Evaluation of the Hepatitis C Virus and Classical and Modern Immunoassays Used Nowadays to Diagnose It in Tirana
HCV is a hepatotropic RNA virus, transmitted primarily via the blood route, which causes progressive disease such as chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV nowadays is a global healthcare problem. A variety of immunoassays including old and new technologies are being applied to detect HCV in our country. These methods include Immunochromatography assays (ICA), Fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), Enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELFA), and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect HCV antibodies in blood serum, which lately is being slowly replaced by more sensitive methods such as rapid automated analyzer chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). The aim of this study is to estimate HCV infection in carriers and chronic acute patients and to evaluate the use of new diagnostic methods. This study was realized from September 2016 to May 2018. During this study period, 2913 patients were analyzed for the presence of HCV by taking samples from their blood serum. The immunoassays performed were ICA, FIA, ELFA, ELISA, and CLIA assays. Concluding, 82% of patients taken in this study, resulted infected with HCV. Diagnostic methods in clinical laboratories are crucial in the early stages of infection, in the management of chronic hepatitis and in the treatment of patients during their disease.
[1] Damen M, Cuypers H T M, Zaaijer H W, Reesink H W, Schaasberg W P, Gerlich W H, Niesters H G M, Lelie P N. International collaborative study on the second EUROHEP HCV-RNA reference panel. J Virol Methods. 1996; 58:175–185 (PubMed).
[2] Fabris P, Baldo V, Baldovin T, et al. Changing epidemiology of HCV and HBV infections in Northern Italy; a survey in the general population. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42: 527–532.
[3] Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Zachoval R, Gruener NH, Jung MC, Ulsenheimer A, et al. Acute hepatitis C: high rate of both spontaneous and treatmentinduced viral clearance. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(1):80–8.
[4] Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. Diagnosis, management,and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology 2009; 49:1335–74.
[5] Gheorghe L, Csiki I. E, Iacob S, Gheorghe C, Smira G, Regep L. The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adult Population in Romania: A Nationwide Survey 2006 – 2008. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis December 2010 Vol.19 No 4, 373-379
[6] Guadagnino V, Stroffolini T, Rapicetta M, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in the general population: a community-based survey in southern Italy. Hepatology 1997; 26: 1006-1011.
[7] Hayashi J, Kishihara Y, Ueno K, et al. Age-related response to interferon alfa treatment in women vs men with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Intern Med. 1998; 158: 177-181.
[8] Hepatitis C (Internet). World Health Organization. 2017 (cited 22 August 2017). Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/ fs164/en/.
[9] Hyun J, Ko DH, Kang HJ, Whang DH, Cha YJ, Kim HS. Evaluation of the VIDAS Anti-HCV Assay for Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Ann Lab Med. 2016;36(6):550–554. doi:10.3343/alm.2016.36.6.550
[10] Kalem F, Yüksekkaya S, Türk D H., et al. Comparative evaluation of automated chemiluminescence tests and RIBA assay used inHCV diagnosis. Biomedical Research. April 2016;27(4):1261-1264.
[11] Kim S, Kim J, Yoon S., et al. Clinical Performance Evaluation of Four Automated Chemiluminescence Immunoassay for Hepatitis C Virus Detection. J. Clin. Microbiol. December 2008;46:3919-3923.
[12] Majumder P, Shetty A. K. Comparison between ELISA and chemiluminescence immunoassay for the detection of Hepatitis C virus antibody. Indian J Microbiol Res 2017;4(4):353-357. DOI: 10.18231/2394-5478.2017.0078
[13] Neda S, Delic D, Simonovic J, Jevtovic D, Dokic L, Gvozdenovic E, Boricic I, Terzic D, Pavic S, Neskovic G, Sonja Zerjav S, Urban V. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Serbia and Montenegro: The prevalence and clinical significance. World J Gastroenterol 2007 January 21; 13(3): 355-360.
[14] P. Dzekova, A. Slavkovska, L. Simjanovska, I. Nikolov, A.et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in dialysis patients. BANTAO Journal 2006: 4 (1): 6.
[15] Park Y, Lee J, Kim B., et al. New Automated Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen Assay as an Alternative to Real-Time PCR for HCV RNA Quantification. J. Clin Microbiol. June 2010;48: 2253-2245.
[16] Seme K, Vrhovac M, Mocilnik T, Maticic M, Lesnicar G, Baklan Z, Volkar JM, Rajter M, Stepec S, Lunar M, Poljak M. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in 1,504 patients in Slovenia, 1993-2007. J Med Virol. 2009 Apr; 81(4):634-9.
[17] Shang G, Seed CR, Wang F, Nie D, Farrugia A. Residual risk of transfusion transmitted viral infections in Shenzhen, China, 2001 through 2004. Transfusion 2007; 47:529-39.
[18] Tashkandy, M. A., Khodari, Y. A., Ibrahim, A. M., Dhafar, K. O., Gazzaz, Z. J., and Azab, B. A. (2007) Evaluation of the available anti-HCV antibody detection tests and RT-PCR assay in the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection. Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl. 18, 523–531.
[19] Thomson EC, Fleming VM, Main J, Klenerman P, Weber J, Eliahoo J, et al.Predicting spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus in a large cohort of HIV- 1-infected men. Gut. 2011; 60 (6):837–45.
[20] Zameer M, Shazad F, Saeed M., et al. Comparison between ELISA and ICT techniques for the detection of Anti HCV antibody among blood donors. Biomedica 2016;32:4.
[1] Damen M, Cuypers H T M, Zaaijer H W, Reesink H W, Schaasberg W P, Gerlich W H, Niesters H G M, Lelie P N. International collaborative study on the second EUROHEP HCV-RNA reference panel. J Virol Methods. 1996; 58:175–185 (PubMed).
[2] Fabris P, Baldo V, Baldovin T, et al. Changing epidemiology of HCV and HBV infections in Northern Italy; a survey in the general population. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42: 527–532.
[3] Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Zachoval R, Gruener NH, Jung MC, Ulsenheimer A, et al. Acute hepatitis C: high rate of both spontaneous and treatmentinduced viral clearance. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(1):80–8.
[4] Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. Diagnosis, management,and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology 2009; 49:1335–74.
[5] Gheorghe L, Csiki I. E, Iacob S, Gheorghe C, Smira G, Regep L. The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adult Population in Romania: A Nationwide Survey 2006 – 2008. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis December 2010 Vol.19 No 4, 373-379
[6] Guadagnino V, Stroffolini T, Rapicetta M, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in the general population: a community-based survey in southern Italy. Hepatology 1997; 26: 1006-1011.
[7] Hayashi J, Kishihara Y, Ueno K, et al. Age-related response to interferon alfa treatment in women vs men with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Intern Med. 1998; 158: 177-181.
[8] Hepatitis C (Internet). World Health Organization. 2017 (cited 22 August 2017). Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/ fs164/en/.
[9] Hyun J, Ko DH, Kang HJ, Whang DH, Cha YJ, Kim HS. Evaluation of the VIDAS Anti-HCV Assay for Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Ann Lab Med. 2016;36(6):550–554. doi:10.3343/alm.2016.36.6.550
[10] Kalem F, Yüksekkaya S, Türk D H., et al. Comparative evaluation of automated chemiluminescence tests and RIBA assay used inHCV diagnosis. Biomedical Research. April 2016;27(4):1261-1264.
[11] Kim S, Kim J, Yoon S., et al. Clinical Performance Evaluation of Four Automated Chemiluminescence Immunoassay for Hepatitis C Virus Detection. J. Clin. Microbiol. December 2008;46:3919-3923.
[12] Majumder P, Shetty A. K. Comparison between ELISA and chemiluminescence immunoassay for the detection of Hepatitis C virus antibody. Indian J Microbiol Res 2017;4(4):353-357. DOI: 10.18231/2394-5478.2017.0078
[13] Neda S, Delic D, Simonovic J, Jevtovic D, Dokic L, Gvozdenovic E, Boricic I, Terzic D, Pavic S, Neskovic G, Sonja Zerjav S, Urban V. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Serbia and Montenegro: The prevalence and clinical significance. World J Gastroenterol 2007 January 21; 13(3): 355-360.
[14] P. Dzekova, A. Slavkovska, L. Simjanovska, I. Nikolov, A.et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in dialysis patients. BANTAO Journal 2006: 4 (1): 6.
[15] Park Y, Lee J, Kim B., et al. New Automated Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen Assay as an Alternative to Real-Time PCR for HCV RNA Quantification. J. Clin Microbiol. June 2010;48: 2253-2245.
[16] Seme K, Vrhovac M, Mocilnik T, Maticic M, Lesnicar G, Baklan Z, Volkar JM, Rajter M, Stepec S, Lunar M, Poljak M. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in 1,504 patients in Slovenia, 1993-2007. J Med Virol. 2009 Apr; 81(4):634-9.
[17] Shang G, Seed CR, Wang F, Nie D, Farrugia A. Residual risk of transfusion transmitted viral infections in Shenzhen, China, 2001 through 2004. Transfusion 2007; 47:529-39.
[18] Tashkandy, M. A., Khodari, Y. A., Ibrahim, A. M., Dhafar, K. O., Gazzaz, Z. J., and Azab, B. A. (2007) Evaluation of the available anti-HCV antibody detection tests and RT-PCR assay in the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection. Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl. 18, 523–531.
[19] Thomson EC, Fleming VM, Main J, Klenerman P, Weber J, Eliahoo J, et al.Predicting spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus in a large cohort of HIV- 1-infected men. Gut. 2011; 60 (6):837–45.
[20] Zameer M, Shazad F, Saeed M., et al. Comparison between ELISA and ICT techniques for the detection of Anti HCV antibody among blood donors. Biomedica 2016;32:4.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:79280", author = "Stela Papa and Klementina Puto and Migena Pllaha", title = "Evaluation of the Hepatitis C Virus and Classical and Modern Immunoassays Used Nowadays to Diagnose It in Tirana", abstract = "HCV is a hepatotropic RNA virus, transmitted primarily via the blood route, which causes progressive disease such as chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV nowadays is a global healthcare problem. A variety of immunoassays including old and new technologies are being applied to detect HCV in our country. These methods include Immunochromatography assays (ICA), Fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), Enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELFA), and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect HCV antibodies in blood serum, which lately is being slowly replaced by more sensitive methods such as rapid automated analyzer chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). The aim of this study is to estimate HCV infection in carriers and chronic acute patients and to evaluate the use of new diagnostic methods. This study was realized from September 2016 to May 2018. During this study period, 2913 patients were analyzed for the presence of HCV by taking samples from their blood serum. The immunoassays performed were ICA, FIA, ELFA, ELISA, and CLIA assays. Concluding, 82% of patients taken in this study, resulted infected with HCV. Diagnostic methods in clinical laboratories are crucial in the early stages of infection, in the management of chronic hepatitis and in the treatment of patients during their disease.
", keywords = "CLIA, ELISA, hepatitis C virus, immunoassay.", volume = "13", number = "11", pages = "288-6", }
