Evaluation of Some Prominent Biomarkers in Rural Type – 2 Diabetes Mellitus Cases in Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
Life is beautiful. But, it is decided by genes, environment and the individual and shattered by the natural and / or the invited problems. Most of the global rural helpless masses are struggling for their survival since; they are neglected in all aspects of life including health. Amidst a countless number of miserable diseases in man, diabetes is becoming a dreaded killer and ramifying the entire globe in a jet speed. Diabetes control continues as a Herculean task to the scientific community and the modern society in the 21st century also. T2DM is not pertaining to any age and it can develop even during the childhood. This multifactorial disease abruptly changes the activities of certain vital biomarkers in the present rural T2DM cases. A remarkable variation in the levels of biomarkers like AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, LDH, HbA1C, C- peptide, fasting sugar, post-prandial sugar, sodium, potassium, BUN, creatinine and insulin show the rampant nature of T2DM in this physically active rural agrarian community.
[1] M. M. Huizinga and R. L. Rothman, "Addressing the diabetes
pandemic: A comprehensive approach", Ind. J. Med. Res, Vol (124),
2006, pp. 481 - 84.
[2] S. Wild, G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree and H. King, "Global
prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for
2030," Diabetes care, Vol (27), 2004, pp.1047 - 53.
[3] S. O-Rahilly, "Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: the gathering
storm", BMJ, Vol (314), 1997, pp. 955 - 59.
[4] J.C. Alcolado and R, Alcolado, " Importance of maternal history of
non-insulin dependent diabetic patients", BMJ, Vol (302), 1991, 99.
1178 - 80.
[5] W. Bao, S.R. Srinivasan, W.A. Wattigney and G.S. Berenson, "The
relation of parental cardiovascular disease to risk factors in children
and young adults: the Bongalusa Heart Study", Circulation, Vol (91),
1995, PP.365 - 71.
[6] M.A. Charles, D.J. Pettitt, R.L. Hanson, P.H. Bennett, M.F. Saad, Q.Z.
Liu and W.C. Knowler, "Familial and metabolic factors related to
blood pressure in Pima Indian Children", A.J. Epidemiol, Vol (140),
1994, PP. 123 - 31.
[7] S. Tsimikas, J. Willerson and P. Ridker, "CRP and other emerging
biomarkers to optimize risk of stratification of vulnerable patients", J.
Am. Coll. Cardiol, Vol (47), 2006, PP. C-19, C-31.
[8] www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kanyakumari_district
[9] E.Thurston and K. Rengachari, "Asian Educational Society, New
Delhi", 1993, PP. 361 - 89.
[10] 77 Electronica Ltd, 1116 Budapest, Hungary.
[11] P.C. Kao, R. L. Taylor and F.C. Service, "Proinsulin by
immunochemiluminometric assay for the diagnosis of insulinoma", J.
Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, Vol (78), 1994, PP. 1048 - 51.
[12] P. Trinder, "Blood safety and clinical technology, Guidelines on
standard operating procedures for clinical chemistry",
Ann.Clin.Biochem, Vol (6), 1969, PP.24.
[13] M. Rendell, "C-peptide levels as a criterian in treatment of maturity
onset diabetes", J. Clin.Endocrinol.Metab, Vol 57 (6), 1983, PP.1198.
[14] L. Bry, P.C. Chen and D.B.Sacks, "Effects of haemoglobin variants and
chemically modified derivatives on assays for glycohaemoglobin",
Clin.Chem, Vol (47), 2001, PP.153 - 63.
[15] "Expert Panel of the IFCC on enzymes", Clin.Chem.Acta, Vol (70),
1976, F 19.
[16] D.W. Bradley, J.E. Maynard, G. Emery and H. Webster,
"Transaminase activites in serum long-term hemodialysis patients",
Clin. Chem, Vol 18 (12), 1972, PP. 1442.
[17] G.Szasz, "Methods of enzymatic analysis", 2 cde edn 2, 1974, PP. 715.
[18] A.M. Johnson, E.M. Rohlfs and L.M. Silverman, In : N.W. Tietz, "Text
Book of Clinical Chemistry" (3rd edn), C.A. Burtis and E.R. Ashwood
(edn), W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1999, PP. 477 - 540, 676 - 689.
[19] P. Moss and A.R. Henderson, In: "Clinical Enzymology", (3rd edn),
W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1999, PP. 617 - 721.
[20] D. Young, In: "Effect of preanalytical variables on clinical laboratory
tests" (2nd edn), AACC Press, Washington, 1997, PP. 4 - 489.
[21] D.S. Young, In: "Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests" (3rd edn),
AACC press, Washington, 1990, PP. 21:5.
[22] M.S. Frant, "History of the early commercialization of ion selective
electrodes", Analyst, Vol (119), 1994, PP. 2293-301.
[23] P. Trinder, "A rapid method for the determination of sodium in serum,"
Analyst, Vol (76), 1951, P - 596.
[24] www.tekisimizanaliz.com
[25] H. King, R.E. Aubert and W.H. Herman,"Global burdon of diabetes,
1995 - 2025 : prevalence, numerical estimates and projections,"
Diabetes Care, Vol (21), 1998, PP. 481 - 84.
[26] P.K. Zimmet, K.G. Albert and J. Shaw, "Global and societal
implications of the diabetes epidemic," Nature, Vol (414), 2001, PP.
782 - 87.
[27] L.M. Tierney, S.J. McPhee and M.A. Papadakis, In : "Current medical
diagnosis and treatment". International edition, Lange Medical Books,
McGraw Hill, New York, 2002, PP. 1203 - 15.
[28] C.N. Hales and D.J.P.Parker, "T2DM : the thrifty phenotype
hypothesis", Diabetologia, Vol 35 (7), 1992, PP.595 - 601.
[29] N.D. Neufeld, L.J. Raffel, C. Landon, Y.D. Chen, and C.M. Vadheim,
"Early presentation of type - 2 diabetes in Mexican - American
Youth", Diabetes care, Vol 21 (1), 1998, PP. 80-6.
[30] A.D. Sniderman, R. Bhopal, D. Prabhakan, N. Sarrafzadegan and A.
Tchernof, "Why might South Asians be so susceptible to central
obesity and its atherogenic consequences ? The adipose tissue
overflow hypothesis", International J.Epidemiol, Vol 36 (1), 2007, PP.
220 - 25.
[31] S. Genuth, "Insights from the diabetes control and complications trial /
epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study on the
use of intensive glycaemic treatment to reduce the risk of complications
of Type - 1 diabetes", Endocr. Pract, Vol 12 (Suppl : 1), 2006, PP. 34 -
41.
[32] E. H. Harris, "Elevated liver function tests in Type 2 diabetes", Clin.
Diabet, Vol 23 (3) : 115 - 19.
[33] www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase
[34] H.Li-Fern and C. Rajasoorya, "The elevated serum ALP - the chase
that led to two endocrinopathies and one possible unifying diagnosis",
Eur.J. Endocrinol, Vol 140 (2), 1999, PP. 143 - 7.
[35] M.G. Betro, R.C.Oon and J.B. Edwards, "Gamma Glutamyl transpeptidase
in diseases of the liver and bone", Am. J. Clinic.Pathol, Vol
60 (5), 1973, PP.672 - 78.
[36] www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase
[37] www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm
[38] W.J.Johnson, W.W. Hagge, R.D. Wagoner, R.P.Dinapoli and J.W.
Rosevear, "Effects of urea loading in patients with for advanced renal
failure", Myoclin.Proc, Vol 47 (1), 1972, PP. 27 - 29.
[39] T.P. Singh, A.D. Singh and T.B. Singh, "Prevalence of D.mellitus in
Manipur", In : S.K. Shah (editor). Diabetes update: Guwahati, North
Eastern Diabetes Society, 2001, PP. 13 - 19.
[40] R. Chatterjee, H.C. Yeh, T. Shafi, E. Selvin, C. Anderson, J.S. Pankow,
E. Miller and F. Brancati F, "Serum and dietary potassium and risk of
incident of T2DM : The Atherosclerosis Risk in Community (ARIC)
Study", Arch.Intern.Med, Vol 170 (19), 2010, PP. 1745 - 51
[1] M. M. Huizinga and R. L. Rothman, "Addressing the diabetes
pandemic: A comprehensive approach", Ind. J. Med. Res, Vol (124),
2006, pp. 481 - 84.
[2] S. Wild, G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree and H. King, "Global
prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for
2030," Diabetes care, Vol (27), 2004, pp.1047 - 53.
[3] S. O-Rahilly, "Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: the gathering
storm", BMJ, Vol (314), 1997, pp. 955 - 59.
[4] J.C. Alcolado and R, Alcolado, " Importance of maternal history of
non-insulin dependent diabetic patients", BMJ, Vol (302), 1991, 99.
1178 - 80.
[5] W. Bao, S.R. Srinivasan, W.A. Wattigney and G.S. Berenson, "The
relation of parental cardiovascular disease to risk factors in children
and young adults: the Bongalusa Heart Study", Circulation, Vol (91),
1995, PP.365 - 71.
[6] M.A. Charles, D.J. Pettitt, R.L. Hanson, P.H. Bennett, M.F. Saad, Q.Z.
Liu and W.C. Knowler, "Familial and metabolic factors related to
blood pressure in Pima Indian Children", A.J. Epidemiol, Vol (140),
1994, PP. 123 - 31.
[7] S. Tsimikas, J. Willerson and P. Ridker, "CRP and other emerging
biomarkers to optimize risk of stratification of vulnerable patients", J.
Am. Coll. Cardiol, Vol (47), 2006, PP. C-19, C-31.
[8] www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kanyakumari_district
[9] E.Thurston and K. Rengachari, "Asian Educational Society, New
Delhi", 1993, PP. 361 - 89.
[10] 77 Electronica Ltd, 1116 Budapest, Hungary.
[11] P.C. Kao, R. L. Taylor and F.C. Service, "Proinsulin by
immunochemiluminometric assay for the diagnosis of insulinoma", J.
Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, Vol (78), 1994, PP. 1048 - 51.
[12] P. Trinder, "Blood safety and clinical technology, Guidelines on
standard operating procedures for clinical chemistry",
Ann.Clin.Biochem, Vol (6), 1969, PP.24.
[13] M. Rendell, "C-peptide levels as a criterian in treatment of maturity
onset diabetes", J. Clin.Endocrinol.Metab, Vol 57 (6), 1983, PP.1198.
[14] L. Bry, P.C. Chen and D.B.Sacks, "Effects of haemoglobin variants and
chemically modified derivatives on assays for glycohaemoglobin",
Clin.Chem, Vol (47), 2001, PP.153 - 63.
[15] "Expert Panel of the IFCC on enzymes", Clin.Chem.Acta, Vol (70),
1976, F 19.
[16] D.W. Bradley, J.E. Maynard, G. Emery and H. Webster,
"Transaminase activites in serum long-term hemodialysis patients",
Clin. Chem, Vol 18 (12), 1972, PP. 1442.
[17] G.Szasz, "Methods of enzymatic analysis", 2 cde edn 2, 1974, PP. 715.
[18] A.M. Johnson, E.M. Rohlfs and L.M. Silverman, In : N.W. Tietz, "Text
Book of Clinical Chemistry" (3rd edn), C.A. Burtis and E.R. Ashwood
(edn), W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1999, PP. 477 - 540, 676 - 689.
[19] P. Moss and A.R. Henderson, In: "Clinical Enzymology", (3rd edn),
W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1999, PP. 617 - 721.
[20] D. Young, In: "Effect of preanalytical variables on clinical laboratory
tests" (2nd edn), AACC Press, Washington, 1997, PP. 4 - 489.
[21] D.S. Young, In: "Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests" (3rd edn),
AACC press, Washington, 1990, PP. 21:5.
[22] M.S. Frant, "History of the early commercialization of ion selective
electrodes", Analyst, Vol (119), 1994, PP. 2293-301.
[23] P. Trinder, "A rapid method for the determination of sodium in serum,"
Analyst, Vol (76), 1951, P - 596.
[24] www.tekisimizanaliz.com
[25] H. King, R.E. Aubert and W.H. Herman,"Global burdon of diabetes,
1995 - 2025 : prevalence, numerical estimates and projections,"
Diabetes Care, Vol (21), 1998, PP. 481 - 84.
[26] P.K. Zimmet, K.G. Albert and J. Shaw, "Global and societal
implications of the diabetes epidemic," Nature, Vol (414), 2001, PP.
782 - 87.
[27] L.M. Tierney, S.J. McPhee and M.A. Papadakis, In : "Current medical
diagnosis and treatment". International edition, Lange Medical Books,
McGraw Hill, New York, 2002, PP. 1203 - 15.
[28] C.N. Hales and D.J.P.Parker, "T2DM : the thrifty phenotype
hypothesis", Diabetologia, Vol 35 (7), 1992, PP.595 - 601.
[29] N.D. Neufeld, L.J. Raffel, C. Landon, Y.D. Chen, and C.M. Vadheim,
"Early presentation of type - 2 diabetes in Mexican - American
Youth", Diabetes care, Vol 21 (1), 1998, PP. 80-6.
[30] A.D. Sniderman, R. Bhopal, D. Prabhakan, N. Sarrafzadegan and A.
Tchernof, "Why might South Asians be so susceptible to central
obesity and its atherogenic consequences ? The adipose tissue
overflow hypothesis", International J.Epidemiol, Vol 36 (1), 2007, PP.
220 - 25.
[31] S. Genuth, "Insights from the diabetes control and complications trial /
epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study on the
use of intensive glycaemic treatment to reduce the risk of complications
of Type - 1 diabetes", Endocr. Pract, Vol 12 (Suppl : 1), 2006, PP. 34 -
41.
[32] E. H. Harris, "Elevated liver function tests in Type 2 diabetes", Clin.
Diabet, Vol 23 (3) : 115 - 19.
[33] www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase
[34] H.Li-Fern and C. Rajasoorya, "The elevated serum ALP - the chase
that led to two endocrinopathies and one possible unifying diagnosis",
Eur.J. Endocrinol, Vol 140 (2), 1999, PP. 143 - 7.
[35] M.G. Betro, R.C.Oon and J.B. Edwards, "Gamma Glutamyl transpeptidase
in diseases of the liver and bone", Am. J. Clinic.Pathol, Vol
60 (5), 1973, PP.672 - 78.
[36] www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase
[37] www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm
[38] W.J.Johnson, W.W. Hagge, R.D. Wagoner, R.P.Dinapoli and J.W.
Rosevear, "Effects of urea loading in patients with for advanced renal
failure", Myoclin.Proc, Vol 47 (1), 1972, PP. 27 - 29.
[39] T.P. Singh, A.D. Singh and T.B. Singh, "Prevalence of D.mellitus in
Manipur", In : S.K. Shah (editor). Diabetes update: Guwahati, North
Eastern Diabetes Society, 2001, PP. 13 - 19.
[40] R. Chatterjee, H.C. Yeh, T. Shafi, E. Selvin, C. Anderson, J.S. Pankow,
E. Miller and F. Brancati F, "Serum and dietary potassium and risk of
incident of T2DM : The Atherosclerosis Risk in Community (ARIC)
Study", Arch.Intern.Med, Vol 170 (19), 2010, PP. 1745 - 51
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:55822", author = "Murugan. A. and Jerlin Nirmala. F .", title = "Evaluation of Some Prominent Biomarkers in Rural Type – 2 Diabetes Mellitus Cases in Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India", abstract = "Life is beautiful. But, it is decided by genes, environment and the individual and shattered by the natural and / or the invited problems. Most of the global rural helpless masses are struggling for their survival since; they are neglected in all aspects of life including health. Amidst a countless number of miserable diseases in man, diabetes is becoming a dreaded killer and ramifying the entire globe in a jet speed. Diabetes control continues as a Herculean task to the scientific community and the modern society in the 21st century also. T2DM is not pertaining to any age and it can develop even during the childhood. This multifactorial disease abruptly changes the activities of certain vital biomarkers in the present rural T2DM cases. A remarkable variation in the levels of biomarkers like AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, LDH, HbA1C, C- peptide, fasting sugar, post-prandial sugar, sodium, potassium, BUN, creatinine and insulin show the rampant nature of T2DM in this physically active rural agrarian community.
", keywords = "Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate
aminotransferase, Blood urea nitrogen, Glycated haemoglobin,
Thyroid stimulating hormone", volume = "6", number = "10", pages = "478-4", }
