Embryo Transfer as an Assisted Reproductive Technology in Farm Animals
Various assisted reproductive techniques have been
developed and refined to obtain a large number of offspring from
genetically superior animals or obtain offspring from infertile (or
subfertile) animals. The embryo transfer is one assisted reproductive
technique developed well, aimed at increased productivity of selected
females, disease control, importation and exportation of livestock,
rapid screening of AI sires for genetically recessive characteristics,
treatment or circumvention of certain types of infertility. Embryo
transfer also is a useful research tool for evaluating fetal and maternal
interactions. This technique has been applied to nearly every species
of domestic animal and many species of wildlife and exotic animals,
including humans and non-human primates. The successful of
embryo transfers have been limited to within-animal, homologous
replacement of the embryos. There are several examples of
interspecific and intergeneric embryo transfers in which embryos
implanted but did not develop to term: sheep and goat, mouse and rat.
An immunological rejections and placental incompatibility between
the embryo and the surrogate mother appear to restrict interspecific
embryo transfer/interspecific pregnancy. Recently, preimplantation
embryo manipulation procedures have been applied, such as
technique of inner cell mass transfer. This technique will possible to
overcome the reproductive barrier interspecific embryo
transfer/interspecific pregnancy, if there is a protective mechanism
which prevents recognition of the foreign fetus by the mother of the
other species
[1] I. Gordon, "Laboratory Production of Cattle Embryos," Biotechnology
in Agriculture Series II. Wallingford: CAB International, 1994, pp. 17-
18.
[2] J.F. Hasler, "Current status an potential of reproductive technology," J.
Dairy Science 74 (Suppl. 1) pp. 197, 1991.
[3] J. Ruane and C. Smith, "The genetic response possible in dairy cattle
improvement by setting up a multipleovulation and embryo transfer
(MOET) nucleus scheme," Genet. Selec. Evol., 21: pp. 169-183, 1989..
[4] M. Thibier, "More than half a million bovine embryos transferred in
2002: a report of the International Embryo Transfer Society Data
Retrieval Committee," IETS Newsletter, 21(4): p. 12-19, 2003.
[5] G.B. Anderson, "Interspecific pregnancy: barriers and prospects," Biol
Reprod, 38(1): p. 1-15., 1988.
[6] C.E. Adams, "Egg transfer in carnivores and rodent, between species,
and to ectopic sites," Mammalian Egg Transfer, ed. C.E. Adams. Boca
Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1982, pp. 49-61.
[7] A. Fernández-Arias, J.L. Alabart, J. Folch, and J.F. Beckers,
"Interspecies pregnancy of Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) fetus in
domestic goat (Capra hircus) recipients induces abnormally high
plasmatic levels of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein," Theriogenology,
51(8): p. 1419-1430, 1999.
[8] B.A. Croy, J. Rossant, and D.A. Clark, "Histological and immunological
studies of post implantation death of Mus caroli embryos in the Mus
musculus uterus," J Reprod Immunol, 4(5): p. 277-293, 1982.
[9] W.I. Frels, J. Rossant, and V.M. Chapman, "Intrinsic and extrinsic
factors affecting the viability of Mus caroli x M. musculus hybrid
embryos," J Reprod Fertil, 59(2): p. 387-392, 1980.
[10] S. Tachi and C. Tachi, "Ultrastructural studies on maternal-embryonic
cell interaction during experimentally induced implantation of rat
blastocysts to the endometrium of the mouse," Dev Biol, 68(1): p. 203-
223, 1979.
[11] W.R. Allen, "Embryo transfer in the Horse, in Mammalian Egg
Transfer," A. C.E., Editor. CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, 1982, pp.
135-154.
[12] W.R. Allen, J. Kydd, M.S. Boyle, and D.F. Antczak, "Between-species
transfer of horse and donkey embryos: a valuable research tool," Equine
Vet J (Suppl.), 3: p. 53-62, 1985.
[13] B.C. Buckrell, C.J Gartley, K.G. Mehren, G.J. Crawshaw, W.H.
Johnson, I.K. Barker, J. Balke, C. Coghill, J.R. Challis, and K.L.
Goodrowe, "Failure to maintain interspecific pregnancy after transfer of
Dall's sheep embryos to domestic ewes," J Reprod Fertil, 90(2): p. 387-
394, 1990.
[14] D.T. Widayati, Y. Ohmori, T. Wakita, and K. Fukuta, "Development of
transferred xenogeneic vole embryos in mouse uteri," J Animal Science,
74(4): p. 261-267, 2003.
[15] D.T. Widayati, Y. Ohmori, and K. Fukuta, "Distribution patterns of
immunocompetent cells in the pregnant mouse uteri carrying allogeneic
mouse and xenogeneic vole embryos," J Anat, 205(1): p. 45-55, 2004.
[16] C.E. Pope, "Embryo technology in conservation efforts for endangered
felids," Theriogenology, 53(1): p. 163-74, 2000.
[17] B.A. Croy, P. Gambel, J. Rossant, and T.G Wegmann, "Characterization
of murine decidual natural killer (NK) cells and their relevance to the
success of pregnancy," Cell Immunol, 93(2): p. 315-326, 1985.
[18] J. Rossant, B.A. Croy, D.A. Clark, and V.M. Chapman, "Interspecific
hybrids and chimeras in mice," J Exp Zool, 228(2): p. 223-233, 1983.
[19] J. Rossant, V.M. Mauro, and B.A. Croy, "Importance of trophoblast
genotype for survival of interspecific murine chimaeras," J Embryol Exp
Morphol, 69: p. 141-149, 1982.
[20] D.A. Clark, B.A. Croy, J. Rossant, and G.I. Chaouat, "Immune
presensitization and local intrauterine defences as determinants of
success or failure of murine interspecies pregnancies," J Reprod Fertil,
77(2): p. 633-643, 1986.
[21] P.M. Summers, A. M. Shephard, J.K. Hodges, J. Kydd, M.S. Boyle,
and W.R. Allen, "Horses (Equus przewalskii) and Grant's zebra (E.
burchelli) to domestic mares (E. caballus)," J Reprod Fertil, 80(1): p. 13-
20, 1987.
[22] W.R. Allen, and R.V. Short, "Interspecific and extraspecific pregnancies
in equids: anything goes," J Hered, 88(5): p. 384-392, 1997.
[23] D.F. Antczak, and W.R. Allen, "Invasive trophoblast in the genus
Equus," Ann Immunol, 135D(3): p. 325-31, 1984.
[24] B.L. Dresser, "Birth of bongo antelope (Tragelaphus euryceros) to eland
antelope (Tragelaphus oryx) and cryopreservation of bongo embryos,"
Theriogenology, 23(1): p. 190, 1985.
[25] J.L. Hancock, P.T. McGovern , and J.T. Stamp, "Failure of gestation of
goat x sheep hybrids in goats and sheep," J Reprod Fertil Suppl, 3: p. 29-
36, 1968.
[26] J. Dent, P.T. McGovern, and J.L. Hancock, "Immunological
implications of ultrastructural studies of goat X sheep hybrid placentae,"
Nature, 231(5298): p. 116-117, 1971.
[27] C.B. Fehilly, S.M. Willadsen, and E.M. Tucker, "Interspecific
chimaerism between sheep and goat," Nature, 307(5952): p. 634-636,
1984.
[28] S. Meinecke-Tillmann, and B. Meinecke, "Experimental chimaeras--
removal of reproductive barrier between sheep and goat," Nature,
307(5952): p. 637-638, 1984.
[29] J. Rossant, and W.I. Frels, "Interspecific chimeras in mammals:
successful production of live chimeras between Mus musculus and Mus
caroli," Science, 208(4442): p. 419-421, 1980.
[30] Widayati, D.T., N Inoue, Y Ohmori, K Fukuta, A "Study of Changes in
Uterine Leucocytes During Early Pregnancy in the Mouse-vole
Interspesific pregnancies," Chinese Comparative Medicine, 18(9): p. 1-
6, 2008.
[1] I. Gordon, "Laboratory Production of Cattle Embryos," Biotechnology
in Agriculture Series II. Wallingford: CAB International, 1994, pp. 17-
18.
[2] J.F. Hasler, "Current status an potential of reproductive technology," J.
Dairy Science 74 (Suppl. 1) pp. 197, 1991.
[3] J. Ruane and C. Smith, "The genetic response possible in dairy cattle
improvement by setting up a multipleovulation and embryo transfer
(MOET) nucleus scheme," Genet. Selec. Evol., 21: pp. 169-183, 1989..
[4] M. Thibier, "More than half a million bovine embryos transferred in
2002: a report of the International Embryo Transfer Society Data
Retrieval Committee," IETS Newsletter, 21(4): p. 12-19, 2003.
[5] G.B. Anderson, "Interspecific pregnancy: barriers and prospects," Biol
Reprod, 38(1): p. 1-15., 1988.
[6] C.E. Adams, "Egg transfer in carnivores and rodent, between species,
and to ectopic sites," Mammalian Egg Transfer, ed. C.E. Adams. Boca
Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1982, pp. 49-61.
[7] A. Fernández-Arias, J.L. Alabart, J. Folch, and J.F. Beckers,
"Interspecies pregnancy of Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) fetus in
domestic goat (Capra hircus) recipients induces abnormally high
plasmatic levels of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein," Theriogenology,
51(8): p. 1419-1430, 1999.
[8] B.A. Croy, J. Rossant, and D.A. Clark, "Histological and immunological
studies of post implantation death of Mus caroli embryos in the Mus
musculus uterus," J Reprod Immunol, 4(5): p. 277-293, 1982.
[9] W.I. Frels, J. Rossant, and V.M. Chapman, "Intrinsic and extrinsic
factors affecting the viability of Mus caroli x M. musculus hybrid
embryos," J Reprod Fertil, 59(2): p. 387-392, 1980.
[10] S. Tachi and C. Tachi, "Ultrastructural studies on maternal-embryonic
cell interaction during experimentally induced implantation of rat
blastocysts to the endometrium of the mouse," Dev Biol, 68(1): p. 203-
223, 1979.
[11] W.R. Allen, "Embryo transfer in the Horse, in Mammalian Egg
Transfer," A. C.E., Editor. CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, 1982, pp.
135-154.
[12] W.R. Allen, J. Kydd, M.S. Boyle, and D.F. Antczak, "Between-species
transfer of horse and donkey embryos: a valuable research tool," Equine
Vet J (Suppl.), 3: p. 53-62, 1985.
[13] B.C. Buckrell, C.J Gartley, K.G. Mehren, G.J. Crawshaw, W.H.
Johnson, I.K. Barker, J. Balke, C. Coghill, J.R. Challis, and K.L.
Goodrowe, "Failure to maintain interspecific pregnancy after transfer of
Dall's sheep embryos to domestic ewes," J Reprod Fertil, 90(2): p. 387-
394, 1990.
[14] D.T. Widayati, Y. Ohmori, T. Wakita, and K. Fukuta, "Development of
transferred xenogeneic vole embryos in mouse uteri," J Animal Science,
74(4): p. 261-267, 2003.
[15] D.T. Widayati, Y. Ohmori, and K. Fukuta, "Distribution patterns of
immunocompetent cells in the pregnant mouse uteri carrying allogeneic
mouse and xenogeneic vole embryos," J Anat, 205(1): p. 45-55, 2004.
[16] C.E. Pope, "Embryo technology in conservation efforts for endangered
felids," Theriogenology, 53(1): p. 163-74, 2000.
[17] B.A. Croy, P. Gambel, J. Rossant, and T.G Wegmann, "Characterization
of murine decidual natural killer (NK) cells and their relevance to the
success of pregnancy," Cell Immunol, 93(2): p. 315-326, 1985.
[18] J. Rossant, B.A. Croy, D.A. Clark, and V.M. Chapman, "Interspecific
hybrids and chimeras in mice," J Exp Zool, 228(2): p. 223-233, 1983.
[19] J. Rossant, V.M. Mauro, and B.A. Croy, "Importance of trophoblast
genotype for survival of interspecific murine chimaeras," J Embryol Exp
Morphol, 69: p. 141-149, 1982.
[20] D.A. Clark, B.A. Croy, J. Rossant, and G.I. Chaouat, "Immune
presensitization and local intrauterine defences as determinants of
success or failure of murine interspecies pregnancies," J Reprod Fertil,
77(2): p. 633-643, 1986.
[21] P.M. Summers, A. M. Shephard, J.K. Hodges, J. Kydd, M.S. Boyle,
and W.R. Allen, "Horses (Equus przewalskii) and Grant's zebra (E.
burchelli) to domestic mares (E. caballus)," J Reprod Fertil, 80(1): p. 13-
20, 1987.
[22] W.R. Allen, and R.V. Short, "Interspecific and extraspecific pregnancies
in equids: anything goes," J Hered, 88(5): p. 384-392, 1997.
[23] D.F. Antczak, and W.R. Allen, "Invasive trophoblast in the genus
Equus," Ann Immunol, 135D(3): p. 325-31, 1984.
[24] B.L. Dresser, "Birth of bongo antelope (Tragelaphus euryceros) to eland
antelope (Tragelaphus oryx) and cryopreservation of bongo embryos,"
Theriogenology, 23(1): p. 190, 1985.
[25] J.L. Hancock, P.T. McGovern , and J.T. Stamp, "Failure of gestation of
goat x sheep hybrids in goats and sheep," J Reprod Fertil Suppl, 3: p. 29-
36, 1968.
[26] J. Dent, P.T. McGovern, and J.L. Hancock, "Immunological
implications of ultrastructural studies of goat X sheep hybrid placentae,"
Nature, 231(5298): p. 116-117, 1971.
[27] C.B. Fehilly, S.M. Willadsen, and E.M. Tucker, "Interspecific
chimaerism between sheep and goat," Nature, 307(5952): p. 634-636,
1984.
[28] S. Meinecke-Tillmann, and B. Meinecke, "Experimental chimaeras--
removal of reproductive barrier between sheep and goat," Nature,
307(5952): p. 637-638, 1984.
[29] J. Rossant, and W.I. Frels, "Interspecific chimeras in mammals:
successful production of live chimeras between Mus musculus and Mus
caroli," Science, 208(4442): p. 419-421, 1980.
[30] Widayati, D.T., N Inoue, Y Ohmori, K Fukuta, A "Study of Changes in
Uterine Leucocytes During Early Pregnancy in the Mouse-vole
Interspesific pregnancies," Chinese Comparative Medicine, 18(9): p. 1-
6, 2008.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:54934", author = "Diah Tri Widayati", title = "Embryo Transfer as an Assisted Reproductive Technology in Farm Animals", abstract = "Various assisted reproductive techniques have been
developed and refined to obtain a large number of offspring from
genetically superior animals or obtain offspring from infertile (or
subfertile) animals. The embryo transfer is one assisted reproductive
technique developed well, aimed at increased productivity of selected
females, disease control, importation and exportation of livestock,
rapid screening of AI sires for genetically recessive characteristics,
treatment or circumvention of certain types of infertility. Embryo
transfer also is a useful research tool for evaluating fetal and maternal
interactions. This technique has been applied to nearly every species
of domestic animal and many species of wildlife and exotic animals,
including humans and non-human primates. The successful of
embryo transfers have been limited to within-animal, homologous
replacement of the embryos. There are several examples of
interspecific and intergeneric embryo transfers in which embryos
implanted but did not develop to term: sheep and goat, mouse and rat.
An immunological rejections and placental incompatibility between
the embryo and the surrogate mother appear to restrict interspecific
embryo transfer/interspecific pregnancy. Recently, preimplantation
embryo manipulation procedures have been applied, such as
technique of inner cell mass transfer. This technique will possible to
overcome the reproductive barrier interspecific embryo
transfer/interspecific pregnancy, if there is a protective mechanism
which prevents recognition of the foreign fetus by the mother of the
other species", keywords = "Embryo Transfer, Assisted Reproductive Techology,
Intraspesific-Interspesific Pregnancy, Inner cell mass.", volume = "6", number = "10", pages = "889-4", }
