Effect of Green Water and Mixed Zooplankton on Growth and Survival in Neon Tetra, Paracheirodon innesi (Myers, 1936) during Larval and Early Fry Rearing
Larval rearing and seed production of most of tetra fishes (Family: Characidae) is critical due to their small size larvae and limited numbers of spawning attempts. During the present study the effect of different live foods on growth and survival of neon tetra, Paracheirodon innesi larvae (length 3.1 ± 0.012mm, weight 0.048 ± 0.00015mg) and early fry (length = 6.44 ± 0.025mm, weight = 0.64 ± 0.003mg and 13 days old) was determined in two experiments. Experiment I was conducted for rearing the larvae by using mixed green water and Infusoria whereas, in Experiment II, early fry were fed with mixed zooplankton, decapsulated Artemia cyst and Artemia nauplii. The larvae fed on mixed green water showed significant (p<0.05) growth and survival when compared to those fed with infusoria. Similarly, the larvae fed with mixed zooplankton exhibited higher growth in terms of length gain (131.98%), weight gain (6658.78%), SGR (14.04%) and survival (95.23%) compared to the other treatments of decapsulated Artemiacyst and Artemia nauplii. The present study concluded that mixed green water and mixed zooplankton should be used as food for better growth and survival of the larvae and early fry of P. innesi, respectively.
[1] V. K. Venkataramani, and Jayakumar, N. "Resource assessment and conservation of marine ornamental fishes of Gulf of Mannar”, In: Ornamental fish–breeding, farming and trade, Kurup, B.M., M.R. Boopendranath, K. Ravindran, S. Banu, and Nair, G.A., (Eds), Department of Fisheries, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India, 2008.
[2] D. Kucharczyk, Targonska, K., Zarski, D., Krejszeff, S., Kupren, K., Luczynski, M.J. and Szczerbowski, A. "The reproduction of neon tetra, Paracheirodon innesi (Myers, 1936) under controlled conditions”. Pol. J. Natur. Sci., vol. 25, pp. 81-92, 2010.
[3] H.R. Axelrod, "Breeding Aquarium fishes-Book I”. T.F.H. Publication, USA, 1975.
[4] F. A. Chapman, Fitz-Coy, S. A., Thunberg, E. M. and C. Adams, M. "United states of America trade in ornamental fish”. J. World Aquacult. Soc., vol. 28, pp.1-10, 1997.
[5] N.L. Chao, "The fishery diversity and conservation of ornamental fishes in the Rio Negro Basin, Brazil: A review of Project Piaba (1989–1999)”. In: Conservation and management of ornamental fish resources of the Rio Negro Basin, Amazonia Brazil – Project Piaba, Chao, N.L., P. Petry, G. Prang, L. Sonnenschein and M.T. Tlusty (Eds.) Manaus, Brazil, pp: 161–204, 2001.
[6] S. Brooks, Tyler C.R. and J.P. Sumptem, "Egg quality in fish: what makes a good egg?” Rev. Fish Biol. Fish., vol. 7, pp. 387–416, 1997.
[7] P. Makridis and Y. Olsen, "Protein depletion of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis during starvation”. Aquaculture, vol. 174, pp.343-353, 1999.
[8] J. L. Nicolas, E. Robic, and D. Ansquer, "Bacterial flora associated with a trophic chain consisting of microalgae, rotifers and turbot larvae: influence of bacteria on larvae survival”. Aquaculture, vol. 83, pp.237-248, 1989.
[9] J. Skjermo and O. Vadstein,. "The effect of microalgae on skin and gut bacterial flora of halibut larvae”. pp 61-67. In: Reinertsen, H., L. Dahle, L. J. Rgensen and K. Tvinnereim (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Fish Farming Technology; August 9-12, 1993. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1993.
[10] K.I. Reitan, J. R. Rainuzzo, G. Oie, and I. Olsen, "A review of the nutritional effects of algae in marine fish larvae”. Aquaculture, vol.155, pp.207-221, 1997.
[11] K. E. Naas, T. Naess, and T. Harboe, "Enhanced first feeding of halibut larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) in green water”. Aquaculture, vol. 105, pp.143-156, 1992.
[12] S. J. Mesharam, "Experimental studies on maturation, breeding and post-embryonic rearing of Angel fish, P. scalare (Lichtenotein, 1823)”. M.F.Sc. thesis. Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, India, 1997.
[13] K.F. Shim, "Mass production of Moina in Singapore using pig waste”. World Aquacult., vol.19, pp. 59-60, 1988.
[14] S. I. Ovie and S. O. Ovie, "Fish-larval rearing; the effect of pure/mixed zooplankton and artificial diet on the growth and survival of Clarias anguillaris (Linnaeus, 1958) larvae”. J. Aquat. Sci. vol. 17, pp.69-73, 2002.
[15] J.W. Hertrampf and H. Piedad-Pascual, "Hand book of ingredients for aquaculture feeds”. Kulwar Academic Pub. Dordrecht, Boston, London, 2000.
[16] J. Fluchter and H. Pembold, "Soluble factor essential for metamorphosis of Coregonid larvae has been partially purified from Artemia salina”. Arch. Hydrobiology., vol. 22, pp. 197-202, 1986.
[17] K.B. Olurin and A. B. Oluwo, "Growth and Survival of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae fed decapsulated Artemia, live daphnia, or commercial starter diet”. Isr. J. Aquacult- Bamidgeh, vol. 62, pp.72-77, 2010.
[18] E.K. Balon, "About the oldest domesticates among fishes”. J. Fish Biol., vol. 65, pp. 1–27, 2004.
[19] P. B. Bayley and M. Petrere Jr, "Amazon fisheries: assessment methods, current status and management options”. Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium. Ed. D.P. Dodge. Can. Fish. Aquat. Sci., vol. 106, pp.385–398, 1989.
[20] S. Gosh, A. Sincha, C. Sahu, "Effect of probiotic on reproductive performance in female live bearing ornamental fish”. Aquacult. Res., vol. 38, pp. 518–526, 2007.
[21] M. Tlusty, The benefits and risks of aquacultural production for the aquarium trade. Aquaculture, vol. 205, pp. 203-219, 2002.
[22] F.A.Chapman, D.E. Colle, R.W. Rottmann, J.V. Shireman, "Controlled spawning of the neon tetra”. Progr. Fish-Cult., vol. 60, pp. 32–37, 1998.
[23] S.V. Sanaye, R. M. Tibile and H. Singh, "Neon tetra, Paracheirodon innesi: breeding and seed production”. Fish. Chi., vol. 27, pp.48-49, 2008.
[24] C. O. Masters, "Encyclopaedia of live foods”. T.F.H. Publication, 1975.
[25] P. Sorgeloos, "The use of the brine shrimp Artemia in aquaculture”. pp. 25-46. In: The brine shrimp Artemia: ecology, culturing, and use in aquaculture, Persoone, G., P. Sorgeloos, O. Roels, and E. Jaspers, (Eds.). Proceedings of the international symposium on the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium, 1980.
[26] S. Spotte, "Decapsulation of Brine Shrimp cysts”. Pp. 411-413. In: Captive Sea water Fishes Science and Technology, Spotte, S. (Ed.). A Wing-interscince Publication. John Wiley and sons, Inc. New York/ China/ Toronto/Singapore, 1992.
[27] G.W. Snedecor and W.G. Cochran, "Statistical methods”, 6th edition, Oxford and IBH publishing Co. New Delhi, 1967.
[28] P. Dhert, P. Divanach, M. Kentouri, and P. Sorgeloos, "Rearing techniques for difficult fish larvae”. World Aquacult., vol. 29, pp.48–55, 1998.
[29] R. J. Rocha, L. Ribeiro, R. Costa, and M. T. Dinis, "Does the presence of microalgae influence fish larvae prey capture?” Aquacult. Res., vol. 39, pp. 362-369, 2008.
[30] C. S. Tamaru, K. McGovern-Hopkins, and G. Gavin Iwai, "On the use of formulated diets during first feeding of larval freshwater ornamental fishes”. Regional notes; Cent. Trop. Subtrop. Aquacult., 14. http://www.ctsa.org/files/notes/RN_14_3632011369407044540.pdf, 2003.
[31] A. B. Skiftesvik, H. Browman, and I. J. St-Pierre, "Life in green water: the effect of microalgae on the behaviour of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae”. The Big Fish Bang Proceedings of the 26th Annual Larval Fish Conference. Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway. P. 97-103, 2003.
[32] K. Naas, I. Huse, and J. Iglesias, "Illumination in first feeding tanks for marine fish larvae”. Aquacult. Eng., vol. 15, pp. 291-300, 1996.
[33] T. Meeren, A. Mangor-Jensen, and J. Pickova, "The effect of green water and light intensity on survival, growth and lipid composition in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during intensive larval rearing”. Aquaculture, vol. 265, pp. 206-217, 2007.
[34] J. Kim, K. C. Masses, and R. W. Hardy, "Adult Artemia as food for first feeding Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisuteh)”. Aquaculture, vol. 144, pp.217–226, 1996.
[35] A. A. Adeyemo, G.A. Oladosu and A.O. Ayinla, "Growth and survival of fry of African catfish species, Clarias gariepinus Burchell, Heterobranchus bidorsalis Geoffrey and Heteroclarias, reared on Moina dubia in comparison with other first feed sources”. Aquaculture, vol. 119, pp. 41-45, 1994.
[36] T. G. Paulet, "The effect of diet type and feeding rate on growth, morphological development and behaviour of larval and juvenile gold fish, Carassius auratus (L.)”. M.Sc. thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 2003.
[1] V. K. Venkataramani, and Jayakumar, N. "Resource assessment and conservation of marine ornamental fishes of Gulf of Mannar”, In: Ornamental fish–breeding, farming and trade, Kurup, B.M., M.R. Boopendranath, K. Ravindran, S. Banu, and Nair, G.A., (Eds), Department of Fisheries, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India, 2008.
[2] D. Kucharczyk, Targonska, K., Zarski, D., Krejszeff, S., Kupren, K., Luczynski, M.J. and Szczerbowski, A. "The reproduction of neon tetra, Paracheirodon innesi (Myers, 1936) under controlled conditions”. Pol. J. Natur. Sci., vol. 25, pp. 81-92, 2010.
[3] H.R. Axelrod, "Breeding Aquarium fishes-Book I”. T.F.H. Publication, USA, 1975.
[4] F. A. Chapman, Fitz-Coy, S. A., Thunberg, E. M. and C. Adams, M. "United states of America trade in ornamental fish”. J. World Aquacult. Soc., vol. 28, pp.1-10, 1997.
[5] N.L. Chao, "The fishery diversity and conservation of ornamental fishes in the Rio Negro Basin, Brazil: A review of Project Piaba (1989–1999)”. In: Conservation and management of ornamental fish resources of the Rio Negro Basin, Amazonia Brazil – Project Piaba, Chao, N.L., P. Petry, G. Prang, L. Sonnenschein and M.T. Tlusty (Eds.) Manaus, Brazil, pp: 161–204, 2001.
[6] S. Brooks, Tyler C.R. and J.P. Sumptem, "Egg quality in fish: what makes a good egg?” Rev. Fish Biol. Fish., vol. 7, pp. 387–416, 1997.
[7] P. Makridis and Y. Olsen, "Protein depletion of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis during starvation”. Aquaculture, vol. 174, pp.343-353, 1999.
[8] J. L. Nicolas, E. Robic, and D. Ansquer, "Bacterial flora associated with a trophic chain consisting of microalgae, rotifers and turbot larvae: influence of bacteria on larvae survival”. Aquaculture, vol. 83, pp.237-248, 1989.
[9] J. Skjermo and O. Vadstein,. "The effect of microalgae on skin and gut bacterial flora of halibut larvae”. pp 61-67. In: Reinertsen, H., L. Dahle, L. J. Rgensen and K. Tvinnereim (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Fish Farming Technology; August 9-12, 1993. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1993.
[10] K.I. Reitan, J. R. Rainuzzo, G. Oie, and I. Olsen, "A review of the nutritional effects of algae in marine fish larvae”. Aquaculture, vol.155, pp.207-221, 1997.
[11] K. E. Naas, T. Naess, and T. Harboe, "Enhanced first feeding of halibut larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) in green water”. Aquaculture, vol. 105, pp.143-156, 1992.
[12] S. J. Mesharam, "Experimental studies on maturation, breeding and post-embryonic rearing of Angel fish, P. scalare (Lichtenotein, 1823)”. M.F.Sc. thesis. Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, India, 1997.
[13] K.F. Shim, "Mass production of Moina in Singapore using pig waste”. World Aquacult., vol.19, pp. 59-60, 1988.
[14] S. I. Ovie and S. O. Ovie, "Fish-larval rearing; the effect of pure/mixed zooplankton and artificial diet on the growth and survival of Clarias anguillaris (Linnaeus, 1958) larvae”. J. Aquat. Sci. vol. 17, pp.69-73, 2002.
[15] J.W. Hertrampf and H. Piedad-Pascual, "Hand book of ingredients for aquaculture feeds”. Kulwar Academic Pub. Dordrecht, Boston, London, 2000.
[16] J. Fluchter and H. Pembold, "Soluble factor essential for metamorphosis of Coregonid larvae has been partially purified from Artemia salina”. Arch. Hydrobiology., vol. 22, pp. 197-202, 1986.
[17] K.B. Olurin and A. B. Oluwo, "Growth and Survival of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae fed decapsulated Artemia, live daphnia, or commercial starter diet”. Isr. J. Aquacult- Bamidgeh, vol. 62, pp.72-77, 2010.
[18] E.K. Balon, "About the oldest domesticates among fishes”. J. Fish Biol., vol. 65, pp. 1–27, 2004.
[19] P. B. Bayley and M. Petrere Jr, "Amazon fisheries: assessment methods, current status and management options”. Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium. Ed. D.P. Dodge. Can. Fish. Aquat. Sci., vol. 106, pp.385–398, 1989.
[20] S. Gosh, A. Sincha, C. Sahu, "Effect of probiotic on reproductive performance in female live bearing ornamental fish”. Aquacult. Res., vol. 38, pp. 518–526, 2007.
[21] M. Tlusty, The benefits and risks of aquacultural production for the aquarium trade. Aquaculture, vol. 205, pp. 203-219, 2002.
[22] F.A.Chapman, D.E. Colle, R.W. Rottmann, J.V. Shireman, "Controlled spawning of the neon tetra”. Progr. Fish-Cult., vol. 60, pp. 32–37, 1998.
[23] S.V. Sanaye, R. M. Tibile and H. Singh, "Neon tetra, Paracheirodon innesi: breeding and seed production”. Fish. Chi., vol. 27, pp.48-49, 2008.
[24] C. O. Masters, "Encyclopaedia of live foods”. T.F.H. Publication, 1975.
[25] P. Sorgeloos, "The use of the brine shrimp Artemia in aquaculture”. pp. 25-46. In: The brine shrimp Artemia: ecology, culturing, and use in aquaculture, Persoone, G., P. Sorgeloos, O. Roels, and E. Jaspers, (Eds.). Proceedings of the international symposium on the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium, 1980.
[26] S. Spotte, "Decapsulation of Brine Shrimp cysts”. Pp. 411-413. In: Captive Sea water Fishes Science and Technology, Spotte, S. (Ed.). A Wing-interscince Publication. John Wiley and sons, Inc. New York/ China/ Toronto/Singapore, 1992.
[27] G.W. Snedecor and W.G. Cochran, "Statistical methods”, 6th edition, Oxford and IBH publishing Co. New Delhi, 1967.
[28] P. Dhert, P. Divanach, M. Kentouri, and P. Sorgeloos, "Rearing techniques for difficult fish larvae”. World Aquacult., vol. 29, pp.48–55, 1998.
[29] R. J. Rocha, L. Ribeiro, R. Costa, and M. T. Dinis, "Does the presence of microalgae influence fish larvae prey capture?” Aquacult. Res., vol. 39, pp. 362-369, 2008.
[30] C. S. Tamaru, K. McGovern-Hopkins, and G. Gavin Iwai, "On the use of formulated diets during first feeding of larval freshwater ornamental fishes”. Regional notes; Cent. Trop. Subtrop. Aquacult., 14. http://www.ctsa.org/files/notes/RN_14_3632011369407044540.pdf, 2003.
[31] A. B. Skiftesvik, H. Browman, and I. J. St-Pierre, "Life in green water: the effect of microalgae on the behaviour of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae”. The Big Fish Bang Proceedings of the 26th Annual Larval Fish Conference. Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway. P. 97-103, 2003.
[32] K. Naas, I. Huse, and J. Iglesias, "Illumination in first feeding tanks for marine fish larvae”. Aquacult. Eng., vol. 15, pp. 291-300, 1996.
[33] T. Meeren, A. Mangor-Jensen, and J. Pickova, "The effect of green water and light intensity on survival, growth and lipid composition in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during intensive larval rearing”. Aquaculture, vol. 265, pp. 206-217, 2007.
[34] J. Kim, K. C. Masses, and R. W. Hardy, "Adult Artemia as food for first feeding Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisuteh)”. Aquaculture, vol. 144, pp.217–226, 1996.
[35] A. A. Adeyemo, G.A. Oladosu and A.O. Ayinla, "Growth and survival of fry of African catfish species, Clarias gariepinus Burchell, Heterobranchus bidorsalis Geoffrey and Heteroclarias, reared on Moina dubia in comparison with other first feed sources”. Aquaculture, vol. 119, pp. 41-45, 1994.
[36] T. G. Paulet, "The effect of diet type and feeding rate on growth, morphological development and behaviour of larval and juvenile gold fish, Carassius auratus (L.)”. M.Sc. thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 2003.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:50216", author = "S. V. Sanaye and H. S. Dhaker and R. M. Tibile and V. D. Mhatre", title = "Effect of Green Water and Mixed Zooplankton on Growth and Survival in Neon Tetra, Paracheirodon innesi (Myers, 1936) during Larval and Early Fry Rearing", abstract = "Larval rearing and seed production of most of tetra fishes (Family: Characidae) is critical due to their small size larvae and limited numbers of spawning attempts. During the present study the effect of different live foods on growth and survival of neon tetra, Paracheirodon innesi larvae (length 3.1 ± 0.012mm, weight 0.048 ± 0.00015mg) and early fry (length = 6.44 ± 0.025mm, weight = 0.64 ± 0.003mg and 13 days old) was determined in two experiments. Experiment I was conducted for rearing the larvae by using mixed green water and Infusoria whereas, in Experiment II, early fry were fed with mixed zooplankton, decapsulated Artemia cyst and Artemia nauplii. The larvae fed on mixed green water showed significant (p", keywords = "Growth, Mixed Green water, mixed zooplankton, Neon tetra, Paracheirodon innesi.", volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "98-5", }
