In Vitro and Experimental Screening of Mangrove Herbal Extract against Vibrio Alginolyticus in Marine Ornamental Fish
Present study summarizes the control of Vibrio
alginolyticus infection in hatchery reared Clownfish, Amphiprion
sebae with the extract of the mangrove plant, Avicennia marina.
Fishes with visible symptoms of hemorrhagic spots were chosen and
the genomic DNA of the causative bacterium was isolated and
sequenced based on 16S rDNA gene. The in vitro assay revealed that
a fraction of A. marina leaf extract elucidated with ethyl acetate:
methanol (6:4) showed a high activity (28 mm) at 125 μg/ml
concentrations. About 4 % of the fraction fed along with live V.
alginolyticus was significantly decreased the cumulative mortality
(P<0.05) in the experimental groups than the control group. The
responsible fraction was investigated by gas chromatography - mass
spectroscopy and found the presence of active compounds. This is
the first research in India to control vibriosis infection in marine
ornamental fish with mangrove leaf extract.
[1] T. T. Ajithkumar, and T. Balasubramanian, Broodstock development,
spawning and larval rearing of the false clown fish, Amphiprion
ocellaris in captivity using estuarine water. Curr. sci. vol. 97, no.10,
2009, 1483-1486.
[2] V. Inglis, R. J. Roberts, and N. R. Bromage, Bacterial Diseases of Fish.
New York, NY, Halsted Press. 1993.
[3] Y. Danayadol, S. Direkbusarakom, and K. Supamattaya, Viral nervous
necrosis in brown spotted grouper, E. malabaricus, cultured in Thailand,
in: Shariff, M., Arthur, J.R., Subasinghe, R.P. (Eds.), Diseases in Asian
aquaculture. Fish health section. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, 1995,
pp. 227-233.
[4] G.T. Rijkers, A.G. Teunissen, R. Van Oosteron, and W.B. Van
Muiswinkel, The immune system of cyprinid fish: The immunosuppressive
effects of the antibiotic oxytetracycline in carp (Cyprinus
carpio L.). Aquaculture. 19, 1980, 177- 89.
[5] B. Robertsen, Modulation of the non-specific defence of fish by
structurally conserved microbial polymers. Fish & Shellfish. immunl. 9,
1999, 269 - 290.
[6] M. T. Fauvel, J. T. Gleye, and I. Fouraste, Phenylpropanoid glycosides
from Avicennia marina. Planta. Med. 59, 1993, 389.
[7] S. Kumaran, B. Deivasigamani, K. M. Alagappan, M. Sakthivel, and S.
Guru Prasad, Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas sp. KUMS3
from Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) with fin rot, World J. Microbiol.
Biotechnol. 26, 2010, 359-363
[8] A.W Bauer, W. M. M. Kirby, J. C. Sherris and M. Truck, Antibiotic
susceptibility testing by a standardised single disk method. American J.
Clinical Pathol. 45, 1966, 493-496.
[9] NCCLS, Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility test,
third ed. Approved standards, National Committee for Clinical
Laboratory Standards, Villa Nova, 1993.
[10] M. Boonyaratpalin, Nutritional requirements of grouper Epinephelus.
The Proceedings of Grouper Culture. National Institute of Coastal
Aquaculture.Thailand, 1993, pp. 50-55.
[11] K. K. Lee, S. R. Yu, T. I. Yand, P. C. Liu, and F. R. Chen, Isolation and
characterization of Vibrio alginolyticus from diseased kuruma prawn,
Penaeus japonicus. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 22, 1996, 111-114.
[12] K. Kathiresan, A review of studies on Pichavaram mangrove, southeast
India. Hydrobiol. 430, 2000, 185-205.
[13] W. M. Bandaranayake, Bioactives, bioactive compounds and chemical
constituents of mangrove plants. Wetland Ecol. Manage. 1, 2002, 42-
452.
[14] Y. Zhang, Y. Lu, L. Mao, P. Proksch, W. Lin, Tagalsins I and J, two
novel tetraterpenoids from the mangrove plant, Ceriops tagal. Org. Lett.
7, 2005, 3037-3040.
[15] C. Pakhathirathien, C. Karalai, C. Ponglimanot, S. Subhadhirasakul, and
K. Chantrapromma, Dammarane triterpenes from the hypocotyls and
fruits of Ceriops tagal. J. Nat. Prod. 68, 2005, 1787-1789.
[16] L. He, Y.S. Wang, and Q.J. Wang, In vitro antitumor activity of
triterpenes from Ceriops tagal. Nat. Prod. Res. 21, 2007, 1228-1233.
[17] J. Y. Wu, Q. Xiao, J. Xu, M.Y. Li, J.Y, Pan, and M. Yang, Natural
products from true mangrove flora: source, chemistry and bioactivities.
Nat. Prod. Rep. 25, 2008, 955-981.
[18] M. Chandrasekaran, V. Venkatesalu, S. Sivasankari, K. Kannathasan, A.
K. Sajit, Khan, K. Prabhakar, S. Rajendran, and Y. Lakshmi Sarayu,
Antibacterial activity of certain mangroves against methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus. Seaweed Res. Utiln. 28, 2006, 165-170.
[19] T. Itami, M. Asano, K. Tokushige, K. Kubono, A. Nakagawa, N.
Takeno, H. Nishimura, M. Maeda, M. Kondo, and Y. Takahashi,
Enhancement of disease resistance of kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus
after oral administration of peptidoglycan derived from Bifidobacterium
thermophilum. Aquaculture. 164, 1998, 277-288.
[20] T. Citarasu, R. R. Sekar, M. M. Babu, and M. P. Marian, Developing
Artemia enriched herbal diet for producing quality larvae in Penaeus
monodon. Asian Fish. Sci. 15, 2002, 21-32.
[21] M. M. Babu, and M. P. Marian, Developing bioencapsulated herbal
products for maturation and quality larval production in Penaeus
monodon (L.), in: Hendry, C., Van Stappen, G., Wille, M., Sorgeloos, P.
(Eds.), 3rd fish and Shell fish Larviculture symposium. Spec. Publ. Eur.
Aquacul Soc. 30, 2001, pp. 40-43.
[22] V. Jayaprakas, and J. Eupharsia, Growth performance of Labeo rohita
(Ham.) Livol (IHF- 000), an herbal product. Proc. Ind. Natl. Sci. Acad.
63(2), 1996, 1-10.
[23] U. Kokpol, W. Chavasiri, V. Chittawong, and D.H. Miles, Taraxeryl cisp-
hydroxycinnamate, a novel taraxeryl from Rhizophora mucronata. J.
Nat. Prod. 53, 1990, 953-955.
[24] S. D. Killops, and N.L. Frewin, Triterpenoid diagenesis and cuticular
preservation. Org. Geochem. 21, 1994, 1193-1209.
[25] B.P. Koch, J. Rullkotter, and R.J. Lara, Evaluation of triterpenols and
sterols as organic matter biomarkers in a mangrove ecosystem in
northern Brazil. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 11, 2003, 257-263.
[26] G. J. M. Versteegh, E. Scheful, L. Dupont, F. Marret, J. S. S. Damste,
and J. H. R. Jansen, Taraxerol and Rhizophora pollen as proxies for
tracking past mangrove ecosystems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 68,
2004, 411-422.
[27] S. Laphookhieo, C Karalai, and C Ponglimanont, New sesquiterpenoid
and triterpenoids from the fruits of Rhizophora mucronata. Chem.
Pharm. Bull. 52, 2004, 883-885.
[1] T. T. Ajithkumar, and T. Balasubramanian, Broodstock development,
spawning and larval rearing of the false clown fish, Amphiprion
ocellaris in captivity using estuarine water. Curr. sci. vol. 97, no.10,
2009, 1483-1486.
[2] V. Inglis, R. J. Roberts, and N. R. Bromage, Bacterial Diseases of Fish.
New York, NY, Halsted Press. 1993.
[3] Y. Danayadol, S. Direkbusarakom, and K. Supamattaya, Viral nervous
necrosis in brown spotted grouper, E. malabaricus, cultured in Thailand,
in: Shariff, M., Arthur, J.R., Subasinghe, R.P. (Eds.), Diseases in Asian
aquaculture. Fish health section. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, 1995,
pp. 227-233.
[4] G.T. Rijkers, A.G. Teunissen, R. Van Oosteron, and W.B. Van
Muiswinkel, The immune system of cyprinid fish: The immunosuppressive
effects of the antibiotic oxytetracycline in carp (Cyprinus
carpio L.). Aquaculture. 19, 1980, 177- 89.
[5] B. Robertsen, Modulation of the non-specific defence of fish by
structurally conserved microbial polymers. Fish & Shellfish. immunl. 9,
1999, 269 - 290.
[6] M. T. Fauvel, J. T. Gleye, and I. Fouraste, Phenylpropanoid glycosides
from Avicennia marina. Planta. Med. 59, 1993, 389.
[7] S. Kumaran, B. Deivasigamani, K. M. Alagappan, M. Sakthivel, and S.
Guru Prasad, Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas sp. KUMS3
from Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) with fin rot, World J. Microbiol.
Biotechnol. 26, 2010, 359-363
[8] A.W Bauer, W. M. M. Kirby, J. C. Sherris and M. Truck, Antibiotic
susceptibility testing by a standardised single disk method. American J.
Clinical Pathol. 45, 1966, 493-496.
[9] NCCLS, Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility test,
third ed. Approved standards, National Committee for Clinical
Laboratory Standards, Villa Nova, 1993.
[10] M. Boonyaratpalin, Nutritional requirements of grouper Epinephelus.
The Proceedings of Grouper Culture. National Institute of Coastal
Aquaculture.Thailand, 1993, pp. 50-55.
[11] K. K. Lee, S. R. Yu, T. I. Yand, P. C. Liu, and F. R. Chen, Isolation and
characterization of Vibrio alginolyticus from diseased kuruma prawn,
Penaeus japonicus. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 22, 1996, 111-114.
[12] K. Kathiresan, A review of studies on Pichavaram mangrove, southeast
India. Hydrobiol. 430, 2000, 185-205.
[13] W. M. Bandaranayake, Bioactives, bioactive compounds and chemical
constituents of mangrove plants. Wetland Ecol. Manage. 1, 2002, 42-
452.
[14] Y. Zhang, Y. Lu, L. Mao, P. Proksch, W. Lin, Tagalsins I and J, two
novel tetraterpenoids from the mangrove plant, Ceriops tagal. Org. Lett.
7, 2005, 3037-3040.
[15] C. Pakhathirathien, C. Karalai, C. Ponglimanot, S. Subhadhirasakul, and
K. Chantrapromma, Dammarane triterpenes from the hypocotyls and
fruits of Ceriops tagal. J. Nat. Prod. 68, 2005, 1787-1789.
[16] L. He, Y.S. Wang, and Q.J. Wang, In vitro antitumor activity of
triterpenes from Ceriops tagal. Nat. Prod. Res. 21, 2007, 1228-1233.
[17] J. Y. Wu, Q. Xiao, J. Xu, M.Y. Li, J.Y, Pan, and M. Yang, Natural
products from true mangrove flora: source, chemistry and bioactivities.
Nat. Prod. Rep. 25, 2008, 955-981.
[18] M. Chandrasekaran, V. Venkatesalu, S. Sivasankari, K. Kannathasan, A.
K. Sajit, Khan, K. Prabhakar, S. Rajendran, and Y. Lakshmi Sarayu,
Antibacterial activity of certain mangroves against methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus. Seaweed Res. Utiln. 28, 2006, 165-170.
[19] T. Itami, M. Asano, K. Tokushige, K. Kubono, A. Nakagawa, N.
Takeno, H. Nishimura, M. Maeda, M. Kondo, and Y. Takahashi,
Enhancement of disease resistance of kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus
after oral administration of peptidoglycan derived from Bifidobacterium
thermophilum. Aquaculture. 164, 1998, 277-288.
[20] T. Citarasu, R. R. Sekar, M. M. Babu, and M. P. Marian, Developing
Artemia enriched herbal diet for producing quality larvae in Penaeus
monodon. Asian Fish. Sci. 15, 2002, 21-32.
[21] M. M. Babu, and M. P. Marian, Developing bioencapsulated herbal
products for maturation and quality larval production in Penaeus
monodon (L.), in: Hendry, C., Van Stappen, G., Wille, M., Sorgeloos, P.
(Eds.), 3rd fish and Shell fish Larviculture symposium. Spec. Publ. Eur.
Aquacul Soc. 30, 2001, pp. 40-43.
[22] V. Jayaprakas, and J. Eupharsia, Growth performance of Labeo rohita
(Ham.) Livol (IHF- 000), an herbal product. Proc. Ind. Natl. Sci. Acad.
63(2), 1996, 1-10.
[23] U. Kokpol, W. Chavasiri, V. Chittawong, and D.H. Miles, Taraxeryl cisp-
hydroxycinnamate, a novel taraxeryl from Rhizophora mucronata. J.
Nat. Prod. 53, 1990, 953-955.
[24] S. D. Killops, and N.L. Frewin, Triterpenoid diagenesis and cuticular
preservation. Org. Geochem. 21, 1994, 1193-1209.
[25] B.P. Koch, J. Rullkotter, and R.J. Lara, Evaluation of triterpenols and
sterols as organic matter biomarkers in a mangrove ecosystem in
northern Brazil. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 11, 2003, 257-263.
[26] G. J. M. Versteegh, E. Scheful, L. Dupont, F. Marret, J. S. S. Damste,
and J. H. R. Jansen, Taraxerol and Rhizophora pollen as proxies for
tracking past mangrove ecosystems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 68,
2004, 411-422.
[27] S. Laphookhieo, C Karalai, and C Ponglimanont, New sesquiterpenoid
and triterpenoids from the fruits of Rhizophora mucronata. Chem.
Pharm. Bull. 52, 2004, 883-885.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:61448", author = "N. B. Dhayanithi and T. T. Ajith Kumar and T. Balasubramanian", title = "In Vitro and Experimental Screening of Mangrove Herbal Extract against Vibrio Alginolyticus in Marine Ornamental Fish", abstract = "Present study summarizes the control of Vibrio
alginolyticus infection in hatchery reared Clownfish, Amphiprion
sebae with the extract of the mangrove plant, Avicennia marina.
Fishes with visible symptoms of hemorrhagic spots were chosen and
the genomic DNA of the causative bacterium was isolated and
sequenced based on 16S rDNA gene. The in vitro assay revealed that
a fraction of A. marina leaf extract elucidated with ethyl acetate:
methanol (6:4) showed a high activity (28 mm) at 125 μg/ml
concentrations. About 4 % of the fraction fed along with live V.
alginolyticus was significantly decreased the cumulative mortality
(P", keywords = "Amphiprion seabe, Avicennia marina, Gas
Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy, Vibrio alginolyticus", volume = "6", number = "8", pages = "616-5", }
