The enthusiasm for gluten avoidance in a growing
market is met by improvements in sensitive detection methods for
analysing gluten content. Paradoxically, manufacturers employ no
such systems in the production process but continue to market their
product as gluten free, a significant risk posed to an undetermined
coeliac population. This paper resonates with an immunological
response that causes gastrointestinal scarring and villous atrophy with
the conventional description of personal injury. This thesis divulges
into evaluating potential inadequacies of gluten labelling laws which
not only present a diagnostic challenge for general practitioners in the
UK but it also exposes a less than adequate form of available legal
protection to those who suffer adverse reactions as a result of gluten
digestion. Central to this discussion is whether a claim brought in
misrepresentation, negligence and/or under the Consumer Protection
Act 1987 could be sustained. An interesting comparison is then made
with the legal regimes of neighboring jurisdictions furthering the
theme of a legally un-catered for gluten kingdom.
[1] S. Guandalin, “A brief history of celiac disease,”’ (2007) 7, 3 Impact
http://www.cureceliacdisease.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/
SU07CeliacCtr.News_.pdf accessed 4 July 2014.
[2] K.Czapp, “The history of how wheat became toxic,” (2006)
<http://maninisglutenfreeblog.com/2011/07/05/the-history-of-howwheat-
became-toxic></http:> accessed 4 July 2014.
[3] “Coeliac UK,” (2014) https://www.coeliac.org.uk/coeliac-disease/aboutcoeliac-
disease-and-dermatitis-herpetiformis/ accessed 4 July 2014.
[4] “Coeliac disease diet sheet,” (2014) <http://www.patient.co.uk/health/
coeliac-disease-diet-sheet> accessed 4 July 2014.
[5] R.Khamsi, “Gluten sensitivity may be a misnomer for distinct illness to
various wheat proteins,” (2014) Scientific American Tm 310, 2,
<http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gluten-sensitivity-may-be-amisnomer-
for-distinct-illnesses-to-various-wheat-proteins></http:> accessed 4
July 2014.
[6] P. Gannon, “Gluten-Intolerant: Myth, meme or epidemic?” (2012)
http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/gluten-intolerant-myth-meme-orepidemic>
accessed 4 July 2014.
[7] “Coeliac UK,”(2014)<https://www.coeliac.org.uk/gluten-free-diet-andlifestyle/
food-shopping/law-on-gluten-free></https:> accessed 4 July 2014.
[8] S. Ghaiwal, “Nut-free assurance proves fatal,”(2014) 16 (2) Food Safety
Newsletter < Food Safety Newsletter/Volume 16/Issue 2, 1 April
2014/News/Nut-free assurance proves fatal - (2014) 16(2) Food Safety
Newsletter 7-8> accessed 27 July 2014.
[9] “Pret A Manager,” (2014) <http://www.pret.com/files/uk/nutritionals/
allergen_guide_%20what_i_can_eat_june_2014.pdf> accessed 4 July
2014.
[10] N. Robinson and B. Brickle, “Warning labels: Science and the law,”
(1992) 142 NLJ < The New Law Journal/1992 Volume 142/Issue 6536,
January/Articles/Warning labels: Science and the law - 142 NLJ 83>
accessed 27 July 2014.
[11] K.Tannenbaum, “Jamie oliver’s restaurant fined $14,000 for mistakenly
serving gluten pasta to celiac sufferer,” (2013) <http://www.delish.com/
food/recalls-reviews/celiac-woman-sues-jamie-oliver-restaurant-forbeing-
served-gluten-based-pasta> accessed 4 July 2014.
[12] “Symptoms of coeliac disease,” (2014) <http://www.nhs.uk/
Conditions/Coeliac-disease/Pages/symptoms.aspx> accessed 14 July
2014.
[13] “Symptoms,” (2014) <https://www.coeliac.org.uk/coeliac-disease/aboutcoeliac-
disease-and-dermatitis-herpetiformis/symptoms></https:> accessed 14
July 2014.
[14] “Symptoms of coeliac disease,” (2014) http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/
Coeliac-disease/Pages/Complications.aspx accessed 14 July 2014.
[15] Roscorla v Thomas(1842) 3 QB 234.
[16] Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893) 1 QB 256.
[17] Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon (1976) EWCA Civ 4.
[18] Tapp v Lee(1803) B & P 367.
[19] Trail v Baring (1864) 4 Giff D.J. & S. 318.
[20] JEB Fasteners Ltd v Marks Bloom & Co (1983) 1 All ER 583.
[21] Smith v Eric Bush (1990) 1 AC 831.
[22] Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1.
[23] Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459.
[24] Smith v Chadwick (1884)9 App Cas 187.
[25] Derry v Peek(1889) 14 App Cas 337.
[26] Thomas Witter Ltd v T.B.P. Industries Ltd (1996) 2 All E.R. 573.
[27] Standard Chartered Bank v Pakistan National Shipping Corp (1995) 2
Lloyd's Rep 365.
[28] Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd (1964) AC 465.
[29] Zanzibar v BritishAerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd (2000) The
Times, 28 March.
[30] Leaf v International Galleries (1950) 2 KB 86.
[31] United Shoe Machinery Co. v Brunette(1909) A.C. 330.
[32] Misrepresentation Act 1967, S 2 8-(2).
[33] M. A. Jones, Textbook on Torts, Textbook (8thedn., OUP New York
2007) pp. 467–468.
[34] Bharma v Dubb(trading as Lucky Caterers) (2010).
[35] J. O’Sullivan, “From snail to egg: Duty of care, fault and food allergies,”
(2010) 69 Cambridge Law Journal < The Cambridge Law Journal/2010 -
Volume 69/Issue 3, 1 November/Case Notes/From Snail to Egg: Duty of
Care, Fault and Food Allergies - The Cambridge Law Journal, 69
(2010), pp 435-438> accessed 27 July 2014.
[36] Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562.
[37] D.Oughton, J Marston & B. Harvey, Law of Torts, (4thedn., OUP New
York) pp. 137–138.
[38] Davie v New Merton Board Mills (1959) AC 604.
[39] Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1936) A.C. 85.
[40] Herschtal v Stewart and Arden Ltd (1940) 1 KB 155.
[41] Holmes v Ashford and Others (1950) 2 All ER 76.
[42] Vacwell Engineering Co Ltd v BDH Chemicals Ltd (1971) 1 QB 88.
[43] J. Anderson, “Gluten in Toothpaste – should I worry?” (2014)
<http://celiacdisease.about.com/od/GlutenFreePersonalCareProducts/a/G
luten-In-Toothpaste-Should-I-Worry.htm> accessed 4 July 2014.
[44] Evans v Triplex Safety Glass Co (1936) 1 All ER 283.
[45] Smith v Leech Brain & Co (1962) 2 QB 405.
[46] K.Tannenbaum, “Jamie Oliver’s Restaurant Fined $14,000 for
Mistakenly Serving Gluten Pasta to Celiac Sufferer,” (2013)
<http://www.delish.com/food/recalls-reviews/celiac-woman-sues-jamieoliver-
restaurant-for-being-served-gluten-based-pasta> accessed 4 July
2014.
[47] Daniels and Daniels v R White & Dons Ltd and Tabbard(1938) 4 All
E.R. 258.
[48] J. Murphy and C. Witting, Street on Torts (13thedn OUP 2012) pp.423–
424.
[49] Grant v The Australian Knitting Mills (1936) A.C. 562.
[50] CPA 1987 s 2 (1).
[51] CPA 1987 s 2.
[52] CPA 1987 s 1 (2)(a).
[53] A & Others v National Blood Authority & Others (2001) 3 All ER 289.
[54] A. McAdams, “Product liability law and the consumer a new era?”
(2001) 151 NLJ 647 < The New Law Journal/2001 Volume 151/Issue
6982, May/Articles/Product liability law and the consumer a new era? -
151 NLJ 647> accessed 27 July 2014.
[55] Consumer Protection Act 1987 s 3 (2).
[56] European Commission v UK(1997) All ER (EC) 481.
[57] Abouzaid v Mothercare(UK)Ltd(2000) WL 1918530.
[58] Pollard v Tesco Stores Ltd(2006) EWCA Civ 393.
[59] K. Horsey and E.Rackley, Tort Law, (3rded OUP 2013) pp.587–588.
[60] Fosterv Biosil (2001) 59 BMLR 178.
[61] A. R. Calem and F. C. Morris, “DOJ serves notice: Celiac disease and
serve allergies now classified as disabilities under the ADA-far-reaching
implications or virtually every facility serving food,” (2013)
<http://www.ebglaw.com/showclientadvisory.aspx?Show=16971>
accessed 4 July 2014.
[1] S. Guandalin, “A brief history of celiac disease,”’ (2007) 7, 3 Impact
http://www.cureceliacdisease.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/
SU07CeliacCtr.News_.pdf accessed 4 July 2014.
[2] K.Czapp, “The history of how wheat became toxic,” (2006)
<http://maninisglutenfreeblog.com/2011/07/05/the-history-of-howwheat-
became-toxic></http:> accessed 4 July 2014.
[3] “Coeliac UK,” (2014) https://www.coeliac.org.uk/coeliac-disease/aboutcoeliac-
disease-and-dermatitis-herpetiformis/ accessed 4 July 2014.
[4] “Coeliac disease diet sheet,” (2014) <http://www.patient.co.uk/health/
coeliac-disease-diet-sheet> accessed 4 July 2014.
[5] R.Khamsi, “Gluten sensitivity may be a misnomer for distinct illness to
various wheat proteins,” (2014) Scientific American Tm 310, 2,
<http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gluten-sensitivity-may-be-amisnomer-
for-distinct-illnesses-to-various-wheat-proteins></http:> accessed 4
July 2014.
[6] P. Gannon, “Gluten-Intolerant: Myth, meme or epidemic?” (2012)
http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/gluten-intolerant-myth-meme-orepidemic>
accessed 4 July 2014.
[7] “Coeliac UK,”(2014)<https://www.coeliac.org.uk/gluten-free-diet-andlifestyle/
food-shopping/law-on-gluten-free></https:> accessed 4 July 2014.
[8] S. Ghaiwal, “Nut-free assurance proves fatal,”(2014) 16 (2) Food Safety
Newsletter < Food Safety Newsletter/Volume 16/Issue 2, 1 April
2014/News/Nut-free assurance proves fatal - (2014) 16(2) Food Safety
Newsletter 7-8> accessed 27 July 2014.
[9] “Pret A Manager,” (2014) <http://www.pret.com/files/uk/nutritionals/
allergen_guide_%20what_i_can_eat_june_2014.pdf> accessed 4 July
2014.
[10] N. Robinson and B. Brickle, “Warning labels: Science and the law,”
(1992) 142 NLJ < The New Law Journal/1992 Volume 142/Issue 6536,
January/Articles/Warning labels: Science and the law - 142 NLJ 83>
accessed 27 July 2014.
[11] K.Tannenbaum, “Jamie oliver’s restaurant fined $14,000 for mistakenly
serving gluten pasta to celiac sufferer,” (2013) <http://www.delish.com/
food/recalls-reviews/celiac-woman-sues-jamie-oliver-restaurant-forbeing-
served-gluten-based-pasta> accessed 4 July 2014.
[12] “Symptoms of coeliac disease,” (2014) <http://www.nhs.uk/
Conditions/Coeliac-disease/Pages/symptoms.aspx> accessed 14 July
2014.
[13] “Symptoms,” (2014) <https://www.coeliac.org.uk/coeliac-disease/aboutcoeliac-
disease-and-dermatitis-herpetiformis/symptoms></https:> accessed 14
July 2014.
[14] “Symptoms of coeliac disease,” (2014) http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/
Coeliac-disease/Pages/Complications.aspx accessed 14 July 2014.
[15] Roscorla v Thomas(1842) 3 QB 234.
[16] Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893) 1 QB 256.
[17] Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon (1976) EWCA Civ 4.
[18] Tapp v Lee(1803) B & P 367.
[19] Trail v Baring (1864) 4 Giff D.J. & S. 318.
[20] JEB Fasteners Ltd v Marks Bloom & Co (1983) 1 All ER 583.
[21] Smith v Eric Bush (1990) 1 AC 831.
[22] Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1.
[23] Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459.
[24] Smith v Chadwick (1884)9 App Cas 187.
[25] Derry v Peek(1889) 14 App Cas 337.
[26] Thomas Witter Ltd v T.B.P. Industries Ltd (1996) 2 All E.R. 573.
[27] Standard Chartered Bank v Pakistan National Shipping Corp (1995) 2
Lloyd's Rep 365.
[28] Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd (1964) AC 465.
[29] Zanzibar v BritishAerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd (2000) The
Times, 28 March.
[30] Leaf v International Galleries (1950) 2 KB 86.
[31] United Shoe Machinery Co. v Brunette(1909) A.C. 330.
[32] Misrepresentation Act 1967, S 2 8-(2).
[33] M. A. Jones, Textbook on Torts, Textbook (8thedn., OUP New York
2007) pp. 467–468.
[34] Bharma v Dubb(trading as Lucky Caterers) (2010).
[35] J. O’Sullivan, “From snail to egg: Duty of care, fault and food allergies,”
(2010) 69 Cambridge Law Journal < The Cambridge Law Journal/2010 -
Volume 69/Issue 3, 1 November/Case Notes/From Snail to Egg: Duty of
Care, Fault and Food Allergies - The Cambridge Law Journal, 69
(2010), pp 435-438> accessed 27 July 2014.
[36] Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562.
[37] D.Oughton, J Marston & B. Harvey, Law of Torts, (4thedn., OUP New
York) pp. 137–138.
[38] Davie v New Merton Board Mills (1959) AC 604.
[39] Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1936) A.C. 85.
[40] Herschtal v Stewart and Arden Ltd (1940) 1 KB 155.
[41] Holmes v Ashford and Others (1950) 2 All ER 76.
[42] Vacwell Engineering Co Ltd v BDH Chemicals Ltd (1971) 1 QB 88.
[43] J. Anderson, “Gluten in Toothpaste – should I worry?” (2014)
<http://celiacdisease.about.com/od/GlutenFreePersonalCareProducts/a/G
luten-In-Toothpaste-Should-I-Worry.htm> accessed 4 July 2014.
[44] Evans v Triplex Safety Glass Co (1936) 1 All ER 283.
[45] Smith v Leech Brain & Co (1962) 2 QB 405.
[46] K.Tannenbaum, “Jamie Oliver’s Restaurant Fined $14,000 for
Mistakenly Serving Gluten Pasta to Celiac Sufferer,” (2013)
<http://www.delish.com/food/recalls-reviews/celiac-woman-sues-jamieoliver-
restaurant-for-being-served-gluten-based-pasta> accessed 4 July
2014.
[47] Daniels and Daniels v R White & Dons Ltd and Tabbard(1938) 4 All
E.R. 258.
[48] J. Murphy and C. Witting, Street on Torts (13thedn OUP 2012) pp.423–
424.
[49] Grant v The Australian Knitting Mills (1936) A.C. 562.
[50] CPA 1987 s 2 (1).
[51] CPA 1987 s 2.
[52] CPA 1987 s 1 (2)(a).
[53] A & Others v National Blood Authority & Others (2001) 3 All ER 289.
[54] A. McAdams, “Product liability law and the consumer a new era?”
(2001) 151 NLJ 647 < The New Law Journal/2001 Volume 151/Issue
6982, May/Articles/Product liability law and the consumer a new era? -
151 NLJ 647> accessed 27 July 2014.
[55] Consumer Protection Act 1987 s 3 (2).
[56] European Commission v UK(1997) All ER (EC) 481.
[57] Abouzaid v Mothercare(UK)Ltd(2000) WL 1918530.
[58] Pollard v Tesco Stores Ltd(2006) EWCA Civ 393.
[59] K. Horsey and E.Rackley, Tort Law, (3rded OUP 2013) pp.587–588.
[60] Fosterv Biosil (2001) 59 BMLR 178.
[61] A. R. Calem and F. C. Morris, “DOJ serves notice: Celiac disease and
serve allergies now classified as disabilities under the ADA-far-reaching
implications or virtually every facility serving food,” (2013)
<http://www.ebglaw.com/showclientadvisory.aspx?Show=16971>
accessed 4 July 2014.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:54503", author = "Mohammed Saleem Tariq", title = "In Search of New Laws for a Gluten Kingdom", abstract = "The enthusiasm for gluten avoidance in a growing
market is met by improvements in sensitive detection methods for
analysing gluten content. Paradoxically, manufacturers employ no
such systems in the production process but continue to market their
product as gluten free, a significant risk posed to an undetermined
coeliac population. This paper resonates with an immunological
response that causes gastrointestinal scarring and villous atrophy with
the conventional description of personal injury. This thesis divulges
into evaluating potential inadequacies of gluten labelling laws which
not only present a diagnostic challenge for general practitioners in the
UK but it also exposes a less than adequate form of available legal
protection to those who suffer adverse reactions as a result of gluten
digestion. Central to this discussion is whether a claim brought in
misrepresentation, negligence and/or under the Consumer Protection
Act 1987 could be sustained. An interesting comparison is then made
with the legal regimes of neighboring jurisdictions furthering the
theme of a legally un-catered for gluten kingdom.
", keywords = "Coeliac, litigation, misrepresentation, negligence.", volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "3200-7", }
