognitive development or
social skills. These capacities created during breastfeeding time
would be unfolded throughout all lifespan. Aim of the study: In our research, we have studied the effect of
breastfeeding in preschooler's psychomotor assessment.
Method: This study was conducted in a sample of 158 preschool
children in Vlorë, Albania. We have measured the psychometric
parameters of preschoolers with ASQ-3 (Age&Stage Questionnaires-
3). The studied sample was divided in three groups according to their
breastfeeding duration (3, 6 and 12 months). Results: Children breastfed for only 3 months have definitely
lower psychometric scores compared to the ones with 6 or more
months of breastfeeding (respectively 217 to 239 ASQ-3 scores). Six
and twelvemonth breastfed children have progressively more odds to
have high levels of psychomotor development comparing to those
with only 3 months of breastfeeding. The most affected psychometric
domains by shortness of breastfeeding are Communication and
Global motor. Conclusion: This leads to conclusion that to ensure high
psychomotor parameters during childhood is necessary breastfeeding
for at least 6 months.
", keywords = "Breastfeeding, preschoolers, psycho-motor
development, psycho-motor domains.", volume = "9", number = "12", pages = "841-4", }
