Envelope Echo Signal of Metal Sphere in the Fresh Water
An envelope echo signal measurement is proposed in
this paper using echo signal observation from the 200 kHz echo
sounder receiver. The envelope signal without any object is compared
with the envelope signal of the sphere. Two diameter size steel ball
(3.1 cm & 2.2 cm) and two diameter size air filled stainless steel ball
(4.8 cm & 7.4 cm) used in this experiment. The target was positioned
about 0.5 m and 1.0 meter from the transducer face using nylon rope.
From the echo observation in time domain, it is obviously shown that
echo signal structure is different between the size, distance and type
of metal sphere. The amplitude envelope voltage for the bigger
sphere is higher compare to the small sphere and it confirm that the
bigger sphere have higher target strength compare to the small
sphere. Although the structure signal without any object are different
compare to the signal from the sphere, the reflected signal from the
tank floor increase linearly with the sphere size. We considered this
event happened because of the object position approximately to the
tank floor.
[1] O. Hodges R.P. Underwater acoustic analysis, design and performance
of sonar. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Son, 2010.
[2] Amico A.D-, and Pittenger R. "A Brief history of active sonar Aquatic
Mammals" vol. 35(4): pp. 426 - 434, 2009.
[3] Johannesson, K.A., and R.B. Mitson, Fisheries acoustics. A practical
manual for aquatic biomass estimation. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap; 240:249
p, 1983.
[4] Urick R.J. Principles of underwater sound 3rd edition. USA : Mc Graw
Hill; 1983.
[5] Ruiz T.I., Petillot Y., Lane D., and Judith B. "Tracking objects in
underwater multibeam sonar images" IEEE Colloquium On Motion
Analysis and Tracking, pp. 1-7. 1999
[6] Sarangapani S., Miller J.H, Potty G.R., Reeder D.B., Stanton T.K., and
Chu D. " Measurements and modeling of the target strength of divers,
Oceans 2005 - Europe, vol. 952, pp. 952-956, 2005.
[7] MacLennan D.N. " Target strength measurements on metal spheres,
Scottish Fisheries Research Report ( 25) 1982.
[8] Drew A.W. " Initial results from a portable dual beam sounder for in situ
measurements of target strength of fish, OCEANS-80, pp. 376 - 380.
1980.
[9] Jech J.M., Chu D., Foote K.G., Hammar T.R., Huffnagle L.C. Jr.
"Calibrating two echo sounders, OCEANS Proceedings, vol. 3, pp.
1625 - 1629, 2003.
[10] Foote K.G. & D.N. Maclennan. " Comparison of copper and tungsten
carbide calibration spheres. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75 (2): 612 - 616, 1984.
[11] Arnaya N, Sano N, and Lida K, " Studies on acoustic target strength of
squid, Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ.9(3), pp. 187- 200. 1983.
[12] Benoit Bird K.J, Au W.W.L. "Target strength measurements of
Hawaiian Mesopelagic boundary animals, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110(2),
pp. 812 - 819. 2001.
[1] O. Hodges R.P. Underwater acoustic analysis, design and performance
of sonar. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Son, 2010.
[2] Amico A.D-, and Pittenger R. "A Brief history of active sonar Aquatic
Mammals" vol. 35(4): pp. 426 - 434, 2009.
[3] Johannesson, K.A., and R.B. Mitson, Fisheries acoustics. A practical
manual for aquatic biomass estimation. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap; 240:249
p, 1983.
[4] Urick R.J. Principles of underwater sound 3rd edition. USA : Mc Graw
Hill; 1983.
[5] Ruiz T.I., Petillot Y., Lane D., and Judith B. "Tracking objects in
underwater multibeam sonar images" IEEE Colloquium On Motion
Analysis and Tracking, pp. 1-7. 1999
[6] Sarangapani S., Miller J.H, Potty G.R., Reeder D.B., Stanton T.K., and
Chu D. " Measurements and modeling of the target strength of divers,
Oceans 2005 - Europe, vol. 952, pp. 952-956, 2005.
[7] MacLennan D.N. " Target strength measurements on metal spheres,
Scottish Fisheries Research Report ( 25) 1982.
[8] Drew A.W. " Initial results from a portable dual beam sounder for in situ
measurements of target strength of fish, OCEANS-80, pp. 376 - 380.
1980.
[9] Jech J.M., Chu D., Foote K.G., Hammar T.R., Huffnagle L.C. Jr.
"Calibrating two echo sounders, OCEANS Proceedings, vol. 3, pp.
1625 - 1629, 2003.
[10] Foote K.G. & D.N. Maclennan. " Comparison of copper and tungsten
carbide calibration spheres. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75 (2): 612 - 616, 1984.
[11] Arnaya N, Sano N, and Lida K, " Studies on acoustic target strength of
squid, Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ.9(3), pp. 187- 200. 1983.
[12] Benoit Bird K.J, Au W.W.L. "Target strength measurements of
Hawaiian Mesopelagic boundary animals, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110(2),
pp. 812 - 819. 2001.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:56731", author = "A. Mahfurdz and Sunardi and H. Ahmad", title = "Envelope Echo Signal of Metal Sphere in the Fresh Water", abstract = "An envelope echo signal measurement is proposed in
this paper using echo signal observation from the 200 kHz echo
sounder receiver. The envelope signal without any object is compared
with the envelope signal of the sphere. Two diameter size steel ball
(3.1 cm & 2.2 cm) and two diameter size air filled stainless steel ball
(4.8 cm & 7.4 cm) used in this experiment. The target was positioned
about 0.5 m and 1.0 meter from the transducer face using nylon rope.
From the echo observation in time domain, it is obviously shown that
echo signal structure is different between the size, distance and type
of metal sphere. The amplitude envelope voltage for the bigger
sphere is higher compare to the small sphere and it confirm that the
bigger sphere have higher target strength compare to the small
sphere. Although the structure signal without any object are different
compare to the signal from the sphere, the reflected signal from the
tank floor increase linearly with the sphere size. We considered this
event happened because of the object position approximately to the
tank floor.", keywords = "echo sounder, target strength, sphere, echo signal", volume = "6", number = "5", pages = "513-3", }